气象与建筑火灾

在介绍了建筑火灾与气象具有密切关系的基础上,论述了针对气象诸因素的多种防火措施如防雷、防潮及防爆泄压等设计,还展望了我国这方面研究的突出成果及城市防火规划等。     

建筑火灾财产损失评估模型的研究

从保险承保的实际需要出发,提出基于事件树的建筑火灾财产损失的概率分布及分析流程.将建筑火灾损失场景分为正常期望损失(NLE)、可能的最大损失(PML)、最大可预测损失(MFL)、最大可能损失(MPL).利用事件树结合概率的方法对4种场景下损失的大小及发生的概率进行估算.以一个商业仓库为例,对其火灾损失大小及概率进行了评估,得出了自动火灾探测系统没有成功启动的情况下各种可能损失的概率以及占总价值的百分比,为保险公司确定核保策略提供技术帮助.     

居民住宅火灾及防范对策

介绍了居民住宅火灾的特点,简要分析了火灾发生的原因,并从安全管理、自我防范等方面提出了相应预防措施。     

Electric services and building fires

This paper discusses various issues regarding the supply of electric power and building fires. The scope of the paper is limited to services, service entrances and power supply. Electrical fires involving customer property are rarely caused by electric services or supply problems but instead are usually caused by customer systems and equipment. Physical evidence of shorting or faulting of the service or service entrance is commonly found at fire scenes but seldom is evidence of fire cause.Those service-related problems which do create fire hazards involve the customer system, physical damage, lightning, or improper service voltage. Fire hazards created by the connected service typically willinvolve either lightning or improper service voltage. Electric utilities are responsible for the supply system and for power supply within the system voltage range. Customers are responsible for premises wiring systems.     

Electrical wiring in building fires

Electrical wiring (mainly copper) was subjected to overcurrent, arcing, or fire heating in the laboratory. Many samples were also taken from actual fires. The melting and damage patterns tended to be characteristic for each cause of damage, although there was some overlap in effects. Some guidelines on the use of the observed effects are given for helping to interpret the roles of wiring in fires.     

高层建筑灭火

上期概述了高层建筑火灾特有问题的可行解决方案。本期论述与建议消防部队购买消防设施和运行相关的成本和其他问题。所建议的解决方案基于这样一种主张:即有效扑救高层建筑物内大火灾唯一有效方式是从位于与火灾同等高度的外部输送点向建筑物喷射灭火剂。就多数极端突发事件而言,必须把灭火剂升运到400m的高度,然后以15000L/min的速率输送至火灾点,而且要持续约10min之久。为了达到足够的覆盖面积,需要采用2个输送平台,每个平台都配有一对出水口。输送平台的升运可借助重型起重直升飞机的起吊轻易实现,灭火剂通过连接平台的水带由高压泵从…     

高层建筑灭火

上期讨论了消防界从美国世贸中心遭袭击事件中得到的教训,并概述了有关人员建议的应对未来类似事件的方式。本期介绍的是如何解决建议中的技术难题。世贸中心遭袭击是各种突发事件极端组合的结果,但不难想像,未来的突发事件甚至会更可怕。不要忘记,未来的建筑物更高,飞机也更大。消防界必须准备应对未来可能发生在400m高度上的突发事件,在随之而来的火灾中,航空燃油或类似的可燃材料可能高达150000L。如果要想避免结构坍塌,突发事件必须在30min内得到控制。这30min的响应时间可分为3个阶段,每个阶段10min:即初始响应并赶往事故现场阶段;现…     

Control of smoke in building fires

In the August issue, the author discussed the movement of smoke in buildings. In this, a companion article, he examines an approach to controlling the movement of smoke to permit safe evacuation of a building and to lessen its hampering effect on fire fighting operations.     

Estimating smoke production during building fires

In the absence of specific analytical methods for measuring the hazards of fire gases, there is a trend toward the use of smoke production as a partial measure of this hazard. It is indicated that prediction of smoke concentrations and thus photometric properties during actual fires requires many important and rather critical assumptions. Note: This paper is a contribution of the National Bureau of Standards and is not subject to copyright.     

高层建筑火灾反映的问题

俄罗斯各大城市的建筑急剧增高。到今天,十四至二十八层高的楼房在各地区都很常见。在莫斯科,高达200~300m的国际事务中心“莫斯科商业中心”则是一个名符其实的“摩天大楼”。欧洲最高的住宅楼“凯旋小区”也早已投入使用。但遗憾的是,高层建设的热潮也引发了一系列与高层消防     

Fighting building fires with liquid nitrogen: A literature survey

Brief reference is made to inert gases having some potential for fighting building fires and it is suggested that nitrogen, or to be more accurate the massive use of liquid nitrogen, stands out as being the most promising for immediate consideration. Reports and publications produced in the last twenty years on the use of liquid nitrogen are reviewed. It is concluded that its effectiveness and the elimination of the water damage often resulting from conventional firefighting make it desirable for firefighters to gain experience in its use with a view to determining whether or not it should supersede the use of water in fighting many building fires.     

怎样扑救高层办公大楼火灾

1　掌握容易造成火势蔓延的部位　　有人说 ,高层办公大楼火灾不能被扑救 ;也有的人说 ,多数高层建筑火灾可以被第一条供水线路扑灭——很幸运。如果你能够用第一条水带线路作为控制火势发展的主要方向 ,就能够阻止火势的蔓延。由于热量通常向上传播 ,因而你必须到达着火楼层的上一楼层 ,阻止火势沿垂直方向蔓延。为了阻止高层办公大楼内的火势向上蔓延 ,消防队员应当懂得自己该观察哪些部位。这是一个不容忽视的环节 ,因为你不可能在一个 2 0 0 0 0 ft、拥有 15 0个房间的楼层中跑来跑去 ,通过嗅觉来寻找烟气。从以前发生过的高层建筑火灾…     

建筑室内火灾场景设计综述

发展以性能为基础的规范已成为世界潮流,这对火灾风险评估的计算工具提出了很高的要求.风险评估工具的使用依赖于合理地设置火灾场景,以准确地预测火灾对建筑及人员的影响.目前使用的方法很大程度上是经验性的,两种主要的用于定量描述设计火灾的参数是热释放速率(轰燃前的场景)和时间-温度曲线(轰燃后),最常用的轰燃前火灾设计方法是t2火,而轰燃后火灾设计有很多经验性公式可供使用.     

A survey of 40,000 building fires in Switzerland

A survey of all building-fires in the canton of Berne for the period of 1986 to 1995 was performed by the ETH (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich) and the GVB (Gebäudeversicherung des Kantons Bern) to establish a statistical database for fire safety engineering. It contains data on fire loss to the building structure (not the contents) from nearly 40,000 fires reported to the GVB over that period and may provide valuable information for fire safety engineering.     

Objectives and pitfalls in the simulation of building fires with a computer

The complex interactions between a building and a fire are being studied using the National Bureau of Standards computer facility. By highlighting the information needs for a successful calculation, the fire simulation study provides a guide to future research. Note: This paper, which is a contribution of the National Bureau of Standards, is based on a talk given by the author at a meeting of the Society of Fire Protection Engineers held in conjunction with the 72nd Annual Meeting of the National Fire Protection Association in Atlanta Ga., on May 23, 1968.     

Probabilistic risk assessment for evacuees in building fires

A probabilistic risk assessment method for evacuees in building fires is presented with consideration of some deterministic and stochastic factors. The time-dependent event tree technique is used to analyze probable fire scenarios based on operational reliability of fire protection systems. For a fire scenario, the time to untenable conditions is characterized by probability distribution with consideration of some uncertainties of design fire. Moreover, occupant pre-movement time, one of the most important proportions of evacuation time, is characterized by normal distribution to express its uncertainty. Based on calculated results of ASET and RSET for every fire scenarios, the expected number of casualties is obtained when untenable conditions occur. Moreover, according to some fire statistical data, expected risk to life (ERL) is calculated to express the risk severity. Finally, a case study for a supermarket building is presented to express the risk assessment method in detail.     

轻型钢结构建筑火灾痕迹特性分析

以单跨门式刚架结构为例，从轻钢结构建筑的材料性能、结构特点入手，依据火灾发生、发展规律，阐述了轻钢结构建筑火灾特有的弯曲变形痕迹、倒塌牵拉方向性痕迹、轻质围护材料火灾表面痕迹、微观金相火灾痕迹形成机理和勘查中的证明作用。     

古建筑火灾特点及防火对策

分析了古建筑火灾的特点、起火原因及古建筑消防安全管理方面存在的问题及对策     

高层住宅火灾特点及火灾预防

基于近年来我国部分高层住宅火灾的发生情况,分析了高层住宅的火灾特点,从严格消防安全设计、提高消防安全设施管理水平、提高居民防火安全意识和提高居民灭火疏散能力四方面,提出了预防和减少高层住宅火灾危险和危害的措施。