版纳甜龙竹化学成分与制浆性能研究

通过对版纳甜龙竹的化学成分、纤维形态、成浆性能的研究,结果表明：版纳甜龙竹灰分1.80%,SiO20.50%,冷水抽提物3.10%,热水抽提物4.42%,苯-醇抽提物2.65%,1%NaOH抽提物17.24%,木质素16.67%,多戊糖25.43%,纤维素50.55%;纤维平均长度、宽度、长宽比分别为3.79mm、14.83μm、255.56;与造纸工业目前使用较多的慈竹、毛竹、云杉、马尾松、桉树等相比较,具有纤维平均长度较长、长宽比较高、纤维素含量较高、木质素含量较低的优势;该竹易于成浆,与针叶木比较撕裂强度较高,是一种优良的竹类纤维原料。     

近红外光谱技术快速测定木材抽出物含量的研究

探讨了近红外光谱法快速预测木材冷水、热水、1.0%NaOH和苯醇抽出物含量的可行性。四个模型的决定系数（R2）高,分别为0.9804、0.9800、0.9823和0.9648;交叉验证均方根偏差（RMSECV）低,分别为0.21%、0.29%、0.48%和0.24%;冷水、热水、1.0%NaOH抽出物模型的残留预测偏差（RPD）值分别为7.14、7.07和7.51,而苯醇抽出物模型的RPD值仅5.33。采用不同校正模型分别对样品进行预测,四个模型的预测偏差分别为-0.19%～0.20%、-0.29%～0.28%、-0.36%～0.42%和-0.25%～0.14%,基本符合标准方法的误差要求。结果说明可以利用近红外光谱分析技术对木材抽出物进行快速、准确地测定。     

光叶楮杆芯APMP制浆过程中化学成分的变化

对光叶楮杆芯APMP制浆过程中化学成分变化的研究表明:用光叶楮杆芯制APMP浆料,在热水预处理后得率下降高达5个百分点,这与光叶楮杆芯水溶液抽出物含量高有关.热水预处理阶段得率的降低是由于部分苯-醇抽出物、1%NaOH抽出物和水抽出物及少量低分子戊聚糖的溶出造成的;在化学处理阶段和磨浆过程中得率的降低主要是碱性条件下,1%NaOH抽出物、戊聚糖和木素部分溶出的结果.含量高的水抽出物、1%NaOH抽出物、戊聚糖以及洗涤过程中薄壁细胞和细小纤维的流失,是导致光叶楮杆芯APMP浆料得率偏低的原因.     

近红外光谱技术(NIR)在制浆造纸工业中的应用

介绍了近红外光谱(NIR)的发展历史及其工作原理、技术特点以及应用现状,并着重介绍了其在制浆造纸应用领域,如预测新闻纸厂脱墨浆中胶黏物含量、预测木材冷水、热水、1.0%NaOH和苯醇抽出物含量、纸浆中木素含量的测定方法等,展示了近红外光谱分析技术在制浆造纸领域巨大的应用前景.     

利用竹帘边角料制浆可行性的研究

对产自竹帘厂的边角料进行化学成分分析、蒸煮及漂白工艺探究,并与产自杭州小和山新鲜毛竹进行对比以分析其制浆可行性。结果表明,竹帘边角料与新鲜毛竹在化学成分上相比,边角料的综纤维素含量和木素含量均比新毛竹多1%左右,而灰分含量少0.26%,苯醇抽提物含量少1.87%,仅苯醇抽提物含量较低;在蒸煮工艺方面,竹帘边角料比新鲜毛竹更容易脱木素,同样蒸煮卡伯值均为20的竹浆,边角料得率更高;漂白工艺方面,竹帘边角料漂前白度略低,同样工艺所漂白得到的白度基本一致。     

芦苇原料、亚硫酸镁盐苇浆及碱法苇浆性能分析

研究了芦苇原料、亚硫酸镁盐苇浆及碱法苇浆的化学成分。结果表明:亚硫酸镁盐苇浆的灰分、硅含量远高于芦苇原料和碱法苇浆,而聚戊糖含量和Klason木素含量最低;碱法苇浆的1%NaOH抽出物最高,热水抽出物和苯醇抽出物最低。     

几种不同来源的酵母抽提物性质的比较研究

为了了解目前国内酵母抽提物产品的性状,比较了国内、外8种不同来源的酵母抽提物的物理性状,溶解性,干湿比,1%水溶液的pH,总氮含量和氨基氮含量,分别将其配成YEPD培养基培养啤酒酵母,测定菌株在不同来源的酵母抽提物培养基中的生物量。经比较发现,部分国内生产的酵母抽提物颗粒的细致程度和水溶液的澄清程度有待提高,部分国内生产的酵母抽提物1%水溶液的pH呈弱酸性,干湿比、总氮含量和氨基氮含量与国外生产的酵母抽提物无明显差别,培养啤酒酵母得到的生物量略优于国外生产的酵母抽提物。故国内生产的酵母抽提物在大部分的生物试验和食品与发酵生产中,可以代替国外生产的酵母抽提物,而且价格仅为进口酵母抽提物的30%~50%。     

尾巨桉苯醇、水及醇水抽出物的热解特性研究

分别应用苯醇、水及醇水三种抽提溶剂对尾巨桉木片进行抽提,制得三种不同的抽提物。通过元素分析、溶出物微粒子粒径分析对其进行了基本溶出规律的研究;设计TG与Py-GC/MS实验,对不同方式获得的抽出物进行了热分析,对其受热分解特性以及产物的分布进行了考查。结果发现,不同抽提物的化学元素含量存在明显的差异;其中碳元素含量大小顺序为,苯醇抽提物(benzene-ethanol extractive,BEE)>醇水抽提物(ethanol-water extractive,EWE)>水抽提物(water extractive,WE),氧元素含量相反,其原因是由于不同抽提物所含的化合物种类存在较大差别。不同抽提物溶液之间的微粒子直径也存在较大的差异,粒径分析表明WE具有更大的粒径分布跨度并且大尺寸微粒子含量最高,而BEE与之相反。对于抽提物的热分析表明,不同抽提物所表现出的热解特性也存在较大差异,同样是抽提物所含化合物种类差异所致;WE的热解产物主要是酮类、酚类和脂类,BEE的热解产物主要是呋喃类、醇类、环烷烃、酮类及酚类。EWE的热解产物主要是呋喃、糠醛、酚类和脂类。     

湖北省主产烟区烟叶化学成分含量特征分析

利用统计方法分析了湖北省主产烟区烟叶化学成分含量的特征,结果表明:(1)湖北省2008年生产的烟叶平均烟碱含量为2.80%,略微偏高,总糖、总氮、钾含量较适宜;氯含量偏低,化学成分协调性较好;(2)除氯含量外其余所有指标在部位间的差异均达到极显著水平,产区问烟碱含量差异达到显著水平,总糖、总氮和钾含量差异达极显著水平;(3)综合评价结果显示烟叶化学成分总体质量处在中(50.5%)、上(48.5%)等水平,化学成分可用性平均指数为78.6,变异系数0.09,全省烟叶化学成分质量水平较为一致;(4)与国际型优质烟叶比较,湖北省烟叶化学成分含量符合标准最高的为总氮(88.7%),其次为烟碱含量(69.1%),其余指标值均未超过60%,说明湖北省烟叶化学成分质量与国际型优质烟叶比还存在一定的差距.     

红松板皮生产水泥袋纸

据统计,我国林区木材加工厂的剩余物每年达610万米~3,综合利用这一资源是很有经济意义的。下面介绍黑龙江伊春五营木材加工厂用红松板皮生产水泥纸袋纸的生产情况。经测定,红松板皮的化学成分如下: 水分30%,纤维素45.5%,木素31%,灰分2.3%,冷水抽出物48.5%,热水抽出物17.55%,1%NaOH抽出物6.64%。     

Chemical composition of extractives from Abies nordmanniana

Wood and bark from Abies nordmanniana were studied for chemical composition of the extractives. The wood contained very low amounts of lipophilic and polar components. The lipophilic fraction of the extractives was composed of fatty acids, resin acids, alcohols and sterols, and the polar fraction was composed of monosaccharides and lignans. The bark contained very high amounts of lipophilic and polar components in comparison with the wood. The composition of lipophilic fraction did not significantly vary from the respective wood extract. Glycerol, gallic acid, sucrose, catechin isomers, gallocatechin isomers were identified in addition to monosaccharides and lignans among numerous components of the polar fraction of the bark. Successive extractions with benzene, ether, hot water and ethanol amounted up to 30% of the bark. Total solubles exceeded 50% of the bark by the treatment of the extractive-free bark with 1% hot NaOH. There were no significant differences between the samples prepared from young and old trees for the yields of the consecutive extractions and 1% NaOH solubility. However, Stiasny number determined as a measure of the phenol content (condensed tannins) was found to be much higher in the old samples than in the young ones.     

兴安落叶松化学组成的研究

对兴安落叶松化学组成进行较深入分析研究，表明其特性如下：提取物含量较高，尤以热水提取物最甚，主要含阿拉伯糖基－半乳聚糖。苯醇提取物中除主要含树脂外，还有相当量的黄酮类化合物。总木质素含量与一般针叶材类似，但酸溶木质素很低；综纤维素含量比一般木材都低，其糖基组成分析表明在测定过程中阿拉伯糖基－半乳聚糖基本上流失，因此综纤维素含量的测定不宜采用现行的标准方法；灰分含量较低，但有２３种元素组成，其主要元素为Ｃａ、Ｋ、Ｍｎ和Ｍｇ。     

Orientierende Untersuchungen zum Verhalten des Splint- und Kernholzes der Pappel bei der Zementbindung

Heart- and sapwood of poplar wood show different chemical properties, which affect their behaviour towards cement bonding. Water extractives of sapwood show a lower pH value and a higher puffering capacity towards alkali. Moreover, the content of water soluble carbohydrates is higher in sapwood than in heartwood Water extractives of sapwood delay the hydration of cement to a higher extent than those of heartwood. Differences related to the clone type have been also detected. Cement composites made from sapwood were, however, generally of higher strength properties than those made of heartwood. The difference in strength properties is still remarkable even after 8 weeks of storage. The pH value and puffering capacity of the composites made from sap-and heartwood showed no significant differences.     

The composition of the extractives from unaffected and heartrot affected heartwood of Acacia mangium Willd

has been studied by a successive extraction of the wood with a series of solvents with increasing polarity, followed by GC, GC/MS and DC studies of the fractions obtained. The study of the extractives of sound and affected wood with respect to yield and composition cannot explain the influence of the heartrot fungi on wood components in detail. Differences mainly have been found in the more polar fractions (acetone/water and ethanol/water, respectively). The content of lipophilic extractive constituents is with about 0.6–0.7% rather low and does not differ between sound and affected heartwood. The composition of the lipophilic extractives is not very different either.     

Chemical composition of extractives from Abies nordmanniana

Wood and bark fromAbies nordmanniana were studied for chemical composition of the extractives. The wood contained very low amounts of lipophilic and polar components. The lipophilic fraction of the extractives was composed of fatty acids, resin acids, alcohols and sterols, and the polar fraction was composed of monosaccharides and lignans. The bark contained very high amounts of lipophilic and polar components in comparison with the wood. The composition of lipophilic fraction did not significantly vary from the respective wood extract. Glycerol, gallic acid, sucrose, catechin isomers, gallocatechin isomers were identified in addition to monosaccharides and lignans among numerous components of the polar fraction of the bark. Successive extractions with benzene, ether, hot water and ethanol amounted up to 30% of the bark. Total solubles exceeded 50% of the bark by the treatment of the extractive-free bark with 1% hot NaOH. There were no significant differences between the samples prepared from young and old trees for the yields of the consecutive extractions and 1% NaOH solubility. However, Stiasny number determined as a measure of the phenol content (condensed tannins) was found to be much higher in the old samples than in the young ones.

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Chemische Zusammensetzung der Extraktstoffe aus Abies nordmanniana

Zusammenfassung Holz und Rinde vonAbies nordmanniana wurden extrahiert und die Extraktstoffe analysiert. Das Holz enth?lt sehr geringe Anteile an lipophilen und polaren Komponenten. Die lipophile Fraktion besteht aus Fetts?uren, Harzs?uren, Alkoholen und Sterolen. Die polar Fraktion enth?lt Monosaccharide und Lignane. In der Rinde war der Anteil beider Fraktionen sehr hoch; in ihrer Zusammensetzung unterschied sie sich allerdings nur unwesentlich von den Holzextrakten. Unter den zahlreichen Substanzen der polaren Fraktion der Rindenextrakte wurden neben Zuckern und Lignanen auch Glycerin, Gallens?ure, Succrose, Catechin-Isomere und Gallocatechin-isomere identifiziert. Die sukzessive Extraktion der Rinde mit Benzol, Ether, Hei?wasser und Ethanol führte zu 30% Extraktausbeute. Eine nachfolgende Behandlung mit 1%iger hei?er NaOH führte zu einem Gesamtanteil l?slicher Substanzen von über 50%. Zwischen ?lteren und jüngeren B?umen wurden anhand der Extraktzusammensetzung und Ausbeute keine wesentlichen Unterschiede festgestellt mit Ausnahme der Stiasnyzahl, die in Extrakten aus alten B?umen sehr viel h?her lag als bei jungen B?umen.

     

木材影响其胶合强度的诸因素分析

论述了木材与其胶合强度有关的因素,诸如木材的密度、纤维方向、含水率、收缩膨胀率、粘接面特性、抽提物和pH值等对木材胶合强度的影响。     

Chemical investigations on boiling process waters in face veneer production

Boiling processes in veneer industry generate large amounts of process water replete with dissolved wood extractives. In the present study the chemical composition of boiling waters from 18 industrially treated wood species were investigated. Contamination levels of the boiling waters varied within a wide range depending on the different extractive contents of the processed wood species and operational conditions. Boiling wood species with high extractives content, heated over several days at temperatures above 80 °C, generate highly loaded waste waters with chemical oxygen demands (CODs) of up to 7000  mg l^-1. The determination of the elemental composition, using optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), showed iron contents of up to 10 mg l^-1. Phenolic compounds were in a range of 40 to 900 mg l^-1. Flavonoid compounds and phenolic acids were identified in the boiling waters by liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC-UV). The results confirm the need for water treatment facilities to establish a recycling process and to avoid discolourations of the wood by accumulated wood extractives.     

废纸脱墨浆生产线典型部位的浆料中细小组分所含黏性物质的分布调查和特性研究

对于脱墨浆生产线典型部位（热分散后、后浮选后和成浆池）取样分离的细小组分,采用四氢呋喃（THF）进行抽提。研究结果表明：从卸料塔到流浆箱,浆料中细小组分的THF抽出物降低了约35%。THF抽出物的傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）分析表明：黏性物质中存在的成分包括饱和脂肪酸酯、聚醋酸乙烯类物质、丙烯酸类物质、含有Si—O键的有机硅化合物,以及少量的苯环邻位二取代物。将上述试样及成纸的THF抽出物进行气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析,检测出的物质亦可归类于合成黏合剂成分、木材抽出物成分和木质素降解产物。可以看出,黏合剂类物质是细小组分THF抽出物的主要成分。     

Chemische Untersuchungen an Fichten aus Waldschadensgebieten

The chemical wood composition from 20 healthy and diseased trees from 9 damaged forest areas were determined to evaluate the possible impact of physiological stress on its main components, as well as on its extractives. The chemical investigations were performed year-ring-wise. Because of smallest quantities of samples a suitable analysis procedure had to be developed. The wood of diseased trees showed higher sugar concentrations, their dry matter content of cold methanol-water extracts was also higher. The starch reserves in the wood from diseased trees, however, were smaller. In most cases the wood composition of healthy and diseased trees were identical regarding the main components cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.