热处理工艺对双相等温淬火球墨铸铁组织与力学性能的影响

研究了奥氏体化温度,等温淬火温度和时间对双相等温淬火球墨铸铁(Dual Phase Austempered ductile Iron,DP ADI)显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:在双相区(α+γ)范围内,随奥氏体化温度升高,双相ADI组织中先共析铁素体体积分数逐渐减少,奥铁体含量增加,强度和硬度逐步升高,而伸长率与冲击吸收能量下降;等温温度和时间对残留奥氏体体积分数和力学性能有显著影响,随等温温度降低,残留奥氏体体积分数减少,双相ADI抗拉强度、硬度升高,但伸长率和冲击吸收能量降低。随等温时间增加,残留奥氏体体积分数先增加后减少,等温时间为1.5 h时,残留奥氏体体积分数达最大值,双相ADI伸长率和冲击吸收能量达最大值。     

Effect of C and Si on mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron

It is well known that ductile cast iron can be strengthened and toughened by austempering. The tensile strength and the fatigue strength of austempered ductile iron (ADI) are equal to those of forged steel. Previous studies have been aimed at establishing a suitable process to obtain both strength and toughness in ADI.^1,2 These studies focused on the effect of alloying such as Mo, Ni, Mn, Cu, etc. and the austempering conditions such as temperature and holding time. In this study, a new type of ADI with higher toughness and higher elongation was developed as compared with conventional ADI. A new type of ADI with a low carbon content was achieved by reducing the initial carbon content, long annealing and ordinary austempering. The suitable silicon content was found to be 2.5% and effective alloying was 0.25% Mo and 0.7% Cu to obtain maximum impact energy and elongation.     

Effects of Cu， Ni， Mn and Mo on the austemperability， microstructures and mechanical properties of ADI weld metal

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The influence of chromium on mechanical properties of austempered ductile cast iron

An investigation was carried out to examine the influence of microstructure and chromium on the tensile properties and plane strain fracture toughness of austempered ductile cast iron (ADI). The investigation also examined the growth kinetics of ferrite in these alloys. Compact tension and round cylindrical tensile specimens were prepared from ductile cast iron with Cr as well as without Cr. These specimens were then given four different heat treatments to produce four different microstructures. Tensile tests and fracture toughness tests were carried out as per ASTM standards E-8 and E-399. The crack growth mechanism during fracture toughness tests was also determined. The test results indicate that yield strength, tensile strength, and fracture toughness of ADI increases with an increase in the volume fractions of ferrite, and the fracture toughness reaches a peak when the volume fractions of the ferrite are approximately 60% in these alloys. The Cr addition was found to reduce the fracture toughness of ADI at lower hardness levels (<40 HRC); at higher hardness levels (≥40 HRC), the effect of chromium on the fracture toughness was negligible. The crack growth mechanism was found to be a combination of quasi-cleavage and microvoid coalescences, and the crack trajectories connect the graphite nodules along the way.     

Influence of microalloying and heat treatment on the kinetics of bainitic reaction in austempered ductile iron

The effect of different contents of alloying additions and austenitizing temperature on the transformation kinetics of austenite in a ductile iron austempered at 300 and 400 °C has been investigated in the present study. X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and hardness measurements were used to determine the transformation kinetics of low Ni iron, low Mo iron and low Ni, Mo iron during austempering at 300 and 400 °C for 1 to 480 min after austenitizing at 850 and 930 °C for 120 min. Nickel and molybdenum in used contents are shown to delay the bainitic transformation without the undesirable features. Decreasing the autenitizing temperature is shown to increase the driving force for stage I of reaction but to have only a small effect on stage II kinetics. This shifts the position of the processing window to short periods of time and leads to opening of the processing window, which is closed for higher autenitizing temperatures. A more uniform austempered microstructure can be obtained with a decrease of autenitizing temperature. Decreasing the autenitizing temperature has the disadvantage of reducing the austemperability.     

Effect of cast wall thickness,composition and austempering temperature on microstructure and properties of ductile cast iron

Abstract

In this study, two ductile irons were prepared: the first cast was unalloyed with a chemical composition of 3·65C–2·58Si–0·31Mn–0·045Mg, and the second one was alloyed with 0·5%Cr. The solidification rate was changed by casting four different cast thicknesses of 5, 10, 20 and 30 mm. The austempering treatment was carried out by austenitising the samples at 900°C for 1 h and then rapidly quenched into two different salt baths with temperatures of 325 and 375°C for 1 h each. The austempering temperature of 325°C showed higher mechanical properties than of 375°C. An addition of 0·5%Cr enhanced the tensile strength and hardness on the account of impact toughness. Maximum abrasion resistance was reported for the iron containing 0·5%Cr and austempered at 325°C for the cast thickness of 5 mm. This is due to the formation of fine ausferrite matrix and existing Cr carbides imbedded in the matrix that resist well the abrasion resistance. Minimum abrasion resistance was obtained for the unalloyed iron austempered at 375°C due to the formation of coarse ausferritic structure and existence of a higher amount of retained austenite.     

Effect of alloying elements on austempered ductile iron(ADI) properties and its process:Review

Austempered ductile iron(ADI) parts have a unique combination of high strength and toughness with excellent design flexibility and low cost. These excellent properties are directly related to its microstructure called "ausferrite" that is the result of austempering heat treatment applied to ductile irons. Alloying elements increase ADI austemperability and change speeds of austempering reactions. Thus, they can affect ADI resultant microstructure and mechanical properties. In this paper, the effects of alloying elements on ADI mechanical properties, microstructural changes, two-stage austempering reactions, processing windows, austemperability, and other aspects are reviewed.     

铜镍奥贝球铁齿的热处理工艺

探讨了φ55mm以上斗齿完全淬透的Cu、Ni合金化及热处理工艺，给出了合理的Cu、Ni用量，奥氏体化工艺及等温处理工艺，并对相应性能进行了研究。     

机械合金化对W-20Cu复合材料的显微组织与性能的影响

采用机械合金化结合粉末冶金技术制备W-20Cu（vo1％）复合材料。利用扫描电镜和金相显微镜对不同球磨时间的W-20Cu复合材料显微组织进行表征，并对材料的各项物理性能进行测试。结果表明，随着球磨时间的延长，W-20Cu烧结体的组织越来越均匀，Cu相分布也越来越均匀。W-20Cu烧结体密度、收缩率、硬度、抗弯强度随球磨时间的延长而增大；球磨20h的W-20Cu复合粉烧结体热导率达到峰值（130．61Wm^-1K^-1），继续球磨，热导率减小。综合考虑所有研究结果，通过机械合金化所制备的W-Cu复合粉体可以获得具有优异综合物理性能的W-20Cu复合材料。     

Influence of alloying elements on the corrosion resistance of rolled zinc sheet

The influence of alloying elements on the corrosion behaviour of rolled zinc sheet in aqueous media has been investigated by means of electrochemical techniques. All the changes in corrosion behaviour seen in this study could be attributed to modification of the formation or the stability of the passivating oxide film on the zinc surface. A low concentration of copper (0.6 wt.%) inhibited the formation of the passivating film and reduced the stability of the film. Conversely, a low concentration of chromium (0.5 wt.%) accelerated the passivation process and raised the stability of the film. The passivation and corrosion behaviour shown by a commercially produced ternary alloy containing copper and titanium additions was almost the same as the behaviour shown by a model binary alloy containing only copper. All the results obtained in this study were consistent with the hypothesis that alloying elements alter the electron-conducting and/or ion-conducting properties of the passivating oxide film.     

Effect of austempering time on mechanical properties of a low manganese austempered ductile iron

An investigation was carried out to examine the influence of austempering time on the resultant microstructure and the room-temperature mechanical properties of an unalloyed and low manganese ductile cast iron with initially ferritic as-cast structure. The effect of austempering time on the plane strain fracture toughness of this material was also studied. Compact tension and round cylindrical tensile specimens were prepared from unalloyed ductile cast iron with low manganese content and with a ferritic as-cast (solidified) structure. These specimens were then austempered in the upper (371 °C) and lower (260 °C) bainitic temperature ranges for different time periods, ranging from 30 min. to 4 h. Microstructural features such as type of bainite and the volume fraction of ferrite and austenite and its carbon content were evaluated by X-ray diffraction to examine the influence of microstructure on the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of this material. The results of the present investigation indicate that for this low manganese austempered ductile iron (ADI), upper ausferritic microstructures exhibit higher fracture toughness than lower ausferritic microstructures. Yield and tensile strength of the material was found to increase with an increase in austempering time in a lower bainitic temperature range, whereas in the upper bainitic temperature range, time has no significant effect on the mechanical properties. A retained austenite content between 30 to 35% was found to provide optimum fracture toughness. Fracture toughness was found to increase with the parameter (XγCγ/d)^1/2, where Xγ is the volume fraction of austenite, Cγ is the carbon content of the austenite, and d is the mean free path of dislocation motion in ferrite.     

Effect of sub-zero cooling on microstructure and mechanical properties of a low alloyed austempered ductile iron

The effect of sub-zero cooling on microstructure and mechanical properties of a low alloyed austempered ductile iron has been investigated. Austempering of samples was performed at 325℃and 400℃after austenitizing at 875℃and 950℃. The sub-zero treatments were carried out by cooling down the samples to -30℃, -70℃and -196℃. The changes in volume fraction of austenite and mechanical properties were determined after cooling to each temperature. The austenite volume fraction of samples which were austenitized at 875℃and austempered at 325℃remained unchanged, whilst it reduced in samples austenitized at 950℃and 875℃for austempering temperature of 400℃. In these specimens, some austenite transformed to martensite after subzero cooling. Mechanical property measurements showed a slight increase in strength and hardness and decrease in elongation and toughness due to this transformation behavior.     

Synergistic alloying effect on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Cu precipitation-strengthened ferritic alloys

We report the influence of alloying elements (Ni, Al and Mn) on the microstructural evolution of Cu-rich nanoprecipitates and the mechanical properties of Fe–Cu-based ferritic alloys. It was found that individual additions of Ni and Al do not give rise to an obvious strengthening effect, compared with the binary Fe–Cu parent alloy, although Ni segregates at the precipitate/matrix interface and Al partitions into Cu-rich precipitates. In contrast, the co-addition of Ni and Al results in the formation of core–shell nanoprecipitates with a Cu-rich core and a B2 Ni–Al shell, leading to a dramatic improvement in strength. The coarsening rate of the core–shell precipitates is about two orders of magnitude lower than that of monolithic Cu-rich precipitates in the binary and ternary Fe–Cu alloys. Reinforcement of the B2 Ni–Al shells by Mn partitioning further improves the strength of the precipitation-strengthened alloys by forming ultrastable and high number density core–shell nanoprecipitates.     

Corrosion behaviour and structure of the surface layer formed on austempered ductile iron in concentrated sulphuric acid

The aim of this paper is to investigate the structure of the surface layer formed on austempered ductile iron (ADI) after exposure to hot concentrated sulphuric acid at the open circuit potential value (OCP). The results derived from polarization measurements carried out in sulphuric acid at a temperature of 90 °C show that anodic dissolution of ADI is divided into three stages (corresponding to three anodic dissolution peaks). The structure of the layer formed on alloys at 90 °C at OCP was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM analysis shows that the main elements of the surface layer are iron, silicon, oxygen, sulphur, and carbon. The binding energy recorded in individual bands indicates that the surface layer includes mainly SiO₂ and FeOOH. The presence of sulphur at the lower oxidation state (S²⁻) indicates that sulphuric acid undergoes reduction during this process. The corrosion resistance of these alloys is connected with the presence of SiO₂ in the surface layer.     

The influence of cast structure on the austempering of ductile iron. Part 3. The role of nodule count on the kinetics,microstructure and mechanical properties of austempered Mn alloyed ductile iron

Austempering kinetic measurements and mechanical property measurements are reported for irons with different Mn contents and different nodule counts after austenitising at 870 °C and austempering at 375 °C. It is shown that increasing nodule count, which reduces segregation and changes the size and distribution of intercellular boundaries, increases the interphase boundary area between graphite and matrix and decreases the continuity of the unreacted austenite in the intercellular boundary. This accelerates the stage I reaction which broadens the heat treatment window and moves it to earlier austempering times. A high nodule count can be used to counter the delay of the stage I reaction caused by Mn additions used to increase the hardenability of the iron. A high nodule count produces a finer, more uniform ausferrite structure that increases the strength, ductility and impact energy of the austempered iron.     

Influence of alloying elements on mechanical properties of Al-Li plates

The effect of alloying elements such as Cu, Mn and Zr on the mechanical properties of the Al-Li plates was studied, and the grain structure, crystallographic texture and precipitates were also investigated. It is found that the element Zr has a two-fold effect on the anisotropy of mechanical properties; the addition of element Mn can reduce the crystalline texture and the anisotropy of Al-Li plates. However, the effect of Cu element appears less pronounced.     

Effects of alloying elements on the mechanical properties and corrosion behaviors of 2205 duplex stainless steels

The effects of alloying elements on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behaviors of duplex stainless steels (DSSs) have been investigated in this study. Experimental alloys were prepared by varying the concentrations of the constituent elements in DSSs. Hot ductility test, tensile test, charpy impact test, and corrosion test were performed to evaluate the properties of the experimental alloys. The results showed that the extent of edge cracking of DSSs increased with the increasing value of the crack sensitivity index (CSI). The higher the hot ductility index (HDI) was, the better the hot ductility of DSSs achieved. Austenite (γ) stabilizer generally caused a decrease in the strength and an increase in the charpy impact absorbed energy of the stainless steel. On the contrary, ferrite (α) former exerted its beneficial effect on the strength but became detrimental to the toughness of DSSs. The presences of sulfur and boron also caused a decrease in the impact energy, but nitrogen and carbon hardly affected the toughness within the concentration range tested in this study. The value of pitting nucleation potential (E _np ) of different nitrogen contents in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at room temperature was almost the same, but the value of pitting protection potential (E _pp ) among these alloys was increased with increasing the content of nitrogen. The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of DSSs was high when tested in boiling 45 wt.% MgCl₂ solution. On the other hand, the time to failure of the experimental steels in 40 wt.% CaCl₂ solution at 100 °C was longer than that in MgCl₂ solution. Nitrogen could affect the SCC behavior of DSSs in CaCl₂ solution through the combinative effects by varying the pitting resistance and the slip step dissolution. An optimum nitrogen (N) content of 0.15 wt.% was found where the highest SCC resistance could be obtained. Although γ phase exhibited better resistance to SCC, cracks were found to penetrate through α and γ grains or to propagate along the α/γ interface. As a result, a mixed transgranular plus intergranular mode of fracture surface was observed.     

Effect of elongated graphite on mechanical properties of hot-rolled ductile iron

The mechanical properties of hot-rolled and then annealed ductile iron were evaluated. The deformation of this two-phase material and the effects of the elongated graphite spheres on the mechanical properties and the development of anisotropy of mechanical properties were studied. An attempt was made to describe the anisotropy of tensile strength in terms of the deformation of graphite spheres and of the root curvature, area fraction, and the interbridges that result in disproportional changes of stress concentration, loading capacity, and the tendency to break the interbridges and link the neighboring deformed graphite spheres.     

两步法等温淬火工艺对等温淬火球铁组织和性能的影响

通过硬度测试、韧性试验和显微组织比较,在不同的工艺条件下,对比研究了两步法和传统的单步法等温淬火工艺条件下得到的等温淬火球铁(ADI)的组织和性能.结果表明,采用"低温285℃保温形核 高温340℃或370℃等温淬火"的两步法等温淬火工艺与传统的340℃或370℃单步法等温淬火工艺相比,两步法得到的ADI比传统的单步法得到的ADI试样微观组织更细化、硬度显著提高、韧性也有了明显的改善.