Volatile constituents of the essential oil of Monodora myristica (Gaertn) dunal

The essential oil of Monodora myristica was obtained by steam distillation with a yield of 45-6 g kg^?1. The composition of the oil was analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The oil was found to contain 75% monoterpene hydrocarbons; the major compounds being α-phellandrene (50–4%), α-pinene (5–5%) and myrcene (4–35%). There were also a few sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (3%) and oxygenated compounds such as germacrcne-D-4-ol (9–5%). Germacrene-D-4-ol, α-pinene, Δ²-carene, β-caryophyllene, valencene. γ-muurolol and carvacryl acetate have not previously been reported in M myristica.     

Influence of the process, season, and origin on volatile composition and antioxidant activity of Juniperus phoenicea L. leaves essential oils

Essential oils of Juniperus phoenicea L. leaves cultivated in 3 regions, Korbos, Matmata, and Tabarka of Tunisia were obtained by hydrodistillation (HD), steam distillation (SD), and Soxhlet (SH) extraction methods. The essential oils were analyzed and quantified by capillary gas chromatography using flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The highest yield was observed in HD process (1.12%). Tabarka essential oil provided the best yield 0.79% compared to other regions. December month SD essential oil was the highest in oxygenated monoterpenes (52.7%). Nevertheless, SH essential oil showed a higher content in sesquitepenes hydrocarbons (64.5%). α-Terpinol (25.5%) was the main oxygenated component in Matmata juniper essential oil, extracted by SD. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of essential oils was evaluated using ABTS assays. The strongest antioxidant activity (IC(50) = 22.6 ± 0.7 mg/L) was obtained by the Matmata (October 2007) SD essential oil.     

基于低共熔溶剂法超声辅助蒸馏提取胡椒叶精油的工艺优化及其GC-MS分析

以胡椒叶为提取原料,探究低共熔溶剂对胡椒叶精油提取效果的影响。在单因素实验结果的基础上,以液料比、超声功率与蒸馏时间为影响因素,以精油得率为响应值,应用Box-Behnken试验设计建立数学模型,进行响应面分析。结果表明,氯化胆碱-尿素组成的低共熔溶剂提取效果最好,响应面优化的最佳提取工艺条件为液料比为14:1 mL/g、超声功率300 W、蒸馏时间53 min。在此条件下,胡椒叶精油得率为1.380%±0.018%,优于水蒸气蒸馏法和超声辅助水蒸气蒸馏法,胡椒叶精油得率分别提升了14.33%、5.18%。通过GC-MS对胡椒叶精油进行分析,共鉴定出34种化合物,其主要成分为δ-榄香烯(19.75%)、α-荜澄茄油烯(9.17%)、石竹烯(8.97%)、α-古芸烯(6.12%)、β-榄香烯(5.13%)。结果表明,以氯化胆碱-尿素作为低共熔溶剂提取胡椒叶精油的方法是可行的。     

柠檬桉果实、叶挥发油的成分分析及对比

采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取柠檬桉果实和柠檬桉叶挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用技术对两者挥发油成分进行对比分析,并对柠檬桉果实中主要组分的作用进行分析。结果表明:柠檬桉果实挥发油得率为0.76 m L/100 g（以鲜重计）,柠檬桉叶挥发油得率为1.3 m L/100 g。柠檬桉果实挥发油中有37种成分,其中单萜类9种,氧化单萜8种,倍半萜5种,氧化倍半萜7种,芳香族化合物1种,其他化合物7种,主要成分具体为:1R-α-蒎烯、γ-松油烯、石竹烯等;桉叶油的主要组分为:香茅醛、β-香茅醇、异胡薄荷醇。两者相同组分较少,有α-蒎烯、异胡薄荷醇、α-松油醇等,含量差别较大。      

水蒸气蒸馏法提取化州橘叶精油技术研究

以化州橘叶为原料,采用水蒸气蒸馏法通过正交试验对化州橘红叶的精油提取工艺进行优选,以精油得率为指标,将加水量、浸泡时间、蒸馏时间、Na Cl的浓度(破乳剂)作为因素进行正交试验。结果表明:加水量是化州橘叶精油提取的关键因素,其次是浸泡时间和蒸馏时间,Na Cl浓度为最次要因素。化州橘叶精油的最佳提取工艺为加水10倍量(g/g),浸泡2h,蒸馏2h,添加1.00mg/m L的Na Cl。水蒸气蒸馏法提取化州橘叶的精油方法可行,其精油得率在0.5%左右。     

Biological activity of Boswellia serrata Roxb. oleo gum resin essential oil: effects of extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide and traditional methods

The findings of this study suggests that chemical composition, essential oil yield, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Boswellia serrata oleo gum resin essential oils extracted by hydro distillation, steam distillation and supercritical fluid carbon dioxide methods vary greatly from each other. The optimum essential oil yield was obtained using hydro distillation method (8.18 ± 0.15 %). The essential oils isolated through different extraction methods contained remarkable amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids. Essential oil isolated through supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction exhibited better antioxidant activity with highest free radical scavenging potential (96.16 ± 1.57 %), inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation (94.18 ± 1.47 %) and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging potential (68.25 ± 1.02 %). Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of essential oils was performed through well diffusion, resazurin microtiter plate and micro dilution broth assay assays. The essential oil isolated through steam distillation method revealed highest antimicrobial activity with maximum inhibition zone (24.21 ± 0.34 to12.08 ± 0.30 mm) and least MIC values (35.18 ± 0.77 to 281.46 ± 7.03 µg/mL). The comparison of chemical composition of essential oils isolated at different extraction methods have shown that the concentration of α-thujene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, m-cymene and cis-verbenol was higher in steam distilled essential oil as compared to hydro and supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extracted essential oils. These compounds may be responsible for the higher antimicrobial activity of Boswellia serrata oleo gum resin steam distilled essential oil.     

芫荽茎叶精油成分及清除DPPH自由基能力研究

以乙醚为溶剂,采用索式萃取法萃取新鲜芫荽茎叶,以0.252%产率获得芳香精油。利用GC-MS分析仪对精油进行了分析,检测出60种成分,解析了占精油94.200%的41种成分,其中,酯类化合物57.755%,烷烃类化合物11.300%,醛类化合物16.168%,芳香族化合物8.077%。该精油对DPPH(1,1-D:phenyl-2-picrylhy-drazyl)自由基的清除率最高达62.7%,水蒸气蒸馏获得精油的清除率为84.2%。     

盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取甘松精油及其挥发性香气成分分析

为提高甘松精油提取效率,该试验以精油得率为评价指标,通过单因素试验及正交试验优化了盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取条件,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC-MS）分析甘松精油的香气成分。结果表明,盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取甘松精油最佳条件为NaCl含量3%、料液比1∶5(g∶mL)、浸泡时间5 h、蒸馏时间4 h。此优化条件下甘松精油得率为3.72%。GC-MS结果表明,共检测出56种挥发性香气物质,其主要成分多为萜类化合物,且以倍半萜数种类最多。该研究优化了盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏提取甘松精油的工艺,可为甘松精油的进一步开发利用提供理论依据。     

微波无溶剂萃取法提取野菊花精油工艺及成分分析

采用微波无溶剂萃取法（Solvent-free microwave extraction, SFME）分别提取野菊花鲜花精油和干花精油,对提取工艺进行了优化;并通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术（chromatograpy-mass spectrometry, GC-MS）分析两种精油化学成分,用峰面积归一法计算各组分相对含量。结果表明:野菊花鲜花精油的最佳提取条件为提取时间50 min,微波功率540 W,精油得率为鲜花重的0.1129%;干花精油的最佳提取条件为料液比1:5 g/mL,浸泡时间3 h,提取时间60 min,微波功率540 W,精油得率为干花重的0.1926%;经GC-MS分析,SFME提取野菊花鲜花精油的主要化学成分是单萜及单萜类含氧化合物,相对含量较多的化合物是乙酸桧酯（13.20%）、甲位侧柏酮（11.10%）、桧醇（9.70%）、菊醇（5.06%）、甲位水芹烯（3.87%）、荜澄茄油烯（3.78%）、桉叶油素（3.61%）、崖柏醇（3.37%）、2-侧柏烯（3.36%）。干花精油的主要化学成分是单萜含氧化合物及倍半萜,相对含量较多的化合物是菊醇（8.59%）、反式石竹烯（7.63%）、大根香叶烯（7.06%）、Α-合金欢烯（5.86%）、甲位侧柏酮（4.85%）、乙酸桧酯（4.34%）、乙酸菊醇酯（3.45%）、右旋樟脑（3.35%）。野菊花鲜花精油的含量比干花更高,单萜含氧化合物相对含量高于干花精油,更具有应用价值。     

ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF SALVIA VERBENACA L. GROWING WILD IN TUNISIA

The essential oil of aerial parts of Salvia verbenaca L., collected in three different locations in Tunisia, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry. The oil yields of dried plants (w/w) were 0.09, 0.10 and 0.12% in Sabelet Ben Ammar, Sers and Somaa, respectively. Seventy-seven compounds were identified. The monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes had the highest contributions. The major constituents in Sabelet Ben Ammar were viridiflorol (21.8%), camphene (17.6%), methyl eugenol (9.4%) and β-caryophyllene (7.1%), while those of essential oil collected from Somaa, were tricyclene (18.8%), nonane (10.3%), methyl eugenol (7.7%) and terpinolene (7.3%). In samples collected from Sers, essential oil consists mainly of (Z)-β-ocimene (29.5%), β-phellandrene (8.2%), β-thujone (7.9%) and α-pinene (5.5%).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In this study, it has been found that the oils of wild-growing Salvia verbenaca L. in Tunisia are rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenes and monoterpene hydrocarbons with great economical values. The plant family Labiatae contains several species with potential therapeutic activity due to their essential oils. Pharmacology, pharmaceutical botany, medical and clinical microbiology, phytopathology and food preservation are some fields in which essential oils can be applied. Many Salvia spp. are used as herbal tea and for food flavoring, as well as in cosmetics, perfumery and the pharmaceutical industry. It has shown that essential oil of S. verbenaca have strong antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory activities and peripheral analgesic properties.     

Comparative GC/MS analysis of essential oils extracted by 3 methods from the bud of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl

A comparative study of steam distillation extraction (SDE), reflux extraction (RE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (USE) was conducted for the extraction of essential oils from the bud of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. Each method was evaluated in terms of qualitative and quantitative composition of the isolated essential oil by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The extract yields of essential oil were 0.16%, 2.18%, and 2.34%, respectively. A total of 82 compounds were identified by GC/MS. The main components obtained by SDE were terpinen-4-ol (20.98%), dipentene (11.67%), terpinene (9.24%), those by RE were palmitic acid (20.61%), 2-chloroethyl linoleate (14.54%), tetracosane (12.26%), and α-linolenic acid (11.24%), and those by USE were tetracosane (11.32%), heneicosane (11.06%), and palmitic acid (8.76%). Comparative analysis indicated that SDE was favorable for the extraction of monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carbonyl compounds, RE and USE had certain advantages in the extraction of aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons, organic acids, and esters. It is concluded that different extraction methods may lead to different yields of essential oils; the choice of appropriate method is very important to obtain more desired components with higher physiological activities. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: C. aurantium oils from different plant parts have great economic, medicinal, and nutritional values because of their wide-spectrum biological activities. The essential oil from C. aurantium L. var amara is one of the best C. aurantium oils. The data presented in this article will help us understand the relationship between essential oils and its extraction methods and know more about the aromatic components of Citrus aurantium bud. The methods established in this study will provide useful reference information for further studies, and offer essential oil industries with helpful guidance in practice.     

金盏花精油的微波辅助提取及其成分与抗氧化活性研究

采用微波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取金盏花精油,以得率为评价指标,在单因素实验的基础上通过正交试验对精油提取工艺进行优化,随后通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对金盏花精油化学成分进行分析,最后以DPPH自由基、羟自由基、ABTS+自由基清除能力为指标评价金盏花精油的抗氧化效果.结果表明,微波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取金盏花精油的最佳...     

Selective extraction of oxygenated compounds from oregano with sub-critical water

BACKGROUND: The essential oil of oregano is composed of numerous substances that exhibit various properties (e.g. antioxidants). The innovative and promising method of extraction with sub‐critical water (subcH₂O) has been applied to the Greek oregano. RESULTS: The sub‐critical water extraction experiments were performed at various conditions of pressure, temperature and water flow rate. Extracts collected at different extraction times were examined by gas chromatography. The oil has been processed by super‐critical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) followed by steam distillation or sub‐critical water extraction. The conventional method of steam distillation was also performed. The main component of the plant is carvacrol. The favourable oxygenated compounds (carvacrol, thymol, borneol and thymoquinone) have been extracted preferentially and faster with sub‐critical water. This method was selective for thymoquinone, which was not present in the oil from steam distillation. The oil yield obtained was much higher in the case of sub‐critical water extraction compared to the one of super‐critical carbon dioxide. The latter method resulted in oil with the highest concentration in carvacrol. CONCLUSION: Compared to the classical steam distillation, the sub‐critical water extraction is superior in terms of higher yields, less energy consumption (as it was a faster process), and better composition/selectivity of the extracts controlled by the extraction parameters. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

芹菜叶挥发油化学成分的GC/MS分析

为比较不同地区芹菜叶挥发油的化学组成,采用水蒸气蒸馏方法对产自辽宁3 个不同地区芹菜叶的挥发性成分进行提取,并采用GC-MS 方法对提取的挥发性成分进行鉴定。结果从3 种芹菜叶中一共鉴定出32 种挥发性化学成分,其中鞍山芹菜叶中鉴定出12 种,其含量占挥发油的27.29%,特有成分为β-月桂烯、n-十六酸、9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸等;抚顺芹菜叶中鉴定出16 种,其含量占挥发油的21.78%,特有成分为苯酚、桉叶双烯、5-(1,5-二甲基-4- 己基)-2- 甲基-1,3- 环己二烯等;北票芹菜叶中鉴定出9 种,其含量占挥发油的12.59%,特有成分为桉叶双烯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、十八烷等。     

水蒸气蒸馏法提取柚子花精油工艺研究及其成分分析

以冻干柚子花为原料,采用单因素、响应面实验方法优化水蒸气蒸馏提取柚子花精油工艺,建立二次多项数学模型,得到水蒸气蒸馏法提取柚子花精油最优工艺参数:液料比16∶1、盐水浓度3.51%、蒸馏时间8.15 h,柚子花精油提取得率为0.3856%。采用GC-MS对水蒸气蒸馏法提取所得柚子花精油进行成分分析,共分离鉴定出50种化合物,占总萃取物的87.60%,其中主要成分为法呢醇、亚油酸乙酯、亚麻酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯、橙花叔醇等化合物。      

江永香柚柚皮中挥发性化学成分的GC-MS联用分析研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取江永香柚外黄皮和内白皮中的挥发性成分,经GC-MS联用分析,分别鉴定出61种和22种化合物.江永香柚外黄皮中挥发性成分以柠烯碳氢化合物为主体成分,其中柠檬烯含量占粗精油的76.04%,江永香柚内白皮则以十八碳二烯酸、棕榈酸和七聚氧化乙烯为主体成分.     

青柠果皮精油蒸馏工艺优化及香气成分分析

目的:研究青柠果皮精油提取工艺及性质,为青柠果皮的综合利用提供数据。方法:以青柠果皮为原料,通过压榨法提取其精油粗产品,后经分子蒸馏技术对其进行分离纯化,以总轻馏分得率为指标,考察蒸馏温度、刮板转速、进料速度、蒸馏压力4个单因素对青柠果皮精油提取的影响,通过正交实验优化青柠果皮精油提取工艺,并用气质联用仪(GC/MS)分析青柠果皮精油香气成分组成。结果:青柠果皮精油的最佳提取工艺:蒸馏温度30℃,刮板转速400 r/min,进料速度0.25 L/h,蒸馏压力15 Pa,其总轻馏分得率为76.10%±0.29%;GC/MS结合保留指数对纯化青柠果皮精油进行香气成分分析,共鉴定55种化合物,主要包括柠檬烯(36.585%)、γ-松油烯(12.077%)、α-松油醇(8.407%)、萜品油烯(7.867%)、α-松油烯(5.777%)等。结论:优化了分子蒸馏提取青柠果皮精油工艺,并从香气成分中鉴定出55种化合物。     

超声辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取蓝桉叶中精油的工艺优化及其抑菌活性研究

目的初步探明蓝桉叶精油最佳提取工艺及不同提取工艺条件下蓝桉叶精油得率与其抗菌活性的差异性。方法以桉叶油得率为评价指标,采用超声辅助水蒸气蒸馏法,通过单因素与正交试验确定桉叶油最佳提取工艺。并检验正交试验各组合桉叶油对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和黑曲霉的抑菌效果。结果桉叶油的最佳提取工艺条件为料液比1:4(g/mL),超声时间25min,超声功率200W,蒸馏时间5h,桉叶油得率为1.51%。而抑菌试验结果表明,不同提取工艺所得桉叶油的抑菌活性存在差异。对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌而言,料液比1:6(g/mL),超声时间30 min,超声功率180 W,蒸馏时间5 h时抑菌活性最强,抑菌圈直径分别为(11.92±0.20)mm(n=3)和(10.25±0.35)mm(n=3),对应的桉叶油得率为1.28%;对黑曲霉而言,料液比1:7(g/mL),超声时间30min,超声功率200W,蒸馏时间7h时抑菌活性最强,抑菌圈直径为(12.25±0.29)mm(n=3),对应的桉叶油得率为1.38%。结论精油得率与其抑菌活性无相关性,针对不同的目标微生物需要单独优化提取工艺来获得相应的微生物抑菌剂。     

微波法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取丁香精油的研究

以丁香为原料,分别采用微波法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油,探讨微波萃取对丁香精油提取率和精油品质的影响。以丁香精油提取率为指标,通过正交试验优化微波提取条件,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法鉴定其化学成分,并与水蒸气蒸馏法提取的精油进行比较。结果表明,微波萃取丁香精油的最佳工艺参数为微波功率300 W、料液比1∶4(m∶V)、微波时间25s、提取次数4,该条件下精油的提取率可达到20.65%,远远高于水蒸气蒸馏法的11.33%;从该精油中鉴定出19种成分,其中3种丁香精油有效成分的得率分别为丁香酚13.2%、石竹烯4.4%、乙酰基丁香酚2.2%,石竹烯和乙酰基丁香酚得率分别是水蒸气蒸馏精油的2.8倍和2倍。微波萃取是丁香精油较有效的提取方式。     

黑龙江产芫荽籽精油成分及其清除DPPH自由基能力研究

用水蒸气蒸馏法提取黑龙江产芫荽籽,以0.50%的产率获得精油。用GC-MS联机对精油进行了成分分析,检测出31个成分,解析鉴定了占精油99.726%的29个成分。主要成分芳樟醇占总精油含量的73.614%。该精油对DPPH(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)自由基的清除率为94%。水蒸气蒸馏后残渣的甲醇萃取物对DPPH的最大清除率为91%。