Ti−6Mo−5V−3Al−2Fe−2Zr合金热变形行为及热加工图

目的 建立近β钛合金Ti−6Mo−5V−3Al−2Fe−2Zr(质量分数)的热变形本构方程,绘制热加工图,确定该合金的流变失稳区和适宜加工区,为其在工业生产中热加工工艺参数的制定提供指导。方法 在变形温度700~ 850 ℃、应变速率0.000 5~0.5 s⁻¹、真应变0.7的条件下,对近β钛合金Ti−6Mo−5V−3Al−2Fe−2Zr进行热压缩实验;基于Arrhenius方程建立该合金的热变形本构方程,并对方程进行验证;根据Prasad失稳准则,构建该合金的热加工图。结果 该合金的流变应力随着变形温度的升高而减小,随着应变速率的增大而增大;其热变形激活能为226.29 kJ/mol,本构方程为;通过热变形本构方程得到的峰值应力计算值与实验值平均误差为4.21%。结论 建立的热变形本构方程预测了流变应力,描述了该合金的热变形行为;通过叠加合金的能量耗散图和流变失稳图,获得了该合金的热加工图。基于热加工图确定该合金的流变失稳区为变形温度700~755 ℃与784~850 ℃、应变速率0.5~0.05 s⁻¹,最佳加工区为变形温度836~850 ℃、应变速率0.000 5~0.005 s⁻¹。     

A100钢的热变形行为及加工图

目的 研究A100钢的热变形行为,确定热加工范围并优化工艺参数.方法 使用Gleeble-3800热模拟实验机,对A100钢进行应变为0.6,变形温度为1073～1473 K,应变速率为0.01～10 s–1的等温热压缩实验.利用A100钢的热压缩实验数据,建立在不同变形温度、不同应变速率下的真应力-真应变曲线.建立A100钢基于唯象的本构模型与基于物理的本构模型以及基于Murty失稳准则的热加工图.结果 当应变速率一定,温度升高或一定,应变速率下降时,A100钢的流变应力会减小,流变应力曲线上主要表现为动态再结晶的软化机制.结论 构建的基于唯象的本构方程可以对A100钢在应变为0.6时的流变应力进行较好的预测,基于物理的本构方程可以反映出A100钢的物理特性,通过构建的基于Murty失稳准则的加工图可以得到A100钢的加工范围是温度为1173～1223 K,应变速率为0.01～0.1 s–1和温度为1323～1373 K,应变速率为0.05～0.15 s–1时.     

Fe-8Mn-3Al-0.2C轻质高强钢的热变形行为

为了探究Fe-8Mn-3Al-0.2C轻质高强钢的热变形行为,在变形温度为1 123~1 423 K,应变速率0.01,0.1,1,10 s-1,真应变为0.6的条件下利用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机进行热压缩模拟实验,通过实验机记录温度、真应力与真应变的关系,观察组织形貌演变规律.结果表明:流变应力曲线分为3个阶段,即加工硬化、动态软化及稳定流变应力;当变形温度升高和应变速率下降时,峰值应力及其所对应的临界应变减小,说明更容易发生动态再结晶;在变形初期ε0.1时,流变应力曲线出现应变增加而应力几乎保持不变的类屈服平台;压缩后的组织为奥氏体/铁素体双相组织,动态再结晶先在铁素体内部发生,随后由奥氏体承担;随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的下降,晶粒尺寸细化并趋于均匀,说明动态再结晶完成的更充分;本实验钢在本文处理工艺及0.6真应变下的最佳热加工工艺参数区间为1 250~1 400 K,应变速率为0.03~0.3 s~(-1);受合金元素影响,实验用钢的表观应力指数和热变形激活能分别为4.588 9和250.6 k J/mol,本构方程为ε·=6.20×10~9[sinh(0.009σ)]~(4.588 9)exp(-(250 601)/(8.314T)).     

Cu-Al2O3(0.68%)弥散强化铜合金塑性变形特性

目的研究Cu-Al_2O_3(0.68%)弥散强化铜合金高温圧缩塑性变形特性。方法在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上,在变形温度为550,650,750,850,950℃,应变速率为0.01,0.1,1,5,10 s~(-1),变形量均为50%的条件下,对Cu-Al_2O_3(0.68%)铜合金进行热压缩变形试验。结果获得了不同热变形条件下的真应力应变曲线,建立了基于双曲正弦本构关系Arrhenius流动应力模型的本构方程,及基于动态材料模型(DMM)的热加工图。结论 Cu-Al_2O_3(0.68%)弥散强化铜合金高温压缩时,合金的热变形存在应变强化和稳态流变2个基本阶段,主要软化机制为动态再结晶。该合金的最佳变形区域温度为900~950℃,应变速率为0.2~2.8 s~(-1)。     

含稀土H13钢热变形行为及热加工图研究

利用Gleeble-3800热力模拟试验机在900~1 200℃、0.01~10s~(-1)的实验条件下,对含稀土H13进行了热压缩。根据获取的流变应力曲线,建立了含稀土H13钢的高温热变形本构方程及热加工图,并分析了变形后的金相组织。结果表明,在高应变速率下流变应力曲线说明了含稀土H13钢具有断续再结晶行为,稀土的加入显著提升了H13钢的应力值,经计算含稀土H13钢的热激活能为573kJ/mol,适宜的热加工参数为1 050~1 200℃、应变速率0.01~1s~(-1)。稀土的加入拓宽了H13钢的热加工参数范围。     

316LN钢的高温本构模型与热加工图

目的 研究316LN钢的高温变形行为,确定最佳加工区间并优化工艺参数。方法 利用Gleeble热模拟实验机在变形温度为1 000～1 150℃、应变速率为0.001～10 s^-1条件下对316LN钢进行热压缩实验。根据实验数据分别绘制不同变形温度和不同应变速率下的流变应力曲线。在传统Arrhenius双曲正弦关系的基础上,考虑应变量的影响,通过五次多项式拟合建立316LN钢的改进型本构模型,基于动态材料模型及Prasad塑性失稳判据计算得到材料的能量耗散图和流变失稳图,将二者叠加得到316LN钢的热加工图。结果 流变应力曲线呈现典型的动态再结晶特征,且随着应变速率的增大和变形温度的升高,316LN钢的压缩应力逐渐减小,耦合应变量的本构模型预测值与实验值的相关系数达0.9888,吻合度较高。通过建立热加工图并对比金相组织发现,316LN钢在“安全区”能量耗散效率较大的区域更容易发生动态再结晶行为。结论 高变形温度、低应变速率条件更有利于软化机制的发生,改进型本构模型精度较高,可对316LN钢热变形过程中的流变应力进行准确预测。通过构建热加工图确定了316LN钢的最佳...     

基于热加工图的锻造斗齿用钢热加工工艺参数

目的制定一种锻造斗齿用新型低合金耐磨钢的热加工工艺参数。方法采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对实验钢进行高温压缩,在变形温度为1173~1473 K,应变速率为0.01~10 s~(-1)条件下,压缩变形60%,得到其真应力-真应变曲线。依据压缩实验数据,基于动态材料模型,建立材料的热加工图,分析实验钢在不同热变形条件下的变形特点。结果该锻造斗齿用低合金耐磨钢在不同应变下的热加工图呈现相近特征,能量耗散系数η随变形温度的升高而增大,随着应变速率的减小而减小;当应变值大于等于0.3时,在变形温度为1173~1440 K,应变速率为0.32~10 s~(-1)范围内,热加工失稳区域随着变形温度的升高而减小,随着应变速率的减小而减小。结论该锻造斗齿用低合金耐磨钢适宜的热加工工艺参数范围:变形温度为1185~1373K,应变速率为0.01~2 s~(-1);最优参数范围:变形温度为1330~1340 K,应变速率为0.2~0.5 s~(-1)。     

AA7021铝合金热变形行为及微观组织演变机理的研究

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对AA7021铝合金在变形温度为350～490℃、应变速率为0. 01～10 s~(-1)的热变形条件下进行热压缩试验。建立基于应变的本构方程以及材料热变形特征的热加工图,并对热加工图中安全区和失稳区的显微组织进行分析。结果表明,在安全区有形变诱导析出;在变形失稳区内,当变形温度较低、应变速率较高时,由于应变热效应的作用,形成了绝热剪切带。另外,在应变速率大于1 s~(-1)的区域中发现导致铝合金热加工性能变差的原因有局部流变、大粒子破碎脱粘、微观裂纹等。在热变形过程中,随着温度的升高,铝合金的动态软化机制由动态回复转向动态再结晶。AA7021铝合金在中温、高温热压缩过程中共存着多种软化机制,但动态回复占主导地位。     

新型超超临界机组用叶片钢11Cr12Ni3Mo2VN的热变形行为

通过Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对11Cr12Ni3Mo2VN马氏体耐热钢进行等温热压缩实验,研究了其在变形温度T为900～1 050℃、应变速率■为0.001～10 s~(-1)条件下的热变形行为,确定了材料的热变形参数。通过对峰值应力的拟合建立了热变形本构方程,并对本构方程的准确性进行了验证,发现建立的本构方程能够准确预测材料在高温变形时的流变应力。根据■曲线求得材料的热变形表观激活能Q为450.988 kJ/mol。以动态材料模型和Murthy失稳判据为理论基础绘制了热加工图,结合应力-应变曲线,确定了11Cr12Ni3Mo2VN耐热钢的最佳加工工艺参数:加工温度为980～1 050℃,应变速率为0.1 s~(-1)或更小。还利用光镜研究了加工温度、应变速率等热变形参数对材料微观组织演变的影响。结果表明,热变形温度和应变速率都会影响11Cr12Ni3Mo2VN耐热钢的动态回复和动态再结晶机制。加工温度起决定性作用,在温度较低的条件下,材料的动态回复机制占主导;随着温度的升高,材料的软化机制以动态再结晶为主。应变速率对动态再结晶晶粒尺寸的影响较大,低应变速率有利于动态再结晶的充分进行,晶粒大小更加均匀,材料在热变形后的性能更加优异。     

B30铜镍合金的高温热变形行为及加工图EI北大核心

在变形温度为750~1000℃、应变速率为0.01~10 s^(-1)条件下,对铸态BFe30-1-1铜镍合金进行了热压缩实验。综合分析摩擦和温升对合金流变应力的影响,利用修正后的流变应力曲线构建了BFe30-1-1铜镍合金的Arrhenius双曲正弦函数本构关系模型,基于动态材料模型构建合金的热加工图,研究合金热变形过程中的组织演变规律。结果表明:合金的峰值流变应力随着变形温度的降低或应变速率的增加而升高,摩擦和温升能够显著影响合金的真应力-真应变曲线,热变形过程中发生了动态再结晶,本研究构建的合金本构关系模型对峰值应力的预测值与修正后实验值的平均相对误差仅为3.77%,能够准确地预测合金在不同热变形条件下的流变应力。结合热加工图和微观组织分析,合金的较合理的热塑性变形工艺区间为变形温度900~1000℃、应变速率0.04~0.16 s^(-1),在该变形条件下热压缩后的样品可获得更多的动态再结晶组织。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from