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1.
Expectations of increased stability for trapped electrons in high-alkali glasses, based on extrapolations from observations on low-alkali borate glasses, are not borne out. In 69Na2 O-31B2 O3 glass, electron centers have approximately the same thermal stability as in Na2 O·2B2 O3 glass. In Na2 Oplus;P2 O5 glasses the lifetimes, 3 · 0.5 μS, of transiently trapped electrons as well as their absorption spectra prove to be independent of increase of Na2 O content from 50 to 60 mol%. The same composition change destabilizes "permanent" hole centers. Exchange of Na2 O with K2 O in the metaphosphate glass also has no effect on the trapped electron lifetime. Small linear shifts in the trapped-hole absorption peak wavelengths are observed in the latter case. The most important positive finding in the phosphate glasses is a pronounced mixed-alkali effect on the yield of transiently trapped electrons and holes and of permanently trapped holes. The yield is a minimum at Na:K=1:1, due either to the elimination of trap sites or to the reduction of alkali ion mobilities which play a role in trap formation. 相似文献
2.
The crystallization and phase transformation of glassy Na2 O·2B2 O3 have been studied by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and density measurement. By employing proper thermal treatment methods, three metastable and two relatively stable polymorphs of Na2 O·2B2 O3 are obtained, as well as two other compounds, Na2 O·B2 O3 and 2Na2 O·5B2 O3 . The possible structural groups of these phases are deduced, which are found to be similar to that existing in the glass. Current glass models which imply the existence of structural "granularity" satisfactorily describe the crystallization behavior. The phase transformation is observed to depend not only on temperature, but also on the density of the phase. 相似文献
3.
Takashi Wakasugi Rikuo Ota Jiro Fukunaga 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1992,75(11):3129-3132
In order to evaluate the crystallization tendency of glasses, the ratio of the crystallization temperature to the liquidus temperature ( T c / T L ) was obtained by DTA measurement for the Na2 O–B2 O3 and Na2 O–B2 O3 –Al2 O3 systems. The critical cooling rate for glass formation ( Q *) was also measured. The measurements were performed in the composition range of (100 − x )Na2 O–( x )B2 O3 , ( x = 25–35 and 60–100 mol%), and (100 − y )0.5Na2 O·0.5B2 O3 −( y )Al2 O3 , ( y = 6–34 mol%). The relationship between T c / T L and Q * was discussed. A linear relationship between T c / T L and log Q * for these systems was found. Furthermore, the relationship between T c / T L and Q * was verified by computer simulation based on the crystallization kinetics of glass or supercooled liquid. 相似文献
4.
Wenhai Huang Delbert E. Day Mohamed N. Rahaman 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2007,90(3):838-844
The formation of phosphates of calcium or barium at near room temperature by the direct conversion of borate glass in dilute phosphate solution was investigated. Borate glass particles (150–300 μm), with the composition 20Na2 O·20AO·60B2 O3 (mol%), where A is the alkali-earth metal Ca or Ba, were prepared by conventional processing, and immersed in 0.25 M K2 HPO4 solution at 37°C and with a starting pH value of 9.0 or 12.0. The effects of the borate glass composition and the solution pH on the rate of formation, the chemical composition, and the structure of the phosphate products formed in the conversion reaction were investigated using weight loss and pH measurements, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area. At both pH values, the calcium borate glass particles were completely converted to hydroxyapatite, Ca10 (PO4 )6 (OH)2 , with a high surface area (160–170 m2 /g). At pH=9.0, the barium borate glass particles converted completely to a barium phosphate product that was isostructural with BaHPO4 , whereas at pH=12.0, the barium phosphate product was isostructural with Ba3 (PO4 )2 , with both products having much lower surface areas (4–8 m2 /g). The formation of the phosphate products was pseudomorphic, retaining the external shape of the original glass particles. 相似文献
5.
The energy relations existing between the congruently melting compounds Li2 O -2B2 O3 , Na2 O–2B2 O3 , Na2 O-4B2 O3 , and K2 O-4B2 O3 and their glasses have been determined for the temperature range 25° to 1100°C. High-temperature heat-content, entropy, and heat of solution data are given for both the glasses and the corresponding devitrified materials. A comparison of the heats of fusion of the alkali borates on a gram atom of oxygen basis shows that they follow the order Li > Na > K. The entropy differences between the glass and the corresponding crystalline material have been determined at 25°C. The free-energy change at 25°C. for the reaction crystal → glass has been calculated for the four compounds. 相似文献
6.
Synthesis of Titanate Derivatives Using Ion-Exchange Reaction 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Chul-Tae Lee Myeong-Heon Um Hidehiro Kumazawa 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2000,83(5):1098-1102
Two types of titanate derivatives, layered hydrous titanium dioxide (H2 Ti4 O9 · n H2 O) and potassium octatitanate (K2 Ti8 O17 ) with a tunnellike structure, were synthesized using an ion-exchange reaction. Fibrous potassium tetratitanate (K2 Ti4 O9 · n H2 O) was prepared by calcination of a mixture of K2 CO3 and TiO2 with a molar ratio of 2.8 at 1050°C for 3 h, followed by boiling-water treatment of the calcined products for 10 h. The material then was transformed to layered H2 Ti4 O9 · n H2 O through an exchange of K+ ions with H+ ions using HCl. K2 Ti8 O17 was formed by a thermal treatment of KHTi4 O9 · n H2 O. Pure KHTi4 O9 · n H2 O phase was effectively produced by a treatment of K2 Ti4 O9 with 0.005 M HCl solution for 30 min. Thermal treatment at 250°–500°C for 3 h resulted in formation of only K2 Ti8 O17 . 相似文献
7.
CECIL M. JONES II 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1971,54(7):347-349
A technique for growing α-Al2 O3 crystals is described in which Na2 O·11Al2 O3 is dissolved in a liquid of composition Na2 O·4TiO2 ·3Al2 O3 . Alpha Al2 O3 is precipitated as Na2 O evaporates from the system; Na2 O·11Al2 O3 serves as a source of Al2 O3 , and Na2 O in the liquid. The content of solids in the mixture is always such that it does not melt completely. The size of the α-Al2 O3 crystals grown is related to the Na2 O content of the composition. Crystals as large as 4000 by 3000 μm in the α-axis direction and 500 μm in the c -axis direction have been grown. 相似文献
8.
Sashi Tandon Ranchhor D. Agrawal Madan L. Kapoor 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1994,77(4):1032-1036
The viscosity of sodium borate slags at high Na2 O concentrations (37.3 to 49.4 mol%) and high temperatures (1000° to 1300°C) follows an Arrhenius-type relationship. This relationship was also observed for sodium borate slags (mass% Na2 O/mass% B2 O3 = 0.86) containing CaO and CaF2 for the same temperature range. There has been a reduction in viscosity of the sodium borate slags (mass% Na2 O3 mass% B2 O = 0.53 to 0.86) with increase in Na2 O concentration. On adding CaO (10 to 50 mass%) to the sodium borate slag (mass% Na2 O/mass% B2 O3 = 0.86), the viscosity increased considerably, while an addition of CaF2 (S to 15 mass%) to the slag (30.9 mass% Na2 O3 35.8 mass% B2 O3 , 33.3 mass% CaO) decreased the viscosity. The average activation energies of Na2 O─B2 O3 , Na2 O─B2 O3 ─CaO3 and Na2 O─B2 O3 ─CaO─CaF2 slag systems have been estimated as 14.6, 124.7, and 41.4 kJ/mol, respectively, for the given composition ranges and 1000° to 1300°C temperature range. 相似文献
9.
STEVE W. MARTIN 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1988,71(6):438-445
Glasses were prepared having compositions x Na2 O + (1 − x )B2 O3 and x Na2 O + (1 − x )( n B2 O3 ·Al2 O3 ) where n = 4.0 and 6.7, and their conductivities and activation energies were determined up to 70 mol% Na2 O. Below 50 mol% Na2 O, the conductivity activation energy decreases with Na2 O content, which is attributed to a decreasing cation jump distance. Above 50 mol% Na2 O, however, the activation energy increases with Na2 O content. These measurements are the first to clearly show a conductivity activation energy increasing with alkali oxide content, an effect which is not yet explained by any of the current models of ionic conduction in glass. 相似文献
10.
Phase relations in the system Li2 O–B2 O3 –SiO2 were studied by quenching and solid-state reactions. No ternary compounds were detected in the portion of the system containing less than 53% Li2 O. Compatibility triangles were formed from the binary borate and silicate compounds. Liquidus data obtained by quenching are reported for four joins, Li2 O·2SiO2 –Li2 O·2B2 O3 , Li2 O·SiO2 -Li2 O·2B2 O3 , Li2 O·SiO2 -Li2 O·B2 O3 , and Li2 O·2B2 O3 -SiO2 . The last join cuts across the two-liquid region and is not a true binary system. Some probable ternary invariant points were located in the portion of the system which was quenchable to glass and adjacent to the two-liquid region. Further data on the previously reported immiscible liquid formation are given and the significance is discussed. Data on the thermal expansion behavior of certain glasses are presented. 相似文献
11.
E. F. RIEBLING P. E. BLASZYK D. W. SMITH 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1967,50(12):641-647
Density and viscosity results are presented for ternary Na2 O·GeO2 ·B2 O3 melts (∼600° to 1300°C) and glasses containing as much as 35 mole % Na2 O. Synthetic partial molar volume models indicate a fairly broad stability region for BO4 tetrahedra in the B2 O3 -rich melts. Similar models for GeO2 -rich melts reveal a more limited stability region for GeO6 octahedra. The expansion coefficient contours and viscosity isotherms confirm the volume-based conclusions for the liquid state. The high-temperature volume models were used to develop glass volume models that agree to within several percent of experiment. It has been concluded that the melts and glasses possess similar structures. The relatively greater compositional stability of GeO6 octahedra in the presence of B2 O3 (compared to Al2 O3 ) can be related to the smaller average number of oxygens around boron (III), at a fixed O/Ge ratio, compared to aluminum (III). Evidence is presented for a slight decrease of the thermal stability of GeO6 octahedra in the GeO2 -rich melts above about 1000°C. 相似文献
12.
Alejandro Souto Francisco Guitian Salvador de Aza 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1999,82(10):2660-2664
Mullite materials usually contain a residual glassy phase rich in SiO2 , which concentrates impurities as Na2 O, K2 O, Fe2 O3 , and other minority compounds. A suitable way to minimize this glassy phase is the reduction and volatilization of its components by calcination at high temperatures (1300–1450°C) in atmospheres with a very low partial pressure of O2 . Over 95% of the Na2 O, K2 O, and Fe2 O3 in mullite can be removed in this way, leaving concentrations lower than 0.02% by weight. To avoid the degradation of mullite that occurs when the partial pressure of O2 is too low, the material to be purified is covered with TiO2 plates. 相似文献
13.
The heats of solution of glasses and devitrified alkali borates in the systems Li2 O–B2 O3 , Na2 O—B2 O3 , and K2 O–B2 O3 were measured in 2 N nitric acid with a simple vacuum-bottle calorimeter. The standard deviation was 0.35 cal. per gm. for approximately 130 determinations. From these data, together with available thermodynamic data, heats of formation were calculated for alkali borate glasses and devitrified alkali borates from two combinations of possible reactants. All the curves for the heats of solution of glasses showed minima at 20 mole % alkali oxide, but similar curves for devitrified alkali borates showed minima at 20 mole % for potassium and sodium borates only. The curve for devitrified lithium borates showed a minimum at 25 mole % alkali. The conclusion was drawn that there is probably no congruently melting Li2 O.4B2 O3 compound. 相似文献
14.
Glasses containing up to several percent of Ar, N2 , and CO2 were prepared at 2000 to 150,000 psi and up to 950°C and retained under ambient conditions. The solubilities are presented as a function of pressure, temperature, and composition of glass. Solubilities of O, He, and H2 O were also investigated in various glass compositions, especially K2 O–4SiO2 and B2 O3 . The evolution of the gases at atmospheric pressure was followed by electron microscopy and density measurements. 相似文献
15.
R. J. CALLOW 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1952,35(5):120-122
In the glass SiO2 71, Na2 O 17, CaO 12% with 7.5 parts per hundred of fluorine added to the batch, substitution of up to 6% ZnO for CaO produced a great increase in the opacity; substitution of Al2 O3 for SiO2 or of K2 O for Na2 O produced much smaller effects, which were dependent on the composition and were inappreciable in the presence of 6% ZnO. Despite the differences in opacity, no differences in fluorine content were detected. No support was found for the belief that Al2 O3 is essential to the successful opacification of a glass by means of fluorides. 相似文献
16.
Steve W. Martin Emanuel I. Cooper C. Austen Angell 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1983,66(9):c153-c154
A study of the high-alkali region of glass formation in the system Na2 O +B2 O3 reveals that retention of CO2 from carbonate starting materials can become a serious preparative problem at the high-alkali extreme. Results presented for glasses prepared using both Na2 O and Na2 CO3 show that residual CO2 can lead to major differences in physical properties which in this work are represented by the viscosity-related glass transition temperature . 相似文献
17.
Kunihiko Nakashima Kenji Noda Katsumi Mori 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1997,80(5):1101-1110
To clarify the effects of glass composition and heat-treatment conditions on phase separation and crystallization, time–temperature–transformation (TTT) diagrams for the system (65 − x )SiO2 ·25B2 O3 ·(10 − y )Na2 O· y CaO· x ZrO2 , which is used for fabricating alkali-durable porous glasses, were determined. The microstructures and properties, such as resistance to alkaline attack as a function of ZrO2 content, of the porous glasses fabricated on the basis of the developed TTT diagrams were examined. CaO and ZrO2 additions were shown to affect the locations of the noses in the TTT curves for phase separation and crystallization. The substituting of CaO for Na2 O was effective for retaining ZrO2 in the skeleton of the porous glasses. The alkali resistance of ZrO2 -containing porous glasses was 8–10 times superior to that of the porous glass without ZrO2 . The results demonstrate that TTT diagrams can be used as guides for heat-treatment scheduling in processing or predicting of glass-forming ability and the onset of phase separation and crystallization in glass-forming systems. 相似文献
18.
Shimin Liu Gaoling Zhao Wangle Ruan Zhiwang Yao Tingting Xie Ji Jin Hao Ying Jianxun Wang Gaorong Han 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2008,91(8):2740-2742
Eu2 O3 -doped aluminoborosilicate glasses were prepared in air at high temperature. Luminescence measurements were used to investigate a valence change from Eu3+ to Eu2+ ions in the aluminoborosilicate glasses. The results showed that the doped Eu3+ ions were partially reduced to Eu2+ in the Eu2 O3 :RO–Al2 O3 –B2 O3 –SiO2 (RO=CaO, SrO, BaO, Li2 O) glasses, but not in the Eu2 O3 :RO–Al2 O3 –B2 O3 –SiO2 (RO=Na2 O, K2 O) glasses. The changes of Eu reduction with different RO components were discussed with the variation of optical basicity of RO and with different valency of R cations. The effects of co-doping BaO and ZnO in aluminoborosilicate glasses on Eu reduction were also investigated and discussed. 相似文献
19.
Kazuhiro Narita Yoshihiro Takahashi Yasuhiko Benino Takumi Fujiwara Takayuki Komatsu Takeshi Hanada Yoshihiko Hirotsu 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2004,87(1):113-118
Some K2 O-Nb2 O5 -GeO2 glasses are prepared, and their crystallization behaviors are examined. 25K2 O·25Nb2 O5 ·50GeO2 glass with the glass transition temperature T g = 622°3C and crystallization onset temperature T x = 668°3C shows a prominent nanocrystallization. The crystalline phase is K3,8 Nb5 Ge3 O20,4 with an orthorhombic structure. The sizes of crystals in the crystallized glasses heat-treated at 630° and 720°3C for 1 h are °10 and 20–30 nm, respectively, and the crystallized glasses obtained by heat treatments at 620°-850°3C for 1 h maintain good transparency. The density of crystallized glasses increases gradually with increasing heat-treatment temperature, and the volume fraction of crystals in the sample heat-treated at 630°3C for 1 h is estimated to be ∼35%. The usual Vickers hardness and Martens hardness (estimated by nanoindentation) of 25K2 O·25Nb2 O5 ·50GeO2 glass change steeply by heat treatment at T g , i.e., at around 35% volume fraction of nanocrystals. The present study demonstrates that the composite of nanocrystals and the glassy phase has a strong resistance against deformation during Vickers indenter loading in crystallized glasses. 相似文献
20.
Debao Zhang Baoyu Chen Zhuping Liu Shunguang Li Lili Hu 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2004,87(12):2228-2231
Er3+ -doped sodium lanthanum aluminosilicate glasses with compositions of (90− x )(0.7SiO2 ·0.3Al2 O3 )· x Na2 O·8.2La2 O3 · 0.6Er2 O3 ·0.2Yb2 O3 ·1Sb2 O3 (in mol%) ( x = 12, 20, 24, 40, 60 mol%) were prepared and their spectroscopic properties were investigated. Judd–Ofelt analysis was used to calculate spectroscopic properties of all glasses. The Judd–Ofelt intensity parameter Ω t ( t = 2, 4, 6) decreases with increasing Na2 O. Ω2 decreases rapidly with increasing Na2 O while Ω4 and Ω6 decrease slowly. Both the fluorescent lifetime and the radiative transition rate increase with increasing Na2 O. Fluorescence spectra of the 4 I 13/2 to 4 I 15/2 transition have been measured and the change with Na2 O content is discussed. It is found that the full width at half-maximum decreases with increasing Na2 O. 相似文献