高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性的研究

以常压下冶炼的高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢为材料,经1150℃强烈塑性变形,轧制成2 mm厚的板材,将热轧后的板材进行1100℃、保温10 h、水淬的固溶处理。通过酸浸试验、极化曲线测试和盐雾腐蚀试验,并与1Cr18N i9Ti钢的耐蚀性进行比较。结果表明,冶炼高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢具有优异的耐腐蚀性能。     

无镍高氮奥氏体不锈钢的脆韧转变

研究了无镍高氮奥氏体不锈钢的脆韧转变(BDT)。在176 K、273 K和336 K进行的落锤试验结果表明,尽管Fe-25Cr-1.1N(质量分数,%)是面心立方结构的奥氏体合金钢,但仍展现出显著的脆韧转变现象。对冲击试验试样的塑性变形观察表明,BDT是由于低温下差的延展性所致,这与铁素体钢的情况是一致的。为了测量BDT的激活能,利用4点弯曲试验研究了应变速率与BDT温度的关系。研究发现,BDT温度与应变速率之间的依赖关系不显著,且BDT温度对应变率的Arrhenius曲线表明Fe-25Cr-1.1N钢BDT的激活能比低碳铁素体钢的高得多。从滑移位错与溶质氮原子发生交互作用导致低温下位错可动性降低这一角度,本文探讨了高氮钢特有的BDT及其高激活能的本质原因。     

粉末冶金高氮超级奥氏体不锈钢的开发

采用气雾化法制备高氮超级奥氏体不锈钢粉末,利用热等静压成形。结果表明,热等静压后,材料完全致密,而σ及Cr2 N两相的析出导致材料塑性、韧性及耐蚀性显著下降。材料经1200℃×1 h固溶处理后,力学性能及耐蚀性能大大提高,抗拉强度Rm为1050 MPa、屈服强度Rp0.2为735 MPa,伸长率A为57.0%,自腐蚀电位Ecorr为0.946 V。     

Hot and cold rolling of high nitrogen Cr-Ni and Cr-Mn austenitic stainless steels

Behavior of austenitic Cr-Ni-(0.14-0.50)N and Cr-Mn-(0.78-1.00)N steels in hot and cold rolling was investigated by rolling experiments and mechanical testing. Structure of the steels in the as-cast condition and fracture surfaces after the rolling experiments were investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Resistance to deformation was calculated using rolling forces in hot rolling. Increase in strength in the rolling experiments was related to the nitrogen content of the steels. Resistance to deformation during hot rolling increased with decreasing rolling temperature and with increasing nitrogen content. In some steels, hot rolling led to edge cracking, which was more a function of impurity than nitrogen content. Microscopy revealed that the edge cracking occurred along grain boundaries and second phase particles. For the cold-rolled steels, the highest achievable reductions were limited due to a “crocodiling” phenomenon, that is, opening of the strip end. Fracture type at the opened strip end was a brittle-like fracture.     

Effect of chloride ions on corrosion behaviour of austenitic nickel and nickel free stainless steels in phosphoric acid solutions

The effect of chloride ions' presence (0·005–1·0M NaCl) in phosphoric acid solutions (5, 40 and 75%) on the corrosion behaviour of three austenitic stainless steels (an experimental steel Fe–18Cr–12Mn–0·6N and two trade grades, Fe–18Cr–9Ni and Fe–14Cr–15Mn–0·2N) has been studied by potentiodynamic polarisation measurements. The surface examinations of the samples tested involved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as optical and scanning electron microscopy. It was established that chlorides added to phosphoric acid solutions deteriorate the general corrosion resistance, and under anodic polarisation, they provoke pitting corrosion. The composition of the stainless steels significantly influences its corrosion behaviour in the phosphoric acid solutions containing chloride ions. The replacement of nickel with manganese and nitrogen on top of lower chromium content has a strong negative effect on the corrosion resistance.     

节镍型高氮奥氏体不锈钢固溶处理加热过程中的组织演变

对节镍型高氮奥氏体不锈钢进行固溶处理,通过控制加热温度和保温时间,研究高氮奥氏体不锈钢组织的变化规律。结果表明,800℃保温1 h后微观组织中出现混晶,在变形组织的晶界处产生细小的动态再结晶晶粒。在900～1050℃,随温度的升高,再结晶晶粒数量增多,尺寸增大。保温时间的增长会导致晶粒逐渐长大。在1200℃保温,晶粒尺寸从保温0. 5 h时的70μm增长到保温1 h时的117μm,此时晶粒最为均匀。平均晶粒尺寸随时间的变化呈抛物线增长,符合Beck方程:D=105.1t^0.45。并根据试验得到试验钢的最佳热处理方式为1050～1200℃保温1 h。      

Internal-external transition for the oxidation of Fe-Cr-Ni austenitic stainless steels in steam

Several Fe-Cr-Ni austenitic stainless steels (Cr wt.%: 13–25, Ni wt.%: 15) were oxidized in steam for 1000 hr at 500–900°C. The oxide scales were examined and categorized with respect to the chromium concentration and the grain size of the base metal. Experiments showed three conditions for the critical bulk Cr concentration and the oxidation temperature at which the oxidation behavior changed drastically. Metallographic examination showed that two of these three conditions resulted from the internal-external transition of Cr₂O₃ either on the metal surface or along the grain boundaries of the base metal. Attempts were made to interpret these conditions from the available oxidation theories. Atkinson's treatment was employed with some modification to incorporate the grain-boundary diffusion of Cr in the base metal. The calculation basically explained the internal-external transition for the oxidation of these steels.     

增氮降镍对316奥氏体不锈钢高温拉伸性能的影响

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟机对不同成分316奥氏体不锈钢分别在950、1000、1050、1100 ℃以0.05 s^-1的应变速率下进行高温拉伸试验,通过分析试验曲线、断口形貌、变形区以及未变形区组织,研究增氮降镍对试验钢高温拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,增氮降镍使单位截面的杂质偏聚数量上升,恶化了试验钢的断口形貌,从而降低了钢材的热塑性,断面收缩率平均下降了37.5%;增氮降镍使钢材的抗拉强度平均提高了42.5%。     

Diffusion behaviour of hydrogen in nitrogen containing austenitic alloys

Electrochemical permeation technique and thermal desorption spectroscopy were used to evaluate the hydrogen diffusion, solubility, and trapping behaviour in nitrogen containing austenitic alloys. The hydrogen diffusion of all alloys obeyed Arrhenius relationships in the studied experimental temperature range. The apparent diffusion coefficients were determined and the relevant activation energies were estimated. Nitrogen at higher concentration (>0.38 wt.%) as well as chromium decrease the hydrogen diffusion whereas nickel has opposite effect. The thermal analysis of all alloys except Cr18Mn18N0.57 shows a main single peak at different heating rates indicating no significant hydrogen interaction with microstructural defects. The alloy Cr18Mn18N shows a shoulder in addition to the peak which is attributed to nitrogen–hydrogen interaction. The activation energy estimated from the thermal analysis is nearly equal to the activation energy for diffusion obtained from the Arrhenius plots of the corresponding alloys.     

低镍不锈钢激光-电弧复合焊接头组织性能研究

低镍含氮奥氏体不锈钢强度高,韧性佳,在化工装备及建筑装饰等领域广泛应用。为揭示保护气体对低镍含氮奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头微观组织和力学性能的影响机制,分别采用92%Ar+8%N2与95%Ar+5%CO2两种混合比例的保护气体对08Cr19Mn6Ni3Cu2N低镍含氮奥氏体不锈钢进行了激光-MAG电弧复合焊。研究表明：氮气的加入使焊接接头平均显微硬度有所下降;电弧收缩明显,焊接飞溅增加且体积增大,电弧稳定性变差;焊缝中奥氏体含量增加约20%,而铁素体枝晶变细,二次枝晶臂变短。焊缝组织中未发现σ相及氮化物析出;从四个晶面观察奥氏体晶粒尺寸也是由于氮气的加入而减小;焊接接头拉伸性能略微下降,但耐腐蚀性能提高。     

低镍含氮奥氏体不锈钢激光-电弧焊电弧特性及组织性能

采用100％Ar2,98％Ar+2％N2,92％Ar+8％N2,85％Ar+15％N2四种混合比例的保护气体对08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N低镍含氮奥氏体不锈钢进行激光-脉冲MAG电弧复合焊接,研究保护气体中氮气比例对焊缝中气孔数量、焊缝熔深和熔宽、电弧形态、微观组织及铁素体含量等影响机制.结果表明,随着保护气体中氮气...     

Uniform corrosion and intergranular corrosion behavior of nickel‐free and manganese alloyed high nitrogen stainless steels

The uniform and intergranular corrosion behavior of two kinds of nickel‐free and manganese alloyed high nitrogen stainless steels (HNSSs) were investigated. A type of 316L stainless steel (316L SS) was also included for comparison purpose. Both solution annealed (SA) and sensitization treated (ST) steels were examined. It was found that the SA HNSSs had much weaker resistance to uniform corrosion compared to the SA 316L SS. The addition of molybdenum, to some extent, improved the uniform corrosion resistance of the HNSSs. The sensitization treatment had little influence on the uniform corrosion resistance of all the steels. The HNSSs showed an obvious susceptibility to intergranular corrosion, in particular the ST HNSSs. The intergranular corrosion rates of the sensitized HNSSs were much higher than that of the sensitized 316L SS. The degree of interganular attack for the ST HNSSs was much more serious than that for the 316L SS. The addition of molybdenum obviously improved the resistance of the ST HNSSs to intergranular corrosion. The double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation tests also proved that the HNSSs were rather susceptible to the sensitization treatment compared to the 316L SS. The relatively weak resistance of the HNSSs to uniform and intergranular corrosion may be due to high manganese promoted anodic dissolution. The improvement of uniform and intergranular corrosion resistance caused by the addition of molybdenum could be attributed to the synergistic effects of molybdenum and nitrogen in the HNSSs on the formation and stability of passive film.     

Electrochemical reactivation methods applied to PM austenitic stainless steels sintered in nitrogen-hydrogen atmosphere

Exposure methods (ASTM A262 Practice A and Modified Strauss Test) and electrochemical reactivation methods such as EPR and EPRDL was applied to PM 304L and PM 316L stainless and comparisons with wrought stainless steels were made. Sintering in vacuum and nitrogen-hydrogen atmosphere was chosen. The latter was the focus of the work and the former was used on comparative basis. It was seen how nitrogen in PM stainless steels plays a relevant role both when is dissolved and when is in intermetallic precipitates. A set of heat treatments were applied: annealing and sensitizing at 375, 675 and 875 °C. The results indicate that the electrochemical reactivation methods are suitable to evaluate the degree of sensitization of PM austenitic stainless steels.     

高氮奥氏体不锈钢的氮化物析出及其对焊接性影响

高氮奥氏体不锈钢是用氮代替合金元素镍以获得优异的力学性能和抗腐蚀性能的合金结构钢,氮以固溶状态存在是材料性能优越的前提条件。高的固溶氮使钢在热力学上处于不稳定状态,存在氮化物析出倾向并诱发其它硬脆相的形成,弱化了材料性能。焊接加工时热影响区氮化物析出是固溶氮的一种主要损失方式。对等温过程中氮化物析出动力学以及胞状析出行为进行阐述,为材料的开发研制以及热加工过程的控制提供参考。     

Effects of solution temperature on localized corrosion of high nickel content stainless steels and nickel in chromated LiBr solution

The potentiodynamic technique has been used to study the general and localized corrosion resistance of high-alloyed stainless steels (UNS N02031 and UNS R20033) and nickel (UNS N02205) at different temperatures (from 25 °C to 80 °C) in a heavy brine Lithium Bromide solution.The engineering question of concern is the compatibility of the LiBr fluid with the structural materials of refrigeration systems which use absorption technology. The results of potentiodynamic polarization studies indicate excellent corrosion resistance for stainless steels in LiBr solution at room temperature and no big differences at temperatures above 50 °C. In the temperature range of 25-80 °C, a linear relationship exists between logarithmic of corrosion rate and reciprocal of absolute temperature (Arrhenius plot). The linear plots showed that the mechanism of the corresponding passivation process is the same for the three investigated alloys, essentially due to the presence of nickel. Tests indicated that stainless steels UNS N02031 and UNS R20033 were the most suitable for use to be used in the construction of absorption units for refrigeration purposes.     

高氮奥氏体不锈钢1Cr22Mn15N热影响区组织特征

高氮奥氏体不锈钢(高氮钢)是利用氮代替镍进行合金化的一种合金结构钢,其焊接技术将关系着此种钢的研制开发.作者对高氮钢焊接热影响区(HAZ)的组织和硬度进行了研究.结果表明,高氮钢焊接热影响区组织为奥氏体和δ- 铁素体.随着焊接冷却速度的增大,HAZ中δ- 铁素体的总量越多;随着焊接峰值温度停留时间的增加,HAZ中δ-铁素体的总量越多.在合适的焊接条件下,HAZ硬度高于母材,HAZ不存在软化区.     

Hydrogen uptake in austenitic stainless steels by exposure to gaseous hydrogen and its effect on tensile deformation

Hydrogen solubility and diffusivity of Fe–Cr–Ni austenitic stainless steels were measured through exposure to gaseous hydrogen at a pressure of 10 MPa over the temperature range 110–235 °C. The hydrogen solubility depended on the alloy compositions, whereas the diffusion coefficients were nearly identical at a given temperature. Hydrogen uptake in the stable austenitic steels by exposure to high-pressure gaseous hydrogen led to some loss of ductility, while their fracture surfaces showed evidence of plastic deformation. This was attributed to the enhanced inhomogeneity of plastic deformation in the presence of hydrogen and the increased stress for plastic instability with increasing hydrogen concentration.     

The effects of heat treatment condition and Si distribution on order-disorder transition in high Si steels

The decomposition and formation of ordered phases in steels with 5 to 6.5 %Si were investigated by a combined analysis of TEM and electrical resistivity measurements in order to determine the optimal heat treatment conditions for removal of ordered phases. TEM diffraction pattern study revealed that B2 ordered phase in 6.5 %Si steel was sufficiently dissolved by heat treatment at 850 °C for 1 h, and then rapidly re-formed during cooling. The critical cooling rate, above which the suppression of B2 phase formation was possible, increased rapidly with Si content higher than 5.6%. DO₃ phase appeared only in the case of as-cast samples containing Si content as high as 6.5%. The measurement of electrical resistivity change during the heat treatment showed that the atomic movement was substantially spurred above 800 °C, resulting in an active order-disorder transition. The removal of solidification segregation is necessary to reduce the amount of B2 ordered phase in the as-cast or hot-rolled state, to lower the heat treatment temperature for dissolution of B2 ordered phase, and to shorten the heat treatment time. This article is based on a presentation made in the 2003 Korea-Japan symposium on the “Current Issues on Phase Transformations”, held at Marriott Hotel, Busan, Korea, November 21, 2003, which was organized by the Phase Transformation Committee of the Korean Institute of Metals and Materials.     

In situ neutron diffraction study of the microstructure and tensile deformation behavior in Al-added high manganese austenitic steels

In situ neutron diffraction experiments were performed to measure the tensile deformation behavior of high manganese austenitic steels with different Al contents (0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0 wt.%). Significant variations of peak shift, broadening and asymmetry of the diffraction peaks were observed in the plastic region with the measurement. Diffraction peak profile analysis was applied to determine microstructural parameters such as stacking/twinning fault probabilities, dislocation density and stacking fault energy (SFE). These parameters are quantitatively correlated to the yield strength, serrated flow and strain hardening rate during tensile deformation. The main results showed that the twin/stacking fault probability considerably decreases from 0.05 to 0.01 and dislocation density from 10¹⁶ to 4 × 10¹⁵ m⁻² as a function of Al addition, while SFE (γ) increases from 20 to 45 mJ m⁻² with the relationship of γ = 8.84 wt.% Al + 19.0 mJ m⁻². Such microstructural parameters are also in good agreement with the results of the misorientation and pattern quality map obtained by the electron backscatter method.     

SCC evaluation of type 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steels in acidic chloride solutions using the slow strain rate technique

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of the commercial austenitic stainless steels type 304 and 316 was investigated as functions of strain rate, test temperature and pH in acidic chloride solutions using a slow strain rate technique. From the comparison between the parameters such as time to failure (t_f), maximum stress (σ_m) and strain at t_f (ε_f) obtained in inert and corrosive environments, the relationships between t_f^Cl(corrosive)/t_f^W(inert), σ_m^Cl/σ_m^W and ε_f^Cl/ε_f^W versus strain rate were divided into three regions for type 304 and 316 specimens: the strain rate-dominated, SCC-dominated and corrosion-dominated regions, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that the relationship between t_f^Cl/t_f^W and σ_m^Cl/σ_m^W in the SCC-dominated region became a good straight line for the type 304 and 316 specimens irrespective of strain rate, test temperature and pH. This suggests that σ_m^Cl/σ_m^W became the parameter for predicting t_f. The results obtained were compared with those obtained from the constant load method and are discussed in terms of the formation of slip steps, dissolution current and film formation rate.