Preparation of spherical foamed body with function of media for waste water treatment by using waste LCD glass

Using waste LCD glass as a base material helped developed the manufacturing process of the spherical foamed body and its varied functionality. Also, the manufactured spherical foamed body showed great performance as a water treatment media. By mixing 90 wt% of waste LCD glass, 100 parts by weight of glass mixture that has 10 wt% kaolinite as a shaping agent, 1.0 part by weight of carbon foaming agent, and mixture of each 1.5 parts by weight of Na₂CO₃, CaCO₃ and Na₂SO₄ as foaming agents and the MgO as a parting agent for 10 min of foaming calcination in the rotary kiln at 970–1000 °C, the spherical foamed body can be manufactured effectively. The manufactured spherical foamed body performed as a great water treatment media by showing 70.5% of SS removal efficiency, 56.1% of BOD removal efficiency, 57.5% of COD removal efficiency, 28.6% of denitrification and 49.8% of phosphorous removal.     

Utilization of trommel sieve waste as an additive in Portland cement production

Large quantities of industrial wastes form in boron industry in Turkey every year. These wastes have dual problems of disposal and health hazards. The wastes such as borax slime, tincal waste, concentration wastes and thromel sieve waste (TSW) contain impurities that accelerate the normal setting and hardening of building materials produced from them. In this study, it was aimed to stabilize TSW produced during manufacture of borax from tincal. The effects of TSW added on the mechanical properties of Portland cement prepared by adding TSW to clinker were investigated. The utilization of TSW in cement industry as an additive was tested and compared with other materials.     

Cost reduction of the wastewater treatment plant operation by MPC based on modified ASM1 with two-step nitrification/denitrification model

The Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM1) considers that nitrification and denitrification are single step processes and nitrite nitrogen (NO₂-N), which is an intermediate for the two processes, is not accounted for. The first part of this paper presents the development of an enhanced ASM1 with two step nitrification/denitrification processes and its implementation in the Benchmark Simulation Model No.1 wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The secondary settler was considered to be reactive in order to achieve a better fit between the simulation model and the behavior of the real WWTP. The second part presents the investigation of Model Predictive Control approach for the advanced control of the WWTP. Two control strategies are implemented for the wastewater treatment plant and they are analyzed from the perspective of the benefits brought to the WWTP operation. The proposed control strategy shows a reduction of the operational costs and the improvement of the effluent quality index.     

Synthesis of non-isothermal heat integrated water networks in chemical processes

This paper presents a new approach for the simultaneous synthesis and optimization of heat integrated water networks. A new superstructure for heat exchanger network (HEN) synthesis is proposed. The procedure is based on mixed integer non-linear mathematical programming (MINLP). Four relevant examples are presented to illustrate various aspects of the proposed approach.     

磷肥含氟废水输送装置的技术改造

对含氟废水处理装置进行了改造 :增加水封罐 ,选用与水封罐相联的高硅铁卧式离心泵代替原立式液下泵。通过计算 ,确定了水封罐的容积和尺寸。改造后 ,不仅增加了废水调节池的有效容积 ,且泵的耐蚀性和耐磨性得以显著改善 ,装置得以正常运行。     

Optimal water purification using low grade waste heat in an absorption heat transformer

A proposal for rational energy saving using wasted heat is showed in the present paper. Thermodynamicmathematical model is presented like an effort for water purification from waste heat. This paper describes computing results of heat transformer operation for water purification using low grade waste heat. Equations, parameters and simplifications used in the model are briefly described. The main parameter of the carried out study is the coefficient of performance (COP) defined for reversed heat pumps and the second main parameter is absorber temperature, both parameters has been showed and correlated between them. Main objective of this work is to show the optimal operating condition for different process which deliver low grade waste heat and requires water purification. Assisted computing simulation was used for obtain these results. The main conclusion is an ecological proposal for optimal recover of low grade waste heat. Many operating conditions are showed in graphical form and discussed for different environment conditions.     

Comparison of radioactive transmission and mechanical properties of Portland cement and a modified cement with trommel sieve waste

In this study, it was aimed to stabilize trommel sieve waste (TSW) occurring during manufacture of borax from tincal. The effects of TSW added on the mechanical properties and radioactive transmission of modified cement prepared by adding TSW to clinker was investigated. The properties which TSW as additive caused the cement to gain were tested and compared with normal Portland cement.Measurements have been made to determine variation of mass attenuation coefficients of TSW and cement by using an extremely narrow-collimated-beam transmission method in the energy range 15.746-40.930 keV with X-ray transmission method. The characteristic Kα and Kβ X-rays of the different elements (Zr, Mo, Ag, In, Sb, Ba and Pr) passed through TSW and cement were detected with a high-resolution Si(Li) detector. Results are presented and discussed in this paper.     

Preparation and characterization of foam glass from waste container glasses and water glass for application in thermal insulations

Glass foams are modern developed building materials which are now favorably competing with conventional materials for applications in thermal insulation. In this study, glass foams are synthesized solely from waste container glasses of mixed colors using sodium silicate (water glass) as foaming agent. Several glass foams of 150 × 150 × 30 mm were prepared from waste glasses of 75 μm, 150 μm and 250 μm size with addition of 15 wt % sodium silicate respectively and pressed uniaxially under a pressure of 10 MPa. The prepared glass foams were then sintered at temperatures of 800 °C and 850 °C respectively. Tests such as bulk density, estimated porosity, flexural strength, compressive strength and microstructure evaluation were used to assess the performance of the developed glass foams. The results showed that with increasing temperature and grain sizes, the percent porosity of the developed foams increased while the bulk density decreased. The microstructure evaluation showed that the finer the grain sizes used, the more homogenized are the pores formed and the higher the temperature, the larger the pores but are mostly closed. Both compressive and flexural strength were found to decrease with grain sizes and higher temperatures. The thermal conductivities of all the developed foam glasses satisfy the standard requirement to be used as an insulating material as their thermal conductivities did not exceed 0.25 W/m.K.     

在氮气中处理聚丙烯腈纤维的不熔化工艺

聚丙烯腈纤维不熔化过程的前期(220℃)在氮气中热处理,后期(220℃)在空气中热处理,与常规全程空气中热处理进行对比,希望能够降低不熔化处理的成本。借助元素分析(EA)、热重分析仪(TGA)、环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)、力学性能分析等表征手段,研究了不同热处理方法对PAN不熔化纤维的氧化程度和皮芯结构影响以及碳化收率和碳纤维的力学性能。结果发现,与全程空气处理相比,经过氮气气氛处理后的不熔化纤维在后续处理过程中最终不熔化温度可以降低20℃,900℃碳化后的收率增加了3.8%,碳纤维的强度相当,初步估算节能8.7%。     

N2O and NO emissions from different N sources and under a range of soil water contents

Emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) have been identified as one of the most important sources of atmospheric pollution from grasslands. Soils are major sources for the production of N₂O and NO, which are by-products or intermediate products of microbial nitrification and denitrification processes. Some studies have tried to evaluate the importance of denitrification or nitrification in the formation of N₂O or NO but there are few that have considered emissions of both gases as affected by a wide range of different factors. In this study, the importance of a number of factors (soil moisture, fertiliser type and temperature) was determined for N₂O and NO emissions. Nitrous oxide and NO evolution in time and the possibility of using the ratio NO:N₂O as an indicator for the processes involved were also explored. Dinitrogen (N₂) and ammonia (NH₃) emissions were estimated and a mass balance for N fluxes was performed. Nitrous oxide and NO were produced by nitrification and denitrification in soils fertilised with and by denitrification in soils fertilised with . Water content in the soil was the most important factor affecting N₂O and NO emissions. Our N₂O and NO data were fitted to quadratic (r=0.8) and negative exponential (r=0.7) equations, respectively. A long lag phase was observed for the N₂O emitted from soils fertilised with (denitrification), which was not observed for the soils fertilised with (nitrification) and was possibly due to a greater inhibiting effect of low temperatures on microbial activity controlling denitrification rather than on nitrification. The use of the NO:N₂O ratio as a possible indicator of denitrification or nitrification in the formation of N₂O and NO was discounted for soils fertilised with . The N mass balance indicated that about 50 kg N ha⁻¹ was immobilised by microorganisms and/or taken up by plant roots, and that most of the losses ocurred in wet soils (WFPS >60%) as N₂ and NH₃ losses (>55%).     

利用多种废水作水源的鞍钢冶炼净环水的水质稳定

介绍了鞍山钢铁公司冶炼净环水（ 净循环水） 系统,利用多种净化废水作补充水源,从而提高了水的重复利用率,缓解了鞍钢用水的紧张状况,并保证了水质稳定的经验．该经验的特点是：（１） 利用废水,例如焦化厂废水使净环水的水质稳定;（２） 把系统的高温回水用于矿山浮选,既可节能,又可降低净环水的浓缩倍数、结垢倾向和排污量;（３） 减少了建设新水源的工程费用;（４） 总共节约了人民币３ １２７ ．５ 万元,经济效益明显．该经验为废水资源的利用和老企业的技术改造,闯出了一条新路     

超临界水在降解废弃物及资源化中的应用

综述了超临界水的特性及其在降解废旧塑料、橡胶、纤维素等废弃物及资源化中的应用现状。与传统热分解方法相比,超临界水可实现对高分子废弃物的快速、有效分解,通过分解反应条件的控制,可以控制产物组成,是一种很有前途的废弃物资源化技术。     

离子交换除盐水处理系统中废液的利用

本文研究了利用离子交换除盐水处理系统再生废酸碱液．作氯－钠离子交换法的再生剂使用的原理、方法及其降碱软化工艺特性。     

Durability of concrete with addition of dry sludge from waste water treatment plants

This paper evaluates the use of dry sludge as an additive for concrete, for which it must be guaranteed that the resulting concrete has the appropriate mechanical strength and durability.In earlier work on the subject, it was shown that the addition of sludge reduces the mechanical strength of concrete. With the addition of 10% sludge in proportion to the amount of concrete, the mechanical strength decreases significantly, making it unsuitable for medium- to high-strength reinforced concrete.One possible area of application would be in the preparation of low-strength mass concrete that could be used for bases and subbases of roads with light traffic, as filler, etc.We subjected the concrete specimens to different types of accelerated attack in order to evaluate long-term performance and compare them with the reference concrete (not containing sludge).The following tests were made:

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Combined wet-dry cycles using fresh water, seawater and water containing 5% sulphates

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Accelerated ageing in an autoclave

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Accelerated carbonation

The performance of the concrete containing sludge was acceptable and comparable to the results obtained for the reference concrete not containing sludge.     

芬顿催化氧化法在焦化废水处理中的应用

针对芬顿催化氧化工艺存在的问题进行了原因分析,在药品选择、药品投加方案、投加条件、刮泥机运行时间、pH值调节、混凝沉淀池增加挡板等方面进行改进。将芬顿催化氧化法应用到净化焦化废水中,出水指标达到国家一级排放标准。     

镁渣固化/稳定污酸渣中重金属铜和镉

利用镁渣固化/稳定污酸渣中重金属铜和镉。向污酸渣与镁渣的混合渣料中掺杂不同浓度的铜和镉,做毒性浸出实验,用ICP检测铜和镉的含量,XRD研究渣料的物相变化。研究表明：用体积分数为1%~5%的硝酸溶液为浸提剂时浸取液中铜和镉的最高质量浓度分别为0.52、0.32 mg/L;用体积分数为1%~3%的硫酸溶液为浸提剂时浸取液中铜和镉的最高质量浓度分别为3.06、2.9 mg/L;镁渣固化/稳定污酸渣中重金属铜和镉的效果显著;污酸渣中掺杂镁渣后并没有引起渣料的物相变化,只是衍射峰的强弱发生了变化。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属药剂稳定化研究进展

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中存有大量高毒性的重金属物质,若不规范处置容易对土壤、地下水造成严重污染,目前通常采用添加化学药剂的方法来稳定飞灰中的重金属。本文在梳理国内外文献的基础上,归纳评述了飞灰重金属的性质、固化稳定化填埋工艺以及目前已被研究或应用的飞灰重金属稳定药剂,包括硫化钠、磷酸、无定形硅材料、铁化合物等无机药剂以及硫脲、EDTA接聚体、壳聚糖、氨基硫代羧酸盐等有机螯合剂,阐明了药剂作用机制和存在的问题,总结了不同药剂作用下的重金属稳定效果,同时针对新形势下的飞灰重金属稳定化要求进行了探讨,提出今后的研究方向为：选择特征性重金属药剂复配稳定飞灰;以改性、成环方式改良氨基硫代羧酸盐类物质（DTC）物质或以交联接枝等方式开发新型螯合剂。     

改性膨润土对氨氮废水吸附性能的研究

用内蒙膨润土及其碱改性膨润土进行模拟氨氮废水的脱氮实验研究。结果表明,在氨氮溶液初始浓度为300 mg/L,pH值为3.0～7.0时,相对于天然膨润土,碱改性膨润土对氨氮的吸附量有了很大提高,其吸附等温线符合Freundlich和Langmuir方程,且对氨氮的吸附动力学符合准一级和准二级吸附动力学模型,说明化学吸附和物理吸附共同起作用;在应用于畜禽废水处理中,碱改性膨润土对氨氮去除率达到91.0%。     

利用凹凸棒土制备废水氨氮吸附剂的研究

以凹凸棒土为主要原料,制备废水氨氮吸附剂,采用正交实验设计,考察了添加剂含量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间等因素对氨氮去除率的影响。结果表明,添加剂含量10%,焙烧温度500℃,焙烧时间1 h时,所制备的吸附剂性能指标最好,对废水中氨氮的去除率可达85%。