弯曲通道长度及倾斜角度对雷电电磁场影响研究

为了得到弯曲通道雷电电磁脉冲场的分布特性,将电流微源偶极子进行水平分解和垂直分解,利用偶极子法对弯曲通道产生电磁场的表达式进行了推导.在此基础上就底部回击通道长度以及上部回击通道倾斜角度对地表电磁场的影响规律进行了相关研究.研究结果表明,弯曲通道的电磁场峰值主要取决于底部放电通道的长度,在中间场和远场区底部通道越长对应的电磁场幅值越小;而倾斜角度对近场区电磁场影响极小,在中间场和远场区电磁场幅值会随着倾斜角度的增加而降低,且距离越远倾斜角度对电磁场幅值的影响越明显.     

斜向通道地表雷电电磁脉冲场分布规律研究

通过分解电流微元偶极子并求解Maxwell方程组,得到了斜向通道雷电电磁脉冲(Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse,LMEP)场解析表达式;基于此斜向通道模型,研究了不同方位角和回击速度时的雷电电磁场分布规律.结果显示:近场区电场分量随方位角的变化规律要受到放电通道倾斜程度的影响,但是其他场区的电场分量和任意场区的磁场分量初始峰值均会随方位角的增加而减小;当回击速度改变时近场区电磁场分布规律保持不变,但在中间场和远场区电磁场初始峰值将随回击速度的增大而增大.     

LEMP 空间表达式求解及分布规律研究

利用偶极子理论对Maxwell方程组进行了求解,得到了垂直通道与斜向通道模型的雷电电磁场解析表达式。基于此表达式分析了不同高度处雷电电磁场的空间分布规律。研究结果表明,在垂直通道与斜向通道模型中,垂直电场和磁场受观测点高度的影响随水平距离的增加而减小,但是对水平电场而言,在垂直通道模型中其初始峰值随着观测点高度增加而增加,在斜向通道模型中,当观测点在通道下方时电场峰值随着观测点高度的增加而增加,当观测点在通道上方时高度越高电场峰值越小。     

雷电斜向放电通道电磁场建模及计算

基于传输线模型,通过将柱坐标系进行旋转变换,建立了斜向放电通道电磁场模型;采用脉冲函数加双指数函数作为通道底部电流,从垂直放电通道电磁场的表达式中推导出斜向放电通道电磁场的计算公式;基于斜向放电通道电磁场模型,研究了不同角度对不同场区地表回击电磁场的影响,认为雷电放电通道越倾斜,雷电流对地面电磁场的影响就越明显。研究了不同回击速度对不同场区地表回击电磁场的影响,结果表明回击速度对电磁场的影响较为明显。     

地闪弯曲通道在不同观察尺度下的回击电磁场特征分析

基于偶极子法建立了弯曲通道中任意倾斜通道段产生雷电回击电磁场的三维计算模型, 给出了空间倾斜通道微元在柱坐标系下激发电磁场的解析表达式, 以此为基础, 研究了弯曲地闪通道的观察尺度对首次回击和后继回击电磁场计算的影响.结果表明:通道弯曲是导致雷电回击电磁场波形出现振荡的直接原因, 无论是首次回击还是后继回击, 近区电场基本上不会因为通道弯曲而出现振荡, 通道弯曲及其观察尺度也基本不会影响所计算回击电磁场初始峰值(近场区和过渡场区的电场波形为初始拐点)的上升时间, 但会影响回击电磁场波形的初始峰值(或初始拐点)、波形的振荡起伏程度以及波形的频谱能量分布, 且通道的观察尺度越小、观测点的距离越远、通道回击电流的上升时间越短, 对应回击电磁场波形中的振荡起伏越明显.     

加速电荷法快速求解雷击高塔辐射电场

雷击高塔时会在周围形成很强的电磁场,分析高塔辐射电磁场对雷电研究和雷电防护具有重要意义。就电磁场中的辐射电场部分,根据加速运动电荷产生辐射电场的基本原理,将雷电流等效为运动电荷,分别计算MTLE(Modified Transmission Line with Exponential Decay,回击电流随高度以指数减小)回击通道和高塔中电流产生的辐射电场,进而得出雷击高塔总辐射电场。结果表明,高塔辐射电场在总辐射电场中所占比例很大,在初始时间总辐射电场波形不断振荡出现多个峰值,然后缓慢下降,其多次振荡波形主要取决于高塔中雷电流的多次反射和透射过程。高塔上方回击通道对辐射电场有一定的贡献,提高了总辐射电场的首次峰值,使得电场强度幅值得以增加。加速电荷方法直接给出了每个过程所辐射出的电场,避免了常规计算方法中复杂电流的积分和微分运算过程,也有助于理解雷击高塔辐射机理。     

回击速度对雷电电磁场近似关系的影响

为了探索雷电回击通道底部电流与回击电磁场之间的关系,基于TL模型在近场区和远场区对雷电电磁场近似表达式进行了推导,在此基础上研究了回击速度对底部电流和雷电电磁场之间近似性的影响。研究结果表明：在近场区电磁场与底部电流之间的差异主要集中在峰值部分,而在远场区二者之间的差异主要集中在峰值过后的下降沿部分,但无论在近场区还是远场区,二者之间的偏差均会随着回击速度的增大而减小,当回击速度接近光速时,二者波形几乎完全重合。在v=c时基于不同的电磁场成分对电磁场与底部电流之间的关系进行了推导,结果显示当v=c时近场近似与远场近似将统一为一个相同的表达式,且此表达式在推导过程中不存在任何近似,进一步证明了当v=c时,无论在近场区还是远场区地表电磁场波形与底部电流波形完全一致。     

雷电通道水平电场影响因素分析

影响雷电通道产生的水平电场因素众多,分析其影响因素对电力系统的雷电防护具有重要意义。文中利用运动电荷电磁场方程求解得到闪电回击通道的水平电场和方位磁场,并结合C-R 算法,得到了有限电导率地面上方的水平电场。依据运动电荷电磁场方程的特征分析了不同回击速度、不同距离、不同电导率对雷击产生的水平电场的影响。得出以下结论:水平电场随回击速度增大而减小;水平电场波形呈双极性特征且水平距离越大或电导率越小负向偏移越明显。这些研究结论为输电线路雷电过电压计算打下良好的基础。与其他方法相比,本文方法可以避免远距离电磁场计算中的震荡问题和积分方程的奇异问题。     

地闪梯级先导电场波形特征研究

为研究地闪梯级先导电场波形特征,采用偶极子法结合衰减函数计算了有限大地电导率下不同距离处、不同梯级先导底部高度条件下的电场波形特征.计算结果表明:当观测点距离先导通道较近时,电场峰值随着先导通道底部高度的增大而减小;随着观测点和先导通道距离的增大,梯级先导通道底部高度对电场的影响逐步减小.对于给定高度的先导通道,其对应的电场峰值随着观测点和先导通道距离的增加,峰值先变大而后变小随着电导率的减小,先导电场波形上升时间明显增加,电场峰值衰减加快.     

雷电电磁脉冲场对双绞线的耦合研究

为研究双绞线短线缆在雷电电磁脉冲场辐照下终端负载的感应电压,利用WU-800 型MARX 源和有界波模拟器来模拟雷电电磁脉冲场,对双绞线进行辐照耦合试验。试验中改变雷电电磁脉冲场波形、双绞线长度、辐射场与线缆夹角、双绞线终端负载（线性及非线性）,观测双绞线终端负载处的响应电压,分析响应规律。结果表明：雷电电磁脉冲场的上升沿对线缆耦合电压幅值影响较大,脉宽对耦合电压影响较小;辐照试验中线缆长度具有选频特性,随着短线缆长度的增加,终端负载响应电压的主频点逐步降低,但幅值逐步增大;电场极化方向对线缆终端响应幅值有较大影响,但并不改变响应波形;线缆在辐照情况下对终端负载可等效为一电压源,受测端负载电压满足电压源分压原理,非受测端负载改变等效电压源的内部参数,但影响较小;双绞线连接二极管,会显著影响耦合电压的频谱分布,同时幅值也会改变。     

Influence of Independent Towers and Transmission Lines on Lightning Return Stroke Current and Associated Fields

The influence of elevated objects, when they are hit by lightning, on the measured lightning currents and associated fields is studied. For the present study, an electromagnetic model of return strokes with the help of NEC-4 is employed. Cases of strokes to ground, to independent towers, and to a transmission line are compared and the validity of comparison is discussed. The influence of the independent tower of 70 m in height, which simulates Berger's tower, on the peaks of currents is negligible even for the fast-rising current, which corresponds to a subsequent return-stroke current. The shape of the lightning current at the top of a transmission line is less influenced than that at the top of an independent tower of the same height. Elevated objects significantly decrease the amplitude of vertical electric fields in a close range. If the ground conductivity is infinite, the peak amplitude of electromagnetic field at a distant range will be significantly increased by the presence of an elevated object. In actual cases of finitely conducting ground, however, the increase of the peak field is limited due to the propagation effect.     

云闪反冲流光过程的电磁场计算及其影响因素分析

针对云闪反冲流光的电磁辐射问题,基于偶极子法建立了云闪反冲流光过程的三维电磁场计算模型,研究获得了观测方位角、反冲流光传播速度以及通道弯曲对其地面电磁场计算的影响规律.结果表明:除中间过渡场区以内的地面电场外,观测方位角越大,斜向云闪通道地面电磁场的幅值越小;反冲流光传播速度越大,相应地面电磁场的幅值越大、脉冲宽度越窄;云闪通道弯曲将导致地面电磁场波形出现不同程度的起伏波动,但沿斜向通道主干附近出现的随机弯曲,基本不会影响其地面电磁场波形的整体走势.     

Underground electromagnetic fields generated by the return strokesof lightning flashes

In this paper, equations are developed in the time domain to represent lightning generated electromagnetic (EM) fields at different depths below the ground surface. The equations connect underground EM fields to surface fields that can easily be measured or calculated. Numerous examples are given to illustrate how the signature of the electric and magnetic field vary as a function of depth as well as conductivity     

Numerical electromagnetic analysis of lightning-induced voltage over ground of finite conductivity

Numerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC-2), which is a computer code to analyze the three-dimensional electromagnetic (EM) field around thin wires in the frequency domain, has been successfully used in lightning-related studies such as lightning surge analyses or lightning EM pulse calculations over a perfectly conducting ground. NEC-2 is still more useful in investigating lightning-induced effects over ground of finite conductivity. This application of NEC-2 is investigated by comparing calculated results with an experiment over lossy ground. The advantages of the analysis using NEC-2 are that it can accurately compute the current distribution along a wire structure with small amount of postulation. It automatically incorporates coupling between a lightning channel and transmission lines, and it can also take account of finitely conducting ground in transient condition. In addition, it can also model conductors in any arbitrary angles, and it is available in the public domain.     

EM fields associated with lightning channels: on the effect oftortuosity and branching

Usually the electric and magnetic fields associated with lightning have been computed by assuming the lightning current to be contained in a straight vertical channel of negligible cross section above a flat perfectly conducting plane. Such a model, which does not take into account that real lightning is characterized by tortuosity and branching, is not able to justify the fine structure of the fields radiated by lightning discharges whose time-domain behavior exhibits a jagged shape with remarkable spectral content in several bands of practical interest. In this work the effect of channel tortuosity and branching is investigated by adopting a suitable numerical technique. The discharge channel has been regarded as a fractal antenna whose associated EM field has been evaluated by superimposing the contribution of the single line radiators composing the whole channel. Such a field has been compared with that generated by a simple dipole antenna in order to study the influence of the fractal nature of the channel on the generated EM fields. The relationship between the fractal dimension of the discharge channel and the fractal dimension of the generated time domain EM fields has been considered and the influence played on such a relationship by the distance between EM source and observation point has also been studied by analyzing the fields evaluated at far and close distances