海水淡化能量回收装置用分腔式切换器研究

能量回收装置是降低反渗透海水淡化系统能耗的关键设备,阀控能量回收装置是其中最主要的产品类型之一。针对现有阀控能量回收装置流量和压力波动的问题,本文设计和制造了用于阀控能量回收装置的分腔式流体切换器,并分析了切换器高压腔和低压腔结构设计特点。对安装有此切换器的阀控能量回收装置的流体力学特性进行了实验测试。结果表明,通过设置适宜的切换器高压腔流道开度,可有效实现阀控能量回收装置高压盐水增压原料海水过程中流量供给的连续性和流体压力的平稳性;所研制的分腔式切换器对保证装置运行安全性及降低设备制造成本具有实用价值。     

静压支承技术在海水淡化旋转式能量回收装置中的应用

海水淡化旋转式能量回收装置（RERD）高、低压流体间的泄漏主要在转子与端盘的配合间隙中发生，这种泄漏直接影响到装置的能量回收效率水平。本文通过在平面端盘上引入阻尼孔和静压支承槽，构建了静压支承端盘方案，将静压支承技术应用到自主开发的电驱RERD装置中，以解决其运行过程中泄漏量大、能量回收效率低等问题。在转子与上、下端盘配合总间隙为0.04mm、转子转速为500r/min的条件下，RERD分别使用平面端盘和静压支承端盘进行对比实验研究。结果表明，在操作压力为4.5MPa和处理量为13m³/h的工况下，与平面端盘相比，采用1^#静压支承端盘（静压支承槽槽宽为2.0mm）时，装置的泄漏量从0.45m³/h减小至0.28m³/h，能量回收效率从91.3%提升至92.7%。采用2^#静压支承端盘（静压支承槽槽宽为3.0mm）的RERD在相同工况下，装置的泄漏量可降低至0.11m³/h，能量回收效率提升到95.0%。上述研究显示静压支承技术对于减小RERD装置泄漏量、提高装置效率具有显著的效果，对RERD装置密封结构设计与优化具有指导意义。     

旋转式能量回收装置的启动与运行特性

能量回收装置是降低反渗透海水淡化（SWRO）系统运行能耗和制水成本的关键设备之一。本文开发并试制了一种具有新型端盘结构的旋转式能量回收装置,并对其启动方式进行了研究优化,测试分析了装置的动密封性能和效率特性,并对装置连续运行稳定性进行了考核。结果表明,旋转式能量回收装置在转速增至额定值后再进行升压操作的启动方式下驱动扭矩最小;装置泄漏量随操作压力增高而增大,在6.0 MPa时,为0.58 m3/h;在转速为500 r/min、处理量为8.0 m3/h及操作压力为6.0 MPa时,装置连续运行稳定,能量回收效率为93%。这些研究结果对旋转式能量回收装置的开发和工程应用具有一定的指导意义。     

Experimental studies on dynamic process of energy recovery device for RO desalination plants

A two-chamber hydraulic energy recovery unit with a programmable controller and a data acquisition system was set up. Tap water was used as the working fluid instead of the actual seawater and concentrate in SWRO desalination plants. Experimental results were obtained on the fluctuations of the pressure and flow rate to and from the energy recovery unit. Characteristics of the pressure at the chamber ends were discussed at the conditions of the chambers set horizontally or vertically, with and without pistons.     

液氮冷量回收装置的研究

目前电子行业中氮气的实用比较广泛,常被用作保护气体和氮基气氛,而大多数企业都使用汽化器对液氮进行气化,液氮气化的过程中,大量冷量直接排放到空气中,没有得到回收利用.本文设计了一种液氮能量回收装置,液氮和水在高效换热器内进行换热,液氮吸收水的热量汽化,得到的氮气以一定的流速和温度在常压下流出换热器送至生产线的用气点,低温水可送至空调设备制冷(空调箱)中产生冷风。此装置换热系数高,体积小,大约为汽化器的1/5,同时设计了控制回路可以防止装置的结冰现象。把液氮汽化时所产生的冷量回收起来,在只要有一定温度和湿度要求的,一年四季都需要制冷的场合,这些冷量都可以回收起来取代空调的部分负荷,节省部分空调用电。     

海水反渗透淡化用带流体切换器的能量回收设备

Energy recovery device （ERD） is an important part of the seawater reverse osmosis （SWRO） desalination system. There are principally two kinds of ERDs, the centrifugal type and the positive displacement （PD） type. The PD type is of extensive concern and is preferred in large-scale plants. In this article, an innovative fluid switcher was presented and a two-cylinder hydraulic energy recovery unit with a lab-scale fluid switcher was set up. Tap water was used as the working medium instead of the actual seawater and brine in SWRO desalination plants. Under steady state operating conditions, the experimental results were obtained on the variations of the pressure and flow rate to and from the energy recovery unit. The hydraulic recovery efficiency （En） of the energy recovery unit with the fluid switcher reached up to 76.83%.     

Energetic Performance and Permeate Flux Investigation of Direct-Contact Membrane Distillation for Seawater Desalination

The performance of the direct-contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process in desalting Mediterranean seawater was investigated. Theoretical and experimental optimization of various operating parameters was conducted. The effects of temperature differences, feed velocity, and membrane characteristics were studied. When using commercial polyvinylidene fluoride membranes, the vapor transfer throughout the membrane pores is dominated by the Knudsen-molecular diffusion model. Maximum permeate flux was obtained when increasing temperature, feed velocity, membrane pore size, and porosity and decreasing membrane tortuosity and thickness. Thermal efficiency, gained output ratio, and specific thermal energy consumption were improved when increasing feed temperature. By application of the DCMD process to Mediterranean seawater, a high water quality was obtained.     

基于余热回收的燃气热泵系统高温制热特性

燃气热泵(GHP)是一种先进的低碳节能清洁供暖技术。针对当前GHP技术研究中普遍使用的R134a冷媒制热环境温度下限偏高及活塞式压缩机能效偏低等局限,本文创新性地搭建了基于使用R410A冷媒涡旋式压缩机的高能效GHP实验平台,在实验台上进行了不同出水温度(t_w,out)、发动机转速(N_eng)、进水流量(G_w)及是否余热回收下的高温制热特性研究,得到了制热量(Q_h)、耗气功率(P_gas)、压机功率(P_comp)、一次能源利用率(PER)及性能系数(COP)的变化规律,并对关键性能参数进行了误差分析。结果表明,t_w,out由41℃增至50℃时,Q_h、PER和COP分别减小了3.12%、13.17%和18.92%,PER下降的幅度明显小于COP;N_eng从1200r/min增至1800r/min时,在50℃出水下Q_h、P_gas与P_comp     

一种新的利用LNG冷能的回收油田伴生气凝液的工艺

A novel process to recovery natural gas liquids from oil field associated gas with liquefied natural gas (LNG)cryogenic energy utilization is proposed.Compared to the current electric refrigeration process,the proposed process uses the cryogenic energy of LNG and saves 62.6%of electricity.The proposed process recovers ethane, liquid petroleum gas(propane and butane)and heavier hydrocarbons,with total recovery rate of natural gas liquids up to 96.8%.In this paper,exergy analysis and the energy utilization diagram method(EUD)are used to assess the new process and identify the key operation units with large exergy loss.The results show that exergy efficiency of the new process is 44.3%.Compared to the electric refrigeration process,exergy efficiency of the new process is improved by 16%.The proposed process has been applied and implemented in a conceptual design scheme of the cryogenic energy utilization for a 300 million tons/yr LNG receiving terminal in a northern Chinese harbor.     

燃煤烟气胺法脱碳MVR再生系统关键参数及能耗分析

针对燃烧后胺法脱碳工艺再生能耗高的问题,本文将机械蒸汽再压缩（mechanical vapor recompression,MVR）节能技术与胺法再生工艺集成,建立燃煤烟气胺法脱碳MVR再生系统。采用速率基非平衡模型,以再生能耗为目标函数,对影响再生系统能耗的关键工艺参数进行考察,分析其对MVR再生系统的影响规律。结果表明,MVR技术在燃煤烟气胺法脱碳再生系统中表现出良好的节能效果,但最终节能效率应低于41.3%;在0.35～0.55mol/mol范围内增加富液CO₂担载量以及从90℃到115℃提升进塔温度,再生能耗快速降低;增加再生塔压力,MVR再生系统的再生能耗亦呈下降趋势,再生塔压力控制在2atm以下较为合适;降低闪蒸压力,压缩机能耗不断增加,再沸器能耗快速降低,闪蒸压力的合理取值区间为0.9～1.0atm;降低塔顶冷凝器温度从70℃到20℃,再生能耗略微增加,CO₂气体纯度提高。