高粱原花青素对生长育肥猪抗氧化、免疫以及养分消化率的影响

研究高粱原花青素(sorghum procyanidins,SPC)对生长育肥猪生长性能、养分消化率、消化酶活性、免疫力和抗氧化能力的影响。160头70日龄、平均体重为(31. 28±1. 12) kg的杜×长×大三元杂交猪,按照单因素完全随机设计分为4个组,分别饲喂玉米-豆粕基础日粮,以及基础日粮中添加100、150、200 mg/kg SPC。实验期为14周,生长期和育肥期各7周。在每个实验阶段开始和结束时称重,每天记录采食量,计算各阶段平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)。在每个实验阶段的最后3 d,收集粪样测养分消化率。在每个实验阶段结束时,采血测血清抗氧化指数和免疫参数,同时,每个重复随机屠宰2头猪,取胰腺组织,测消化酶活性。结果表明,日粮添加SPC对生长育肥猪的生长性能没有显著的促进作用(P 0. 05)。在生长猪阶段,日粮添加150 mg/kg和200 mg/kg SPC显著降低了消化酶的活性,对养分消化率有降低的趋势。在育肥猪阶段,日粮添加150 mg/kg显著提高了粗蛋白的表观消化率(P 0. 05),200 mg/kg SPC显著地抑制了消化酶的活性(P 0. 05)。与对照组相比,不论是在生长期还是育肥期,添加150 mg/kg或200 mg/kg的SPC均显著地增强了猪血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性以及血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P 0. 05),降低了血清丙二醛(MDA)浓度(P 0. 05),提高了猪血清IgG、IgM和白细胞介素2(IL-2)的浓度(P 0. 05)。总之,SPC有利于提高生长育肥猪抗氧化能力,增强免疫力,但是对于生长育肥猪的生长性能及养分消化率没有显著的促进作用,相反,高浓度的SPC甚至抑制了消化酶的活性,从而影响养分的消化利用。     

植物甾醇对肉鸡血清胆固醇、蛋白质水平和抗氧化酶活性的影响

目的:研究植物甾醇对肉仔鸡生产性能、血液胆固醇、蛋白质水平和抗氧化酶活性的影响。方法:试验设6组,日粮中分别添加0、5、10、20、40和80mg/kg的植物甾醇,测定肉仔鸡生产性能及血液生化指标。结果:与对照组相比:植物甾醇可提高肉仔鸡的生产性能;20mg/kg植物甾醇添加组能显著降低肉仔鸡血清总胆固醇(TC)水平(P<0.05),极显著降低血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平(P<0.01),10、40和80mg/kg组均能显著降低LDL-C水平(P<0.05);40mg/kg组能显著提高血清白蛋白水平(P<0.05);80mg/kg组能显著提高肉鸡前期和后期血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性(P<0.05)。结论:40mg/kg为植物甾醇在肉仔鸡日粮中的适宜添加水平。     

复合酶制剂对安格斯肉牛生产性能及养分消化率的影响

研究复合酶制剂对安格斯肉牛生产性能和养分消化率的影响,为外源复合酶制剂在肉牛饲养中的应用提供理论依据。选取24头初始体重为(236±22.51)kg的健康安格斯肉牛,随机分成4个处理组,即对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组,每组6只牛。对照组不添加复合酶制剂,试验组在补充精料中分别添加3种相同剂量的不同品牌复合酶制剂。结果表明,补充精料中添加复合酶制剂可以显著提高安格斯肉牛的平均日增重(P0.05),试验Ⅲ组效果最好,比对照组提高7.49%。试验Ⅰ、试验Ⅱ、试验Ⅲ组的粗蛋白质、NDF、ADF的表观消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。试验组中粗脂肪的表观消化率较对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。     

不同类型植物甾醇对肉鸭生长及肌肉品质的影响

旨在研究不同类型植物甾醇对肉鸭生产性能、体脂沉积、体成分及肌肉品质的影响。选用1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭540只,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每重复30只,分别饲喂以下3种日粮:(1)对照组(C):基础日粮;(2)试验1组(Ⅰ):基础日粮+20 mg.kg-1植物甾醇A;(3)试验2组(Ⅱ):基础日粮+20 mg.kg-1植物甾醇B,饲养时间为42 d。结果表明:日粮中添加不同类型植物甾醇均极显著降低前期料重比(P<0.01);与植物甾醇A相比,日粮中添加植物甾醇B极显著增加了21 d平均体重和前期平均日增重(P<0.01),但极显著降低后期平均日增重(P<0.01);日粮中添加植物甾醇A和植物甾醇B,均能显著降低肝脏中胆固醇的含量,分别降低了15.92%(P<0.05)和24.57%(P=0.01);日粮中添加植物甾醇A极显著降低肉鸭胸肌的滴水损失(24 h和48 h)(P<0.01);日粮中添加20 mg.kg-1不同类型植物甾醇对肉鸭的肌间脂肪厚度、皮下脂肪厚度、水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、pH均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果提示,日粮中添加植物甾醇A和植物甾醇B均能降低肉鸭肝脏胆固醇的含量,且前期添加植物甾醇B、后期添加植物甾醇A更有利于肉鸭的生长;植物甾醇A能够在一定程度上改善鸭肉品质。     

益生菌对生长猪日粮营养物质表观消化率及粪便菌群的影响

试验选用胎次相近,平均体重为(30±3)kg的生长肥育猪(杜×长×大)8头,随机分为两组(试验I组、试验Ⅱ组),每组4头。试验I组饲喂基础日粮(对照组),试验Ⅱ组饲喂添加0.1%益生菌的试验日粮(试验组)。试验期42d。结果表明,试验I组、试验Ⅱ组平均日增重、平均日采食量及料重比差异不显著(P0.05)。试验Ⅱ组平均日增重较试验I组有增加趋势,试验Ⅱ组料重比较试验I组低0.12。粗蛋白质的表观消化率,试验Ⅱ组较试验I组高3.78个百分点(P0.01);试验Ⅱ组粗纤维表观消化率较试验I组高5.96个百分点(P0.01),试验Ⅱ组能量表观消化率较试验I组高2.21个百分点(P0.01)。无氮浸出物,试验Ⅱ组较试验I组高0.71个百分点(P0.05)。乳酸杆菌,试验Ⅱ组极显著高于试验I组(P0.01);大肠杆菌,试验I组极显著高于试验组Ⅱ(P0.01)。乳酸杆菌/大肠杆菌,试验Ⅱ组显著高于试验I组(P0.05)。因此,在生长猪日粮中添加0.1%乳酸杆菌和枯草芽胞杆菌复合物能够提高日粮中粗蛋白质、粗纤维、能量及无氮浸出物的表观消化率,提高机体免疫力,降低直肠粪便中大肠杆菌数量。     

发酵饲料对断奶仔猪生产性能、血液生化指标和饲料养分表观消化率的影响

选用28日龄断奶的三元杂交(杜×长×大)仔猪60头,随机分为饲喂发酵饲料的试验组和不合发酵料的对照组:每个处理3个重复,每个重复10头猪.试验结束前连续收集3天粪便,测定饲料养分的表观消化率;试验结束时前腔静脉采血,测定血清生化指标.结果:试验组比对照组显著降低了料肉比和腹泻指数(P＜0.05),日增重提高,但显著不差异(P＞0.05);血清碱性磷酸酶显著提高(P＜0.05),而血清尿素氮、总蛋白、白蛋白、谷丙转氨酶均没有显著变化(P＞0.05).饲料养分的表观消化率(CTTAD)试验组日粮磷的消化率显著提高(P＜0.05),粗脂肪消化率显著下降(P＜0.05),粗蛋白和钙的消化率提高,但无显著差异(P＞0.05).结果表明,发酵饲料有利于提高仔猪的生长性能和饲料养分的表观消化率,对降低仔猪断奶应激性腹泻有较好效果.     

植物甾醇对肉鸭生产性能、血液胆固醇含量和胴体品质的影响

选用15日龄健康商品代樱桃谷肉鸭2400只,随机分成6组,每组4个重复,日粮中分别添加植物甾醇0(对照组)、10、20、40、80、160mg/kg。研究植物甾醇对肉鸭生产性能和血液中胆固醇含量的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加植物甾醇试验组肉鸭的平均日增重、料重比和平均体重差异不显著(P>0.05)。但添加植物甾醇均降低了肉鸭血浆中总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的含量,且添加量20mg/kg的组差异显著(P<0.05)。此外,各试验组肉鸭的肌间脂肪含量均有提高,其中10mg/kg的组与对照组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05),这提示植物甾醇可能具有重新分配动物体内脂肪的效果。     

新型发酵豆粕在肉仔鸡生产中的应用研究

采用多菌种混合二次发酵工艺生产的新型发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉,研究其对21日龄AA肉鸡生产性能、器官指数、血清指标及粪便营养成分的影响,将384羽1日龄AA肉鸡随机分成4组,分别为饲喂基础日粮的对照组及添加1%、2%、3%发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉的试验组(FSBMⅠ、FSBMⅡ、FSBMⅢ)。试验结果表明,饲料中添加1%、2%的发酵豆粕,对肉鸡生产性能无明显作用,但3%发酵豆粕组肉鸡平均增重略有提高,料重比显著改善(P0.05);各试验组对器官发育和养分排泄等均无明显影响;FSBMⅠ组肉鸡血清TP、ALB和G水平均显著降低(P0.05),BUN含量显著提高(P0.05),FSBMⅡ组血清GLU含量显著降低(P0.05),FSBMⅢ组血清指标均无显著影响。可见,肉鸡日粮中添加3%发酵豆粕时效果较好,能起到替代部分优质鱼粉、促进肉鸡生长的作用。     

α-硫辛酸对育肥猪生产性能和抗氧化功能的影响

研究日粮中添加α-硫辛酸对肥育猪生产性能和抗氧化功能的影响.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加300、600和900 mg/kg的旷硫辛酸,试验期28 d.结果表明:与对照组相比,添加600、900 mg/kgα-硫辛酸降低了平均日增重(P＜0.05)和平均日采食量(P＜0.01),而各组料重比差异均不显著(P＞0.05);900mg/kgα-硫辛酸组总抗氧化能力增加显著(P＜0.05),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性极显著增强(P＜0.01).α-硫辛酸添加组血清中丙二醛含量均显著降低(P＜0.05).α-硫辛酸的适宜添加水平为600 mg/kg.     

异位酸对泌乳牛产奶性能和饲料消化率的影响

为研究异位酸对泌乳牛采食量、产奶量、乳成分、日粮养分消化率和血液代谢产物的影响,选用48头荷斯坦泌乳牛,按随机区组设计分成4组(对照、LBFA、MBFA和HBFA组),分别在日粮中添加异位酸0、30、60和90 g/d,进行110 d的饲养试验和10 d的消化试验。结果显示,MBFA和HBFA组干物质采食量显著高于LBFA和对照组(P0.05);各组奶牛体重变化差异不显著;MBFA和HBFA组产奶量和乳脂率显著高于对照组(P0.05);异位酸添加组乳蛋白率显著高于对照组(P0.05),饲料转化率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。异位酸添加组干物质、有机物、蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05);MBFA和HBFA组酸性洗涤纤维消化率显著高于LBFA和对照组(P0.05)。异位酸添加组血浆葡萄糖、总蛋白质、生长激素释放激素、生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子浓度显著高于对照组(P0.05);各组游离脂肪酸浓度无显著差异;MBFA和HBFA组乙酰乙酸和β-羟丁酸浓度显著高于LBFA和对照组(P0.05)。综上可知,异位酸提高了泌乳牛采食量、产奶量和饲料养分消化率;其最佳添加量为60 g/d。     

Nutritional value of feed grade chickpeas for ruminants and pigs

The feeding value of feed grade chickpeas (Kabuli and Desi type) for ruminants and pigs was determined in two studies. Two ruminally fistulated cows were used in the first study to determine the effects of moist heat treatment (127 °C for 10 min) on the ruminal protein degradability of feed grade chickpeas. Heat treatment reduced (P < 0.05) soluble crude protein and increased (P < 0.05) the amount of crude protein associated with neutral detergent fibre for both types of chickpeas. Ruminal degradability of crude protein for Kabuli and Desi chickpeas was reduced by 39 and 33% (P < 0.05) respectively as a result of heating. In the second study, 64 crossbred pigs were each assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a factorial (4 treatments × 2 sexes) design experiment. The experimental barley/wheat‐based diets were supplemented with either soybean meal (control), Kabuli chickpeas (300 g kg⁻¹), Desi chickpeas (300 g kg⁻¹) or field peas (300 g kg⁻¹). Dry matter and gross energy digestibility coefficients, determined using the indicator method, were lower (P < 0.05) for the Desi‐ than for the Kabuli‐supplemented diet. However, no differences were observed in dry matter or gross energy digestibility between the Kabuli chickpea‐supplemented diet and the control or the field pea‐supplemented diet. Diets supplemented with chickpeas or field peas had a lower (P < 0.05) crude protein digestibility than the control diet. Pigs fed either of the chickpea‐supplemented diets during the growing phase gained less (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the control diet. However, during the finishing phase and over the entire experiment, dietary treatment had no effect on pig performance. There were no significant differences in carcass traits between pigs fed any of the four diets. It was concluded that moist heat treatment is an effective method to increase the rumen escape protein value of chickpeas and that the inclusion of feed grade Kabuli or Desi chickpeas in finishing diets up 300 g kg⁻¹ had no detrimental effects on pig performance. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同类型植物甾醇对蛋鸡脂类代谢的影响

旨在研究不同类型植物甾醇对蛋鸡脂类代谢的影响。选用72只30周龄伊莎褐蛋鸡,随机分为3组,每组8个重复,每重复3只。试验分组如下:(1)对照组,饲喂基础日粮;(2)天然植物甾醇组(NP),饲喂基础日粮+22.2 mg/kg天然植物甾醇(纯度为90%,植物甾醇净含量为20 mg/kg);(3)水溶性植物甾醇组(WP),饲喂基础日粮+50 mg/kg水溶性植物甾醇(纯度为40%,植物甾醇净含量为20 mg/kg)。试验为期8周。结果表明,添加2种植物甾醇使第4周血清三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量较对照组均有降低的趋势(P<0.1);WP组第4周脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)、肝脂酶(HL)和总酯酶(TL)活性较对照组有提高趋势,NP组血清HL活性也有提高的趋势(P<0.1),但在第8周各组均无显著差异;WP组第8周的蛋黄胆固醇含量显著低于NP组(P<0.05),而NP组与对照组差异不显著。本试验结果提示2种植物甾醇均有降低血脂和提高脂蛋白代谢酶活性的趋势,且此趋势随着时间的延长而逐渐消失,但对蛋黄胆固醇沉积无显著影响,只有WP在饲喂一段时间后有一定降低作用。     

Nutrient digestibility,performance and carcass traits of growing–finishing pigs fed diets containing graded levels of dehydrated lucerne meal

BACKGROUND: Plant breeders have attempted to improve the nutritonal value of lucerne (alfalfa) by selecting for higher protein and lower fibre concentrations. Although targeted at ruminants, such changes could also improve the nutritional value of lucerne for monogastrics. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of graded levels of dehydrated lucerne meal on nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass traits of swine. RESULTS: The digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy declined linearly (P < 0.05) as the level of lucerne meal in the diet increased. Including lucerne meal at levels greater than 75 g kg^?1 was detrimental to the growth rate of pigs during the growing period. During the finishing period, inclusion of lucerne meal at 75 and 150 g kg^?1 resulted in improvements in weight gain and feed intake. Carcass traits were generally unaffected by lucerne inclusion. CONCLUSION: Lucerne meal may have greater potential for inclusion in diets fed to growing–finishing pigs than previously realized. To maximize pig performance, lucerne meal should be limited to less than 75 g kg^?1 diet during the growing period, while it is possible to go as high as 150 g kg^?1 diet during the finishing period without detrimental effects on performance. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同品位沸石对肉鸭生产性能、养分消化率、血液生化指标及屠宰性能的影响

选取1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭540只,随机分成3组,每组设6个重复。第1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,第23、组在基础日粮中分别添加3%普通沸石和3%的高品位沸石,研究不同品位沸石对肉鸭生产性能、养分消化率、血液生化指标及屠宰性能的影响。结果表明:饲料中添加普通沸石和高品位沸石对肉鸭前期平均日增重、料重比影响差异不显著(P>0.05);高品位沸石使肉鸭后期平均日增重提高4.01%(P<0.05),料重比略有升高(P>0.05)。添加高品位沸石能显著提高肉鸭后期干物质、粗蛋白和能量的表观消化率(P<0.05),并使肉鸭前期血清总蛋白(TP)提高7.50%(P<0.05),三酰甘油(TG)提高47.42%(P<0.01),碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性提高31.54%(P<0.05);肉鸭后期血清TP和TG分别提高10.87%、50.00%(P<0.05)。普通沸石和高品位沸石均显著降低了肉鸭后期血氨(BA)的浓度(P<0.05)。高品位沸石能显著提高肉鸭屠体率(P<0.05)。沸石对肉鸭生产性能、养分消化率、血液生化指标及屠宰性能有一定的改善作用,且高品位沸石优于普通沸石。     

发酵豆粕对肉鸭生产性能、肌肉成分、肉品质及血清指标的影响

选用体重(50.75±0.54)g的1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭360只,随机分为2组,每组设6重复,每重复30只,分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组),以及以2%FSBM替代基础日粮中豆粕的试验日粮(FSBM组)。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加发酵豆粕(FSBM)使肉鸭后期和全期日采食量(ADFI)分别增加2.18%和1.46%,日增重(ADG)分别增加1.04%、1.65%和1.44%,F/G降低1.20%、1.29%和1.44%,其中前期料重比(F/G)有显著降低的趋势(P=0.093);使肉鸭胸肌和腿肌粗蛋白(CP)质量分数分别增加1.52%和1.90%,粗脂肪(EE)质量分数分别增加1.17%和2.67%;腿肌pH值显著降低(P<0.05),胸肌24 h和48 h滴水损失分别降低11.26%和8.21%;血氨(BUN)含量降低11.36%,血糖(GLU)含量增加1.96%,白球比(A/G)升高4.22%(P>0.05)。说明FSBM对樱桃谷肉鸭的生产性能、肉品质有一定的改善作用,并促进肌肉蛋白和脂肪的沉积。     

Effect of enzymes,flavor and organic acids on nutrient digestibility,performance and carcass traits of growing–finishing pigs fed diets containing dehydrated lucerne meal

BACKGROUND: We recently determined that 150 g kg^?1 of lucerne meal can be fed during the finishing period without detrimental effects on pig performance but lucerne should be limited to less than 75 g kg^?1 during the growing period. Lucerne has a high fiber content, is poorly digested and contains antinutritional factors such as saponins which reduce palatability. Therefore, pig performance could be enhanced by supplementing lucerne‐containing diets with feed additives such as flavors, enzymes or organic acids. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of these additives on nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass traits when fed to growing‐finishing swine fed diets containing lucerne. RESULTS: Flavor and enzyme had no effect on nutrient digestibility, pig performance or carcass traits. During the growing period, inclusion of propionic and acetic acids increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy. Weight gain and intake also increased (P < 0.05). None of the additives had any effect on pig performance during the finishing period or on carcass traits. CONCLUSION: During the growing period, including 200 g kg^?1 lucerne was detrimental to pig performance. Addition of organic acid improved pig performance and nutrient digestibility. During the finishing period, 200 g kg^?1 lucerne can be successfully incorporated into pig diets without negative effects on pig performance. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Dietary β‐cyclodextrin reduces the cholesterol levels in meats and backfat of finishing pigs

BACKGROUND: A hypocholesterolemic effect of β‐cyclodextrin (βCD) has been recently reported in various animals. This study was performed to determine the effect of dietary βCD on hypocholesterolemic effect, and its relationship to bile acid changes of 120 finishing pigs fed a commercial diet containing 0%, 5%, 7%, or 10% βCD for 30 days before slaughter. RESULTS: Plasma total lipids, triacylglyceride, and total cholesterol of βCD supplemented pigs were lower (P < 0.05) than the control pigs. When 5%, 7%, or 10% βCD was supplemented to pigs, cholesterol levels of the plasma were reduced by 26.0%, 28.2%, and 31.3%, respectively. Excretion of total sterol increased (P < 0.05) with increasing βCD supplementation and the composition of excreted bile acid was significantly altered in pigs fed βCD. The cholesterol levels of pig backfat, belly, loin, and ham were reduced as βCD supplementation increased (P < 0.05) in the diet. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that supplementing the finishing diet of swine with βCD resulted in reducing not only circulating lipids and cholesterol but also cholesterol level of pork lean meat and fat, and may provide the method of low‐cholesterol pork production to the swine industry. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry