通水冷却对碾压混凝土消力池温度应力的影响

针对碾压混凝土施工普遍存在的温度裂缝问题,以某水利枢纽工程碾压混凝土消力池为例,采用三维有限元浮动网格法对其全过程温度场和应力场进行仿真研究,计算过程中考虑了冷却水管间距、通水水温、通水时间、混凝土水化热温升及弹性模量等对消力池温度场和应力场的影响,对比分析了不同方案的温度及应力变化规律。结果表明,施工期对高温季节浇筑混凝土埋设冷却水管进行通水冷却,可将最高温度降低4～6℃,最大温度应力降低0.38～0.47MPa,通水冷却效果明显;在不改变通水时间和通水水温的条件下,冷却水管水平间距减小0.5m,可将基础混凝土最高温度降低0.6℃左右,最大温度应力降低0.11～0.13 MPa;在不改变通水时间和冷却水管间距的条件下,混凝土大层浇筑完毕通3d10℃的制冷水、7d14℃的制冷水和20d的河水相比单一的通30d河水,可将基础弱约束区混凝土最高温度降低1.5℃左右,最大温度应力降低0.3MPa左右。     

浇筑层厚对碾压混凝土坝温度场和应力场的影响

高混凝土坝浇筑时材料用量大、施工条件复杂、建设周期长,同时又需考虑温度控制、结构应力、施工环境等因素对坝体安全的影响。为此,以某工程碾压混凝土重力坝为例,采用三维有限元法,研究了不同的混凝土浇筑层厚度对大坝温度场与应力场的影响。结果表明,早期坝体内部的最高温度随浇筑层厚的增加而增大,坝体不同区域最高温度不仅受浇筑厚度的影响,同时也与大坝浇筑的时间相关;基础垫层混凝土、三级配碾压混凝土和二级配常态混凝土区域最大拉应力随浇筑厚度的增大而增大。     

碾压混凝土拱坝一期冷却和汛期过流防裂研究

基于碾压混凝土拱坝具有碾压混凝土弹性模量发展较慢但其终值较大、汛期往往基坑淹没且浇筑温度较高的特点,以善泥坡水电站碾压混凝土拱坝为例,分析了各种温控措施对汛期碾压混凝土坝表面拉应力和一期冷却效果的影响。结果表明,碾压混凝土坝一期冷却宜采用长时间大流量低温冷却水,以确保在弹性模量较小时充分降低坝体温度;汛期过水对坝体应力影响较大,过水时混凝土应有足够的龄期。     

掺石粉与掺粉煤灰的碾压混凝土坝温控措施对比分析

针对石粉替代或部分替代粉煤灰作为碾压混凝土的掺合料后,其热力学性能指标均发生变化的问题,以中国西部地区某在建水电工程溢流坝段碾压混凝土为例,基于温度场和应力场的三维有限元分析技术,通过控制浇筑温度、混凝土外表面保温、通水冷却等技术措施,分别对掺石粉与未掺石粉碾压混凝土施工期与运行期的温度及应力进行分析,得出了掺石粉与未掺石粉碾压混凝土温度及应力的变化特性。结果表明,掺石粉碾压混凝土对整个施工期的坝体温控防裂有利,且可有效减小温控难度。     

RBF神经网络在特高拱坝混凝土浇筑仓最高温度预测中的应用

准确预测特高拱坝混凝土浇筑仓最高温度对其温控防裂具有重要意义。基于RBF神经网络,利用Matlab神经网络工具箱建立了特高拱坝混凝土浇筑仓最高温度预测模型,以浇筑温度、水管布置、通水水温、通水流量及现场环境气温作为输入层,以浇筑仓最高温度为输出层,并通过高温季节、低温季节工程实测数据分别对模型进行验证。结果表明,该模型简单有效、精度高,可满足预测要求。     

混凝土拱坝导流底孔坝段施工期温度及应力仿真分析

针对目前混凝土拱坝导流底孔坝段温控仿真研究较少的问题,通过模拟拱坝导流底孔坝段施工过程中混凝土温度场和应力场,获得不同浇筑方案下拱坝导流底孔段的最高温度及顺河向温度应力、横河向温度应力和第一主应力。结果表明,高温季节浇筑薄层混凝土易产生温度倒灌,而低温季节采取薄层浇筑有利于降低混凝土最高温度和最大温度应力,由此提出相应大坝混凝土浇筑温控建议措施,对于类似工程安全施工和进度控制具有重要意义。     

基于LSTM神经网络的高拱坝混凝土温升阶段温度预测

为实时掌控高拱坝混凝土温度变化,及时制定合理控温措施,防止产生温度裂缝,深入分析了混凝土温升阶段温度影响因素,并选取初始浇筑温度、环境气温、通水温度、通水流量、绝热温升等5个主要因素作为LSTM神经网络的输入因素,建立了基于LSTM神经网络的高拱坝混凝土温升阶段温度预测模型,同时采用最大误差、平均绝对误差(M_MAE)、对称平均百分比误差(S_SMAPE)等评价指标检验模型精度,最后以白鹤滩高拱坝为例,对大坝混凝土温升期的温度进行预测。结果表明,所建预测模型的最大绝对误差为0.58℃,M_MAE、S_SMAPE分别为0.30℃、1.35%,预测精度较高,可操作性强,能为高拱坝混凝土温度控制提供决策支撑。     

基于RBF-BP组合神经网络模型的特高拱坝混凝土浇筑仓最高温度预测

鉴于混凝土浇筑仓最高温度对特高拱坝温控防裂的重要性,为了实现对混凝土大坝最高温度的有效控制,将BP神经网络、RBF神经网络相结合,选取浇筑温度、施工现场环境气温、浇筑仓层厚、水管布置、通水的水温和流量作为输入矢量,浇筑仓最高温度作为输出矢量,建立一种基于RBF-BP组合神经网络的浇筑仓最高温度预测模型,并将其应用于溪洛渡特高双曲拱坝中。结果表明,基于RBF-BP组合神经网络预测模型可行、有效,且精度较高、收敛速度快。     

坝体及地基弹性模量分区对碾压混凝土拱坝应力应变的影响

为改善碾压混凝土拱坝的应力应变分布状态,以某碾压混凝土拱坝为基础模型,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS模拟分析了5种坝体材料分区和3层地基材料分区碾压混凝土拱坝的动力响应特性及坝体应力分布。结果表明,随坝体材料弹性模量的整体提高,拉应力值由未分区的1.418 MPa减小至1.374 MPa,顺河向动位移均方根显著减小;坝体中下部地基弹性模量的选择对碾压混凝土拱坝应力分布影响较大。研究成果可为碾压混凝土坝温控防裂提供参考。     

MgO掺量对混凝土不同浇注温度下拱坝应力的影响

为了研究不同浇筑温度下MgO掺量对混凝土拱坝应力的影响,采用有限元数值模拟对某外掺MgO混凝土拱坝施工期温度场、应力场进行仿真分析,对比不同掺量不同浇筑温度下特征点的温度、应力和掺MgO引起的自生体积变形过程。结果表明,不同浇筑温度下,MgO对应力场有效补偿量相差不大,对于低温季节浇筑的混凝土,适当增加MgO的掺量可有效补偿坝体应力;对于高温季节,温降产生的拉应力很大,最好配合分缝措施或避开高温季节浇筑。     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996