表面活性雾滴联合金属网栅增效除尘

为进一步探索新型高效的复合式湿式除尘方法,基于表面活性剂增效润湿、喷雾降尘、水膜捕尘理论,构建了喷雾协同金属网栅除尘试验装置,通过对表面活性溶液性质的测试,优选出AES、LAB-35、X-100共三种活性剂进行试验,探究风速、喷雾压力、网孔目数、网栅层数和粉尘浓度对除尘性能的影响规律。研究结果表明：除尘效率随着风速增大呈现先逐渐升高、后缓慢下降的趋势,当风速为0.8m/s时达到峰值;随着目数、层数、喷雾压力增加,除尘效率有所升高,同时导致系统阻力或耗水量的增加,需要综合平衡;入口粉尘浓度的增大致使除尘效率先增大然后降低,当浓度为400mg/m³时,效率最高达96.74%;三种表面活性雾滴中,0.4%LAB-35雾滴除尘效率最高,其次为0.4%AES雾滴,最低为0.4%X-100雾滴。综上,与纯水喷雾联合金属网栅除尘相比,表面活性喷雾具有较好的增效作用,能够为新型湿式除尘设备的研发提供参考。     

喷雾促进细颗粒物交流电凝并的实验研究

为进一步增强PM2.5的凝并脱除效果,搭建了荷电区和喷雾交流凝并区组成的试验台,提出表面活性剂复配溶液作为喷雾溶液的新方法,并以水为空白对照,研究了交流凝并区水雾、交流电压、喷雾压力、表面活性剂单一溶液以及复配溶液喷雾、粉尘浓度及烟道风速对细颗粒物凝并效果的影响。结果表明,当交流凝并区电压为25 k V、喷雾为GS-A6与BS-12的复配溶液(质量分数均为0.35%)、喷嘴的水路与气路压力分别为200 k Pa与350 kPa、粉尘质量浓度为2 g/m3、烟道风速为1.2m/s时,细颗粒物的凝并效果最佳,比普通水凝并效果提高了-1.35%。     

表面活性剂在花岗岩研磨中的物理化学作用

花岗岩研磨过程中添加含不同类型表面活性剂的磨削液。测量添加不同表面活性剂及不同浓度的磨削液时花岗岩的磨削比 ,分析比较磨削液浓度及表面活性剂对花岗岩研磨效率的影响。通过测量磨削液的表面张力、磨削液作用后的花岗岩表面电位等参数 ,研究了表面活性剂对花岗岩研磨过程的物理化学作用机理。实验结果表明 :与水比较 ,表面活性剂磨削液能明显提高花岗岩研磨效率 ;阳离子型表面活性剂的磨削液对研磨效率的提高效果优于阴离子型和非离子型的表面活性剂磨削液 ;研磨盘的粒度越细 ,表面活性剂的作用效果越明显。     

表面活性剂在湿法烟气脱硫除尘中的应用

讨论了石灰-抛弃法脱硫机理,表面活性剂脱硫除尘机理及其在脱硫除尘一体化装置中的应用。实验结果表明,添加表面活性剂不仅对单独的脱硫和除尘装置有效,而且对脱硫除尘一体化装置也能达到提高脱硫和除尘效率的目的。     

中温煤沥青制粉工艺的研究

对以中温煤沥青为原料制备煤沥青粉的工艺进行了研究,采用冷冻粉碎、添加表面活性剂的方法制得了粒度≤200目、能在室温稳定储存的煤沥青粉,并考察了原料冷冻温度、粉碎时间、储存时间及温度、添加表面活性剂等因素对煤沥青粉稳定性及热值的影响.     

水分散法制备3D打印用PP粉末的可行性

采用水分散法制备选择性激光烧结用聚丙烯(PP)粉末,使用普朗尼克(F108)作为表面活性剂,成功验证了水分散法的可行性。对PP在水中分散效果的若干因素进行了研究,包括表面活性剂的添加量、PP的添加量、成核剂的添加量、PP的熔体流动速率等原料配比因素以及温度、搅拌转速等反应条件的影响。表面活性剂添加量少于10 g则无法得到PP粉末,在表面活性剂添加量为10~60 g范围内,表面活性剂添加量与PP成粉率成正比,表面活性剂添加量为60 g以上时,PP的成粉率变化不大;PP的添加量达到10 g以上时,PP的成粉质量在7 g左右;白炭黑作为成核剂对PP的分散效果影响很大,并且PP的成粉率在白炭黑添加量为0.15 g时达到最大值,为57.6%;PP的熔体流动速率(MFR)与其成粉率成正比,PP的MFR由20 g/(10 min)增加到41.3 g/(10 min)时,PP的成粉率由48.6%增加到56.4%。改变加热温度、降温方式对PP成粉率的影响不大,而搅拌转速对PP分散效果的影响显著,搅拌转速与PP的成粉率成正比,在搅拌转速为1 500 r/min时,PP的成粉率达到最大值,为72.5%。水分散法制备的PP粉末球形度高、表面光滑、流动性好。     

毛管数对甜菜碱表面活性剂驱油效率的影响研究

为研究毛管数对甜菜碱表面活性剂驱油效率的影响,通过驱替实验研究了毛管数和驱油效率以及残余油饱和度之间的关系,结果表明,对于单一体系,无论是水、聚合物还是表面活性剂,其驱油效率均随着毛管数的增加而增加,残余油饱和度均随着毛管数的增加而降低。由于界面张力处于毛管力物理定义中的分母的位置,对毛管数的影响较大。界面张力越低,驱油效率越高,残余油饱和度越低,毛管数值越大。     

多层喷雾洗涤塔对粉尘颗粒的脱除特性

通过搭建多层喷雾洗涤塔实验台,研究了液气体积比、塔内气体平均流速、粉尘浓度、喷雾压力等操作参数对除尘效率的影响规律。研究结果表明:洗涤塔内喷雾层数对除尘效率的影响最为显著,与传统的单层相比,除尘效率可以提高15%以上,并且入口粉尘浓度的变化对其除尘效率的影响较小。增大喷雾压力可以有效提升除尘效率,当喷雾压力为0.5~0.6MPa时除尘效率变化趋于稳定。在相同操作参数下,适当降低气体在塔内平均流速有利于提高洗涤塔的除尘效率,对于三层喷雾洗涤,最佳的气体塔内平均流速为0.6~0.8m/s。当喷雾压力为0.6MPa、塔内气体平均气速为0.6m/s、液气体积比为5.27的条件下,三层喷雾除尘的效率可以达到98.3%。     

表面活性剂在叶面肥中的应用与进展（续完）

4　表面活性剂复配与协同效应一种表面活性剂与另一种表面活性剂或者无机物、有机物、高聚物进行复配后 ,其溶液物理化学性质会发生明显的变化 ,表面活性优于单一组分的活性 ,这种现象称为表面活性剂的协同效应( Synergism) ,或增效作用、复合效应。表面活性剂复配后的协同效应主要表现在降低表面张力的效率、能力以及形成胶团能力等三方面。复配表面活性剂通常比单一表面活性剂具有更高的表面活性 ,其性质甚至是原组分本身不具有的 ,明显提高了表面活性剂的利用价值 ,因此 ,在实际应用中 ,很少使用单一的种类 ,一般选择根据不同目的复配而…     

转炉除尘灰与纳米催化剂对不同煤阶燃料燃烧特性的影响

利用热分析法研究了转炉除尘灰与纳米催化剂对高挥发分煤、低挥发分煤、无烟煤、石墨等四种不同煤阶样品燃烧过程中着火温度、燃尽指数、最大燃烧速率和最大燃烧速率所对应的温度等燃烧特征参数的影响。结果表明:催化剂对高挥发分煤和低挥发分煤催化效果不明显,对无烟煤和石墨起到了降低着火温度、提高燃尽指数和最大燃烧速率等催化效果。催化剂添加量为4%(质量分数,下同)时,Fe_2O_3对无烟煤催化效果最佳,转炉除尘灰对石墨催化效果最佳,而CaO对无烟煤和石墨的催化效果均最差。对于无烟煤,分别添加2%CaO、4%转炉除尘灰和10%Fe_2O_3时催化效果达到最佳。对于无烟煤和石墨,与纳米催化剂相比,转炉除尘灰催化效果更加明显。无烟煤和石墨在加入催化剂后,整个燃烧过程中的放热量均有所增加,但过高添加量对释放热量有明显的抑制作用。     

Effect of surfactant compounding on the wettability of talcum powder

Talcum powder is one of the leading causes of pneumoconiosis, adding compound surfactants to the dust removal process can significantly increase the effectiveness of the dust removal. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the effect of compound surfactants on the wettability of talcum powder. This paper focuses on the ability of compound surfactants to increase the wettability of talcum powder surface by using Materials Studio 8.0. The simulation results were analyzed from the water adsorbed amount, interaction energy, and water molecule concentration profile. Combined with the experimental data of contact angle, the optimal surfactant compounding method was obtained. The simulation results revealed that stable adsorption structures can be formed by the compound of anionic and nonionic surfactants, which can reduce the electrostatic repulsion between anionic surfactants effectively and promote the directional arrangement of nonionic surfactants on the talcum powder surface. When the molar ratio of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Polysorbate 80 was 0.4:0.6, the amount of absorbed water reached 113, which is better than monomers and other compound surfactants. The contact angle experiment results indicated a consistent variation law with the simulation results. The contact angle decreased from 68.48° to 19.84° using the compounding method mentioned above, which has the optimum wetting effect among the four compounding methods. The research results will provide a reference for the application of compound surfactants in talcum powder dustproof work.     

料浆法粉状磷酸-铵装置干燥尾气处理系统的改进

将料浆法粉状磷酸一铵装置干燥尾气处理系统由沉降除尘加喷淋洗涤流程政为文丘里酸洗后除沫加文丘里水洗后除沫流程,消除了沉降室的清理时间,提高了装置的运行效率和除尘洗涤效率,使排放尾气中尘、氨、氟含量大大低于国家排放标准,年创效益约1300万元。     

Use of Surfactants to Enhance the Removal of PAHs from Soil

The efficiency of soil remediation is often limited by the low aqueous solubility of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs. Surfactants can then be used to enhance the removal of PAHs from soils. The dissolution of pure solid deposit of benzo(a)pyrene, B(a)P, has shown that cationic surfactants are the most efficient to increase the aqueous solubility of B(a)P, when compared to neutral or anionic surfactants. In this paper we compare by using soil suspension washings, the efficiency of two surfactants (i) a cationic surfactant, the benzyldimethyl dodecylammonium bromide, BDDA, and (ii) a neutral one, the t-octylphenoxypolyethoxy ethanol, triton X-100. The losses of surfactant, by adsorption on soil or precipitation, were measured together with the release of B(a)P, chosen as a model molecule, representative of all the PAHs. The efficiency of surfactants used in blend was then compared to the efficiency of surfactants alone.     

冶炼烟气制酸系统烟气复合除尘技术的研发应用

介绍了冶炼烟气制酸系统净化工序烟气复合高效除尘技术的工艺流程、关键设备及废水多层级循环减量技术。采用"高效降温湍冲塔+多能除尘洗涤塔+移热除尘增湿冷却塔+电除雾器"工艺除去烟气中氟、砷等有害杂质,通过水平衡分析,合理循环利用酸性废水,达到了高效除尘和废水减量的目的。该技术应用后烟气除尘效率提升0.5个百分点,净化指标达标率提升3.2个百分点,酸性废水减排41.7%。     

新型湿法除尘系统内气液两相流动的数值模拟

结合湿法除尘及挡板绕流技术,本文设计开发了一种带有挡板结构的新型湿法除尘系统。为探究该系统内挡板结构诱导产生的涡旋流动特性及其内部离散相运动规律,基于计算流体力学（CFD）方法,文章选用重整规划群（RNG）k-ε湍流模型数值对比了不同挡板参数下的涡旋结构、速度分布及压降情况等气相流场特性。同时利用离散相模型（DPM）分析了不同工况下喷淋液滴的运动轨迹、逃逸率及驻留时间表现。结果表明,集尘区内弓形挡板的设置可诱导产生涡旋流动,不仅能够抑制低速“流动死区”,同时还可不同程度改善喷淋液滴逃逸情况、有效延长其在装置内的驻留时间。综合考虑气相入口速度v、挡板安放角θ及喷淋液滴粒径D_p的影响,文章推导获得了液滴逃逸率的计算公式,可较为准确地预测喷淋液滴的运动情况。     

Gas recycling as a means of controlling the operation of cyclones

A method is proposed for increasing the dedusting efficiency of cyclones. The method, which is based on the introduction of the gas undergoing purification into a recycle loop, is of considerable practical importance as it enables the process to be controlled so as to maintain a constant efficiency of dust removal.     

水膜除尘器脱硫改造的应用研究

针对水膜除尘器的功能和结构特点,综合运用喷淋洗涤、文丘里高效混合、拦截碰撞等洗涤混合原理,应用一种高效低阻力气体洗涤吸收装置对水膜除尘器进行脱硫改造。工程实践表明,应用该装置对水膜除尘器进行脱硫改造,可以做到除尘脱硫效率高,系统阻力低,投资运行费用低,除尘效率达到98%,脱硫效率大于80%。     

Cold Water Detergency of Triacylglycerol Semisolid Soils: The Effect of Salinity,Alcohol Type,and Surfactant Systems

Cold water detergency of triacylglycerol semisolid soils is much more challenging than liquid vegetable oils due to poorer interaction between surfactants and semisolid soil. This research seeks to improve the removal efficiency of semisolid soils below their melting points using surfactant-based formulations containing different alcohol additives. To this end, cold water detergency of solid coconut oil and solid palm kernel oil was investigated in various surfactant/alcohol systems, including single anionic extended surfactants, single nonionic alcohol ethoxylate surfactants, and a mixture of anionic surfactants. A series of alcohols (2-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, and 1-decanol) were added to the surfactant formulations to investigate cold water detergency improvement. While cold water detergency using surfactants alone was poor, it was considerably improved when optimum salinity (S*) and 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, or 1-nonanol were introduced to the studied surfactant formulations. The maximum detergency of solid coconut oil exceeded 90% removal in the 0.1 w/v% C_14-15-8PO-SO₄Na/0.2 w/v% 1-octanol/4 w/v% NaCl system (a final optimized surfactant system) at a washing temperature of 10°C versus 22.9 ± 2.2% in the surfactant alone (not at optimum salinity and no additive). Further analysis showed that improved cold water detergency using surfactant/intermediate-chain alcohols/NaCl could be correlated with high wettability (low contact angle) as well as favorable surfactant system-soil interaction as observed by lower interfacial tension values. In contrast, the improved cold water detergency was observed to be independent of dispersion stability. This work thus demonstrates that surfactant system design, including additives, can improve cold water detergency of semisolid soils and should be further explored in future research.     

The correlation of washability with the rate of surfactant adsorption

A relation between the rate of adsorption of surfactant molecules at a gas-liquid interface and the soil removal ability of the surfactant solution is presented. The relation is of the form SR=A+Bk+Ck² where SR is the percentage soil removed, A, B, and C are constants, and k is the first order rate constant for the adsorption process. The relation is empirical and as yet has not been coupled with a fundamental explanation of the detergency process on a molecular scale. The maximum soil removal does not always occur at the highest rate constant but may reach a maximum at an intermediate value. The soil removal process seems to be different above the CMC than below it. For the different surfactants studied, the soil removal is higher for the surfactant with larger rate constants. The rate of surfactant adsorption was obtained from dynamic surface tension measurements made with the oscillating jet technique. Soil removal information was obtained from laboratory tests using a Terg-O-Tometer and reflectance measurements on standard cloth swatches. Cationic, nonionic, and anionic surfactants were studied. Specifically, the surfactants were Triton X-100 (an octyl phenol with 8 or 9 ethylene oxide units), NaDBS (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate), and CTAB (cetyl trimethylammonium bromide). The surface tension time range of 5 to 60 milliseconds and soil removal ability of these surfactants was investigated over the temperature range of 20 to 60C, and the concentration range of 0.0003 to 0.009 M.