钒微合金化钢的热影响区韧性

研究了结构钢单道次焊接接头,尤其是靠近融合线位置的粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)的组织和力学性能。通常,这个区域的韧性比母材和焊缝金属的韧性要低很多,所以CGHAZ是最容易发生断裂的薄弱位置。重点关注钒微合金化钢板,并且与相同强度级别的铌微合金化钢板进行对比。为了充分利用钒的强化效果,有必要将氮含量提高至0.01%;为优化钢的性能,必须考虑钒与氮的配合。     

显微组织对管线钢屈强比和低温韧性的影响

石油天然气输送管线钢须具备高强度、高韧性、优异耐蚀性和高焊接性。当今,要求用大口径、高压管线来改善输送效率,这就需对管线钢有更高强度的技术要求。此外,从安全性考虑,管线钢需有低屈强比,     

Evaluating the Dynamic Toughness Properties of Pipeline Steels

Abstract

The dynamic toughness properties of three plates of the same grade of a high strength low alloy pipeline steel were evaluated by impact testing DWTT and CVN specimens sampled from the plates at 45° to the rolling direction. Impact testing was performed on either a conventional pendulum-type Charpy test machine or a Dynatup 8000 instrumented Drop- Weight Test Machine, at temperatures down to - 80°C. The shear fracture mode was found to be dependent on the type of specimen tested, and the ratio of crack initiation energy to the crack propagation energy expended in breaking a standard DWTT specimen appeared to provide a more definite indication of the onset of brittle fracture than either the shear area or total energy by itself.

Résumé

Les propriétés de ténacité dynamique de trois plaques du même type d'acier microallié ont été examinées d'aprés l'essai par choc d'échantillons DWTT et CVN prélevés it 45° de la direction du laminage. Les essais ont été réalisés soit sur une machine Charpy conventionnelle soit sur un mouton vertical instrumenté par le système Dynatup 8000, ceci à des températures atteignant – 80°C. Le mode de rupture par cisaillement dépend du type d'échantillons, et le rapport de l'énergie d'initiation des fissures et de l'énergie de propagation dépensées pour briser un échantillon standard DWTT semble donner un meilleur indice de l'apparition de la rupture fragile que l'aire cisaillée ou l'energie totale.     

Effect of Sulfur Contents on Fracture Toughness of Wheel Steels for High Speed Train

The effect of different contents of S on fracture toughness of railway wheel steels for high speed train has been researched.The results show that there are kinds of non-metallic inclusion when O content retaining at about 10×10-6,such as Al 2 O 3 inclusions and Al 2 O 3 +MnS complex inclusions and single MnS inclusions.This is connected with S content level in steel.Fracture toughness of railway steel increase obviously because of Al 2 O 3 covered by MnS around when S content is increase to about 70×10-6.It shows that,after Al 2 O 3 covering by MnS around,stresses around complex inclusion decrease rapidly till disappear when analyzed by tessellated stresses theory.That is the reason of fracture toughness rise.     

Effect of Boron on CGHAZ Microstructure and Toughness of High Strength Low Alloy Steels

Effect of boron on the microstructure and impact toughness in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone(CGHAZ)of two high strength low alloy steels,boron-free and boron-containing,was investigated by means of weld thermal simulation test.The result shows that,for the boron-free steel,a microstructure consisting of grain boundary ferrite degenerates pearlite and granular bainite for longer t8/5(the cooling time from 800 to 500 ℃),while lath bainite for shorter t8/5.For the boron-containing steel,granular bainite is dominant for a wide range of t8/5.Continuous cooling transformation(CCT)study on the CGHAZ indicates that the transformation start temperature decreases by about 50-100℃under different t8/5,for the boron-containing steel compared with the boron-free steel.The presence of boron suppresses the nucleation of ferrite at prior austenite grain boundaries and hence enlarges the range of t8/5for granular bainite transformation.However,the addition of boron deteriorates the impact toughness of CGHAZ,which may be due to a markedly increased fraction of martensite-austenite(M-A)constituents and decreased fraction of high angle grain boundaries.     

影响高速钢韧性的因素

 分析了化学成分、冶炼方法、钢中碳化物和热处理工艺等因素对高速钢韧性的影响。结果表明：纯净度高、杂质元素含量低和夹杂物少的钢韧性较高;同一钢种随碳含量升高其韧性降低;在同一类型钢种中,通常W Mo系钢的韧性优于W系钢;碳化物分布均匀、颗粒尺寸细小的钢韧性高,而碳化物分布不均匀、粗大角状碳化物多的钢韧性差;粉末高速钢的韧性显著优于常规方法生产的高速钢。热处理是影响高速钢韧性的另一个重要因素：随淬火温度升高,钢的韧性下降;回火温度较低和回火程度不充分时,也会显著降低钢的韧性。     

碳对镁还原反应进程的影响

通过正交试验研究了碳基添加剂对硅热法镁还原反应效率的促进作用,探讨了碳添加剂对还原反应的热力学条件和动力学机制的影响。结果表明,添加8%(质量分数)-0.074mm的纯石墨粉,在150min还原时间内,可以提高还原率37.5个百分点,在实际生产中选择兰炭粉替代石墨粉,可在成本和效率之间得到平衡。     

Effect of Substructure on Toughness of Lath Martensite/Bainite Mixed Structure in Low-Carbon Steels

The quantitative analysis of substructure in the martensite/bainite mixed structure, which is obtained from low-carbon NiCrMoV steels under different cooling conditions, was made by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM), in order to research the effect on toughness. The test results indicate that the toughness of the steel is enhanced with the decrease in the packet and block size under the condition of the same prior austenite grain size mixed with different ratios of martensite and bainite while the lath width is about 0.38 μm. The calculation shows that both the packet and block boundaries have the same hindering effect on crack extension. Furthermore, the effect of the block width on impact energy is much larger than that of the packet. Therefore, the block can be used as microstructural substructure to affect the toughness in low-carbon martensite steels, suggesting that the block size is the effective grain size for controlling toughness.     

回火温度对9Ni钢低温韧度的影响研究

为了研究不同回火温度对9Ni钢低温韧度的影响,利用OM、SEM、TEM对试验钢微观组织和断口形貌进行观察分析,研究表明:在550~600℃范围内回火,9Ni钢强度和韧度达到最佳匹配,且其他各项性能也达到最佳;回转奥氏体、碳化物及回转奥氏体诱发马氏体相变等均对低温韧度产生重要影响。     

Effect of Carbon on Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Vanadium Microalloy Steels

The hot working behavior especially dynamic recrystallization of low-carbon and medium-carbon vanadium microalloy steels has been studied by performing isothermally compression tests and Avrami analysis.The Avrami plots of the two experiment steels have been constructed based on flow stress curves following a new approach (Jonas,et al.Acta Mater.,2009,57(2):2748-2756;Wu et al,Acta Metall.Sin.,2010,46(7):838-843).It is experimentally found that the carbon effect on dynamic recrystallization is opposite to each other in lower and higher strain ranges:Carbon causes a softening effect at low strain rates (0.01,0.1,and 1.0 s-1),and a hardening effect at high strain rates (10.0 and 30.0 s-1).Correspondingly,carbon promotes the dynamic recrystallization at low strain rates and retards the dynamic recrystallization at high strain rates in the experimental steels.The phenomenon is then tentatively explained based on the possible mechanisms of dynamic process at different strain rates.     

Nb对超低碳钢机械性能的影响

1　前言众所周知 ,合金化元素 Nb可提高钢的强度 ,是因为它形成一种 Nb(C,N)微细沉淀物 ,还可用来改善许多钢的机械性能。就 Fe原子和 Nb原子之间原子大小的差异来看 ,Nb被置于 Fe晶格位置内 ,与运动位错发生很强的相互作用。通过固溶强化 ,Nb能提高钢的强度。高温下铌在移动相界处或晶界处有很强的偏析趋势 ,并且这种偏析趋势对于运动位错同样适用 ,因此估计铌在高温下也可以提高流变应力。Nb在运动位错中的偏析会因溶质拖曳作用而消耗某部分动力 ,从而提高流变应力。本文研究了 Nb在室温和高温下对超低碳钢机械性能的影响。2　试验步…     

Effects of Microalloying on the Impact Toughness of Ultrahigh-Strength TRIP-Aided Martensitic Steels

The effects of the addition of Cr, Mo, and/or Ni on the Charpy impact toughness of a 0.2 pct C-1.5 pct Si-1.5 pct Mn-0.05 pct Nb transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)-aided steel with a lath-martensite structure matrix (i.e., a TRIP-aided martensitic steel or TM steel) were investigated with the aim of using the steel in automotive applications. In addition, the relationship between the toughness of the various alloyed steels and their metallurgical characteristics was determined. When Cr, Cr-Mo, or Cr-Mo-Ni was added to the base steel, the TM steel exhibited a high upper-shelf Charpy impact absorbed value that ranged from 100 to 120 J/cm² and a low ductile–brittle fracture appearance transition temperature that ranged from 123 K to 143 K (?150 °C to ?130 °C), while also exhibiting a tensile strength of about 1.5 GPa. This impact toughness of the alloyed steels was far superior to that of conventional martensitic steel and was caused by the presence of (i) a softened wide lath-martensite matrix, which contained only a small amount of carbide and hence had a lower carbon concentration, (ii) a large amount of finely dispersed martensite-retained austenite complex phase, and (iii) a metastable retained austenite phase of 2 to 4 vol pct in the complex phase, which led to plastic relaxation via strain-induced transformation and played an important role in the suppression of the initiation and propagation of voids and/or cleavage cracks.     

含Zr钢中夹杂物对低温韧性的影响

采用定量金相法研究了含 Zr钢中夹杂物的大小、分布及其对低温韧性的影响 ,用透射电子显微镜 (TEM)分析了夹杂物的类型 ,并用扫描电子显微镜分析了试验钢断口形貌。研究结果表明 ,N /Zr比值和 2 O/Zr比值及锆含量对夹杂物的组成具有重要影响 ;N /Zr>0 .15时 ,钢中夹杂物以 Zr N为主 ;N/Zr<0 .15时 ,钢中夹杂物以 Zr O2为主 ,同时还含有一些含有 Mn S、Al2 O3的复合夹杂物。随着单位面积夹杂物的颗粒数增加 ,断裂特征由韧性断裂和脆性断裂变为完全脆性断裂。     

AlN改善车轮钢韧性的可行性分析

长期以来,车轮钢在满足强度和硬度的前提下,其韧性很难稳定地满足要求,韧性已成为提高车轮整体使用性能的关键制约因素。通过简要介绍第二相钉扎晶界原理以及影响第二相质点析出的因素,提出通过控制第二相质点AlN的析出来改善车轮钢韧性具有可行性。     

碳含量对Fe-Ni-Mn-Si-C系TWIP钢应变硬化行为的影响

采用单向拉伸、金相组织观察、TEM等方法,研究了3种不同碳含量Fe-Ni-Mn-Si-C系TWIP钢的拉伸应变硬化行为。研究结果表明,随着碳含量的增加,合金的强度和伸长率均提高,当碳质量分数为1.0%时,该TWIP钢具有较好的综合力学性能,强塑积达到83 160 MPa.%。3种TWIP钢的真应力-真应变曲线均不完全遵...     

Effect of Carbon Fraction on Stacking Fault Energy of Austenitic Stainless Steels

The effect of C fraction (C/N) on stacking fault energy (SFE) of austenitic Fe-18Cr-10Mn steels with a fixed amount of C?+?N (0.6?wt pct) was investigated by means of neutron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The SFE were evaluated by the Rietveld whole-profile fitting combined with the double-Voigt size-strain analysis for neutron diffraction profiles using neutron diffraction. The measured SFE showed distinguishable difference and were well correlated with the change in deformation microstructure. Three-dimensional linear regression analyses yielded the relation reflecting the contribution of both C?+?N and C/N: SFE (mJ/m²)?=??C5.97?+?39.94(wt pct C?+?N)?+?3.81(C/N). As C fraction increased, the strain-induced ?????? martensitic transformation was suppressed, and deformation twinning became the primary mode of plastic deformation.     

Effect of Vanadium Microalloying on the HAZ Microstructure and Properties of Low Carbon Steels

Four Steels,C-Mn-0.05V,C-Mn-0.11V,C-Mn-0.03Nb and C-Mn were subjected to heat treatment to simulate the microstructure of a coarse grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) and an intercritically reheated coarse grained heat affected zone (ICCGHAZ).This involved reheating to 1350°C,rapid cooling (Δt 8/5 =24s) to room temperature and then reheating to either 750°C or 800°C.The toughness of the HAZs was assessed using both Charpy and CTOD tests.Microstructural features were characterised by optical,scanning` and transmission electron microscopy.Fractographic examinations of the Charpy and CTOD specimens were carried out to understand the micromechanism of fracture under different microstructural and test conditions.The CGHAZ toughness was similar for the steels except that Steel C-Mn-0.05V had a slightly lower ITT compared to the others.The toughness deteriorated in the ICCGHAZ for all the steels,again Steel C-Mn-0.05V had a superior toughness compared to the other three steels in both ICCGHAZ conditions.Raising the level of vanadium to 0.11% caused a decrease in ICCGHAZ toughness.Steel C-Mn-Nb exhibited a greater degradation of impact toughness after the intercritical cycles.The presence of M-A constituents was the dominant factor in determining the toughness of the ICCGHAZs.The size and area fraction of the M-A constituents were the smallest in Steel C-Mn-0.05V.Increasing vanadium level to 0.11% resulted in a greater area fraction of the M-A constituents,larger average and maximum sizes of M-A particles,and significantly more fields containing the M-A.The addition of 0.031% Nb produced the largest M-A particles and the greatest area fraction for the steels tested.     

Effect of Sulfides and Sulfide Morphology on Anisotropy of Tensile Ductility and Toughness of Hot-Rolled C-Mn Steels

The effects of sulfur content (0.004 or about 0.013 pct) and sulfide morphology (stringered or globular) on anisotropy of tensile ductility and Charpy V-notch (CVN) shelf energy were investigated in a series of 0.1 and 0.2 pct carbon, 1.0 pct manganese steels. The effect of sulfide inclusions on fracture strain or CVN shelf energy correlated with a single parameter,P, regardless of inclusion shape, stringered or globular, or test direction, longitudinal, transverse, or through-thickness. The parameterP was defined as the total projected length of inclusions per unit area on a plane parallel to the fracture plane. The fracture strain and CVN shelf energy decreased with an increase inP. The magnitude ofP was directly proportional to the volume fraction of inclusions and inversely proportional to the inclusion dimension perpendicular to the fracture plane. The lower tensile ductility and CVN shelf energy in the 0.2 as compared with the 0.1 pct carbon steels was a consequence of the greater pearlite content in the former steels. This greater pearlite content had no apparent effect on the work-hardening rate,H, but decreased the strain-rate sensitivity of the flow stress,M, and the strain-rate sensitivity of the work-hardening rate,B. The decrease inM andB with increasing pearlite content is in accord with a decrease in tensile ductility according to recent models of neck development in tension tests. It appears that the decrease in tensile ductility with increasing pearlite content is a result of enhanced localized shearing, which promotes the coalescence of voids nucleated at second phases.