锅炉再热出口主安全门导汽管弯头漏泄的原因分析

对HG-670-13.7-YM9型锅炉再热出口主安全门导汽管弯头频繁发生漏泄原因进行了分析,指出了因温差过大而产生热应力是导致再热出口主安全门导汽管弯头频繁发生漏泄的主要原因,改进后,再热出口主安全门导汽管弯头频繁发生漏泄的现象基本消除。     

高地温引水隧洞围岩热——应力耦合分析

针对新疆某高地温环境下的圆形隧洞,采用有限元分析程序,分别对不同围岩半径下的温度场分布进行模拟,并以不同围岩半径下围岩与支护接触面处的温度作为围岩合理计算范围取值的参考,结合有关理论分析的结果,确定出围岩最佳计算半径。在此基础上进一步研究隧洞施工期围岩温度、应力和位移场在热—应力耦合作用下的分布问题。研究结果表明,当围岩外部温度为80℃、隧洞内部温度为5℃时,隧洞开挖后考虑温度和应力共同影响下的围岩最佳计算半径为24 m。隧洞围岩温度沿围岩厚度方向呈非线性递增变化。与常温(20℃)情况相比,高地温的存在会使隧洞围岩最大主应力减小,同时也会在隧洞拱顶和底拱处产生拉应力。     

含三维内裂纹试件单轴拉伸裂纹扩展数值模拟研究

以往研究针对三维内裂纹在单轴拉伸下的裂纹扩展与三维内裂纹尖端的应力强度因子变化较少,为定量化研究三维内裂纹单轴拉伸下的裂纹扩展与应力强度因子的变化,对不同预制内裂纹角度在拉伸荷载作用下的裂纹扩展规律进行了数值模拟研究,将裂纹扩展过程及最终破坏形态与已有研究进行了对比。计算结果表明:当预制裂纹角度为0°时,预制裂纹呈现自相似扩展,当预制裂纹为其他角度时,预制裂纹尖端出现翼裂纹扩展,预制裂纹角度为15°、30°、45°、60°时,翼裂纹与原预制裂纹分别呈18°、49°、64°与80°;随着预制裂纹与水平方向的角度增大,Ⅰ型应力强度因子逐渐减小,对于同一预制裂纹角度来说,预制裂纹短轴顶点上的Ⅰ型应力强度因子较其他方向要大;随着预制裂纹角度的增大,Ⅱ型应力强度因子整体上先增大后减小;对于同一种预制裂纹角度来说,预制裂纹的左端与右端(对应于距离为0,0. 5,1处)Ⅱ型应力强度因子达到最大,而预制裂纹短轴处顶点(对应于距离为0. 25和0. 75处)Ⅱ型应力强度因子达到最小为0;数值模拟结果与室内试验结果体现出较好的一致性。研究成果为正确认识轴拉情况下的三维裂纹扩展规律提供了一定的参考。     

常峪口拱坝裂缝成因分析

常峪口拱坝坝体下游面存在一长达101.5m的水平裂缝,经电算分析认为其成因有以下2个方面:①坝顶溢流堰加强了其所在拱的刚度,在拱梁协调变位中,拱承担了较大的负向荷载,使拱冠梁在高程1080m处产生了1.11MPa的拉应力,导致裂缝的发生。②坝区气温骤冷骤热,大陆性气候明显,由于坝体传热较慢,坝体温度变化滞后于气温变化,因此在气温骤降时,下游面不能自由收缩,产生温度应力,使裂缝进一步向广深方向发展。     

钢管弯头处与PCCP管承插口部位位移计算模型研究

为了解钢管弯头在内水作用下对钢管与PCCP管接头处的影响,确保在内水压力下临近弯头处的承插口处的水平位移值不超过允许限值,通过建立两种理论计算模型与有限元分析模型,对比分析钢管弯头处在内水压力作用下的摩擦力分布范围,探讨摩擦力作用下钢管位移计算方法,并提出此种情况下的设计处理方法。     

廊涿干渠工程管道抗滑稳定计算

通过对廊涿干渠水平弯头、竖向弯头和检修阀井的抗滑稳定进行分析,得出廊涿干渠管道的抗滑稳定措施.对不满足稳定要求的水平弯头,采用在弯头两端焊接直钢管,并在管顶上0.5m以下范围的管道外与开挖基槽间浇筑C15混凝土镇墩的抗滑稳定措施.管道竖向弯头一般应控制在3°以内,通过接头借转实现.对于穿越公路、河流等埋深较大处的竖向转角宜小于15°,可将斜坡段、弯头与水平钢管焊接为整体,以解决竖向弯头的稳定问题.钢筋混凝土阀井一般可用于截断阀的抗滑镇墩.     

提篮式钢箱系杆钢管拱桥钢结构制造技术

一、工程概况东华大桥主桥为118m单孔带蝴蝶型副拱的提篮式钢箱系杆钢管拱桥,桥长119.3m,上跨江门河水道,采用两侧3.9%对称坡,坡顶设在主桥跨中,设半径为4000m,桥面全宽34.5m。主桥两片拱肋均由主拱和副拱组合而成,两主拱脚宽27.66m,拱顶处拱肋间距16.76m,主拱肋向内倾斜13°,主拱构成提篮式拱。主拱攻矢跨比为1/5,为直径1.5m钢管混凝土拱。两副拱向外倾斜10°。     

PVC连接弯头的水力特性数值模拟

为了研究PVC弯头的局部阻力和水流流态特征,对DN50和DN75两种PVC承插式90°弯头的水流特性利用CFD中的fluent软件进行了数值模拟,结果表明:不同管径弯头的局部阻力系数与雷诺数的关系曲线的变化趋势基本一致,压力在弯头拐角外侧压力最大,在下游管段内侧靠近弯头的位置压力最小。     

二滩抛物线型双曲拱坝的抗震分析方法

本文介绍了二滩水电站抛物线型双曲拱坝初设阶段抗震分析的主要方法——“混合法”。该法将利用ADAP有限元动力分析程序求出的前15阶自振特牲,按反应谱法,通过换算插补,得出拱梁分载法(试载法)中拱梁交点处的各阶地震惯性力和动水压力强度;然后用我院自编的ADSC-CK抛物线型拱坝多拱梁应力计算程序,求出各阶的地震反应,按平方和开方(SRSS)法得出各交点处15阶振型的组合地震反应;最后,与拱梁分载法算出的静应力叠加,得到地震竹况下坝体的总应力分布,从而按相应的应力控制标准检验大坝抗震强度。     

不同加固方案下富水黄土隧道地层变形规律分析

以西安地铁5号线暗挖隧道为工程背景,采用降水加固与注浆加固2种地层加固措施,建立渗流-应力耦合数值计算模型,对富水黄土隧道地表沉降、洞周土体变形及力学效应进行了研究,并结合现场监测资料进行了验证。结果表明:降水加固隧道施工最大地表沉降是注浆加固的13.7倍,2种加固方案洞周土体变形规律一致,开挖10 d内变形值均达到稳定值的70%~80%左右;注浆加固下洞周土体均为压应力,降水加固开挖过程中在中隔壁及中隔板处土层出现拉应力;注浆加固下衬砌各部位受力均大于降水加固;降水加固塑性区极值是注浆加固的11.3倍,主要分布在两侧拱肩、拱腰及拱脚处;2种加固方案下地表沉降以及洞周土体变形的模拟值与监测值相近且变化规律基本一致。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。     

Fish assemblage response to recent mitigation of a channelized warmwater stream

Various designs of low‐head dams are used to rehabilitate streams or forestall upstream channel incision after channelization. We report on the efficacy of using notched sills and grade control structures (GCS) to restore the fish assemblage in Luxapallila Creek, Mississippi. We tested the null hypotheses that habitat variables and species richness, evenness, and assemblage structure would not differ among: (1) a channelized segment with no modifications; (2) a channelized segment mitigated by the installation of sills and GCS; (3) a segment upstream of the installations and undergoing channel incision; and (4) an unaltered segment. Although habitat variables changed, neither species richness, evenness, nor fish assemblage structure differed between mitigated and channelized segments with both exhibiting less richness and different assemblage structures than the unaltered segment. Lack of differences in species richness between the incised and unaltered segments suggest that the GCS may have halted the negative effects of upstream channel incision before species were extirpated. Conspicuous habitat differences between the altered (channelized and mitigated) and unaltered segments were lack of backwaters and canopy coverage and finer substrates in the altered segments. Our results suggest a more comprehensive rehabilitation strategy is required in Luxapallila Creek. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF WAVE EFFECTS ON SURFACE WIND STRESS AND SURFACE MIXING LENGTH BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL CIRCULATION MODELING

1. INTRODUCTION Coastal and continental shelf regions are characterized by intensive interaction between wave and current. These regions are of great economic significance to mankind. Therefore, the modeling of wave and current as well as their mutual int…