双馈风电机组并网运行改进控制策略研究

针对国内广泛采用基于定子磁链定矢量的控制方案,提出了双馈感应发电机并网运行的改进策略,以实现规定扰动下双馈风电机组的不间断运行稳定运行能力的提高,构建了DFIG机组的数学模型,分析了并网能量转换过程及扰动下的转矩不平衡与转子过电流的改进控制方案.仿真计算结果验证了该控制方案提高并网风电机组稳定性策略的有效性.     

一种改进的双馈感应发电机低电压穿越控制策略

为提高双馈感应发电机的低电压穿越能力,对转子侧换流器考虑了电网故障时定子磁链变化对有功、无功解耦的影响,并将反映电流耦合及定子磁链变化的附加量作为前馈分量加入电流指令值,对传统矢量控制策略进行了改进。对网侧换流器,提出一种考虑直流环节两侧功率不平衡及电网电压突变的改进控制策略。仿真验证了改进方案对转子过电压、过电流及直流母线电压波动均有很好的抑制作用,有效提高了双馈机的低电压穿越能力。     

双馈风力发电系统故障穿越性能改善的控制策略

PI控制策略限制了双馈风力发电系统的故障穿越能力。文章提出一种基于多开关控制的故障穿越策略,在机端电压跌落瞬态期间利用多态滞环电流矢量控制器快速的瞬态性能抑制转子绕组的过电流,同时实施转子绕组串联动态电阻器,进一步抑制转子绕组的过电压和过电流。详细介绍了多态滞环电流矢量控制器和基于多开关控制的故障穿越策略的实施过程。针对3种典型机端电压跌落类型,在Matlab/Simu1ink平台中构建了所提出的故障穿越控制策略的动态仿真模型并验证了其可行性。仿真结果表明,所提出的故障穿越控制策略改善了双馈风力发电机系统的故障穿越性能。     

双馈风电机组的高电压穿越控制策略

分析了广义电网电压骤升(含对称、不对称骤升)故障下双馈风电机组电磁暂态过渡过程,评估了影响机组高电压穿越运行的关键因素,并梳理了电压骤升、骤降故障诱发双馈机组脱网机理的异同。提出了一种基于瞬态灭磁控制和无功电流支持的双馈机组高电压穿越控制方案。仿真和实验结果表明,所述方案能够显著加快故障电网条件下双馈感应电机定子磁链中直流、负序分量的衰减,进而快速抑制机组电磁转矩和母线电压的波动;同时能够满足并网规范对机组无功电流输出的要求,实现机组的故障穿越运行。     

计及无功补偿的双馈风机低电压穿越技术

为抑制风力发电的间歇性及波动性,需对风电并网系统低电压穿越技术的研究分析。另外,风电并网系统的无功调节性能也是研究的重点及热点。因此,提出一种计及无功补偿的双馈风机低电压穿越控制策略。首先针对传统撬棒的不足,提出了双模式切换的改进撬棒结构,可以减小撬棒投入期间从电网吸收的无功功率,同时更好地抑制转子过电流;其次针对低电压穿越的过程中无功补偿问题,提出了基于STATCOM的动态无功补偿,结合风机自身无功调节能力与改进Crowbar保护电路投切协同控制,促进双馈风电系统LVRT期间风电并网点电压的快速恢复和抑制转子侧过电流,改善双馈风机的低电压穿越性能。通过PSCAD/EMTDC进行仿真验证,结果证明了所提策略的有效性。     

基于Crowbar与动态电压恢复器提高风力机低电压穿越

针对双馈式风电机组,文章提出了Crowbar与动态电压恢复器组合电路实现DFIG低电压穿越。在电网故障时,通过采用DVR的完全补偿法控制策略来补偿电网故障电压,从而使风电机组定子端电压保持恒定;并且Crowbar在电网故障比较严重时投入与DVR同时作用,Crowbar以限制双馈电机转子侧的过电流。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC中构建仿真模型,仿真结果表明,在电网故障时,投入DVR与Crowbar电路,可将电网电压恢复到额定值,并及时有效地抑制了转子侧的过电流,进而提高了风电机组的低电压穿越能力。     

基于智能卸荷电路的双馈风电机组故障穿越控制

双馈风电机组并网比例不断提高,加剧了电网遭遇外部故障导致规模化脱网问题。文章介绍了现有风机故障穿越控制方案的原理,考虑到频繁投切直流卸荷电路电阻易引起电压波形畸变、超级电容器控制方案成本过高等问题,提出了基于智能卸荷电路的双馈风电机组故障穿越控制方案。该方案将卸荷电阻通过DC/DC变换器与直流母线相连,在控制电路中引入有功功率-直流母线电压的下垂控制环节,实现故障期间电路电阻吸收功率的动态调节,同时设置高、低电压穿越两种模式,根据并网点电压变化情况自主启动。最后,在Matlab/Simulink中对智能卸荷电路控制策略进行验证。仿真结果表明,基于智能卸荷电路的风电机组故障穿越控制策略在直流母线电压抑制、电压恢复所需时间、转子电流畸变程度和方案经济成本等方面具有优势。     

一种转子串联可变电阻与卸荷电路配合的低电压穿越方法

针对双馈感应发电机(DFIG)转子串联固定电阻在低电压穿越(LVRT)时,应对故障时的灵活性较低,且低穿效果过于依赖制动电阻的问题,文章提出了转子串联可变电阻与直流侧卸荷电路配合的改进方案。该方案根据转子故障电流的时域表达式对串联阻值进行整定并形成策略表。基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真不同电压跌落情况下,改进方案的低电压穿越特性。结果表明,文章所提出的方案改善了风电机组的暂态稳定性,有效降低无功损耗,总体上低电压穿越效果较好。     

基于主动阻尼器的双馈式风力发电机组故障穿越控制策略

针对双馈式风力发电机组的故障穿越控制策略问题,分析电网对称故障时其转子电压和电流的瞬态特性,找出引起转子过电压和过电流的原因。在不增加励磁系统硬件的条件下,通过改进控制方法在转子中形成一个主动阻尼电阻,有效地限制由定子磁链直流分量引起的转子过电流。以2MW双馈式风力发电机组为例,对所提出的故障穿越控制策略进行仿真研究。仿真结果说明所提出的故障穿越控制策略的可行性和有效性,可提高双馈式风力发电机机组的故障穿越能力。     

基于混合储能DVR的双馈式风电机组故障穿越能力研究

针对2 MW的双馈式风电机组(DFIG)的电网故障问题,提出了蓄电池与超级电容器混合储能的动态电压恢复器(DVR),以提高DFIG的故障穿越能力。在电网电压故障时,可对机组端口电压进行完全补偿,使风电机组的定子电压、转子电流和直流侧电压维持在正常水平。在Matlab/Simulink环境中建立DFIG-DVR系统仿真模型,进行了对称和不对称故障下的低电压穿越和对称故障下的高电压穿越仿真,仿真结果表明混合储能DVR可有效提升风电机组的故障穿越能力。     

双馈感应风力发电系统低电压穿越控制

传统的双馈感应发电机(DFIG)矢量控制方案忽略了定子暂态磁通,导致当电网出现故障时控制性能恶化.为了提高电网故障下DFIG的不间断运行能力,将矢量控制与自抗扰控制器结合起来,利用扩张状态观测器估计出定子暂态磁通和电机参数误差对系统的影响并加以补偿.仿真结果表明该文提出的控制方法削弱了电网故障时DFIG的转子暂态电流峰值和电磁转矩波动,有效地保护了转子变频器和风力机机械结构,而且对电机参数误差具有鲁棒性.     

Fault ride through and voltage regulation for grid connected wind turbine

High penetration of wind generation challenges wind turbine operators to supply reliable power and extract optimum power from the wind. Hence, the fault ride through (FRT) capability of wind turbine together with the optimum power tracking and regulation of wind turbine output voltage due to fluctuating nature of the wind becomes essential. In this paper, a method is proposed to ensure that the double fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine continues to operate during severe grid faults and maintains a constant output voltage, irrespective of the fluctuating wind. The proposed controller also allows the DFIG wind turbine to track optimum power from the wind. Extensive simulation is performed using PSCAD/EMTDC software and results obtained show that the DFIG output voltage fulfills the grid code requirements. The results also show that the proposed method is able to track the optimum power, regulate the DFIG output voltage and perform fault ride through of wind turbine.     

并网永磁直驱风电机组故障穿越能力仿真研究

随着电力电子器件成本下降,拥有全功率变换器的永磁直驱风机成为各国关注热点。风电场容量不断增大,要求风电机组具有故障穿越能力。本文以直驱同步风电发电机组为研究对象,利用matlab/simulink搭建了直驱同步风电机组的动态数学模型,对直驱同步风电机组故障穿越能力进行仿真研究,试验结果表明：在风电场接入点发生故障时,直驱同步风电机组具有故障穿越功能。尤其在电网发生电压跌落时,直驱风机能为系统提供一定的无功支撑。有效防止系统电压过多降落。提高了系统故障运行的稳定性。     

双馈风力发电系统最大风能追踪控制

在分析风力机功率特性和DFIG运行特性的基础上,通过对双馈机转速控制进行最大风能追踪具体过程的深入研究,提出一种基于最大风能追踪的双馈电机有功、无功功率的解耦控制方法。建立了基于发电机定子磁链定向矢量控制的双馈风力发电系统最大风能追踪系统模型,并利用PSCAD／EMTDC对其进行仿真,结果验证了控制策略的正确性。     

双馈风力发电机组并网控制策略及性能分析

为了实现双馈风力发电机组无冲击电流并网,基于电网电压定向矢量控制技术,提出了一种考虑转子电流动态调节特性的双馈风力发电机组空载并网控制策略。基于Matlab/Simulink仿真平台,建立了双馈风力发电机系统及其并网控制的数学模型,并对不同初始运行转速的双馈风力发电机组的自动并网运行特性进行了仿真。仿真实验结果证明无论初始转速为同步转速,还是超、亚同步转速,利用提出的并网控制策略,双馈风力发电机组能很好快速地建立定子电压,并网过渡过程定子电流基本没有冲击。     

应用撬棒电路的双馈型风力发电机低电压穿越分析

风电场规模已经变得越来越大,风电机组的解列会严重影响系统的稳定性,这就要求风电机组具有低电压穿越能力以应对电网电压跌落。由于DFIG的定子侧直接与电网相联,在电网电压突然跌落时,定转子中会出现很大的电压和电流,需采用Crowbar电路（撬棒电路）来旁路转子侧变流器。文中分析了Crowbar电路的控制原理,然后在理论分析的基础上进行了仿真,仿真结果验证了Crowbar电路能够帮助DFIG在故障期间实现低电压穿越,最后进一步分析了Crowbar电路投切时间的选取。     

Co‐ordinated voltage control of DFIG wind turbines in uninterrupted operation during grid faults

Emphasis in this article is on the design of a co‐ordinated voltage control strategy for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines that enhances their capability to provide grid support during grid faults. In contrast to its very good performance in normal operation, the DFIG wind turbine concept is quite sensitive to grid faults and requires special power converter protection. The fault ride‐through and grid support capabilities of the DFIG address therefore primarily the design of DFIG wind turbine control with special focus on power converter protection and voltage control issues. A voltage control strategy is designed and implemented in this article, based on the idea that both converters of the DFIG (i.e. rotor‐side converter and grid‐side converter) participate in the grid voltage control in a co‐ordinated manner. By default the grid voltage is controlled by the rotor‐side converter as long as it is not blocked by the protection system, otherwise the grid‐side converter takes over the voltage control. Moreover, the article presents a DFIG wind farm model equipped with a grid fault protection system and the described co‐ordinated voltage control. The whole DFIG wind farm model is implemented in the power system simulation toolbox PowerFactory DIgSILENT. The DFIG wind farm ride‐through capability and contribution to voltage control in the power system are assessed and discussed by means of simulations with the use of a transmission power system generic model developed and delivered by the Danish Transmission System Operator Energinet.dk. The simulation results show how a DFIG wind farm equipped with voltage control can help a nearby active stall wind farm to ride through a grid fault, without implementation of any additional ride‐through control strategy in the active stall wind farm. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.     

双馈风力发电系统最大风能追踪控制的研究

在分析了风力机功率特性和DFIG运行特性的基础上,通过对双馈机转速控制进行最大风能追踪具体过程的深入研究,提出了一种基于最大风能追踪的双馈电机有功、无功功率的解耦控制方法。建立了基于发电机定子磁链定向矢量控制的双馈风力发电系统最大风能追踪系统模型,并利用PSCAD/EMTDC对其进行仿真,结果验证了控制策略的正确性。     

Sensor fault detection and isolation in doubly-fed induction generators accounting for parameter variations

A fault detection and isolation (FDI) system for monitoring rotor current sensors in a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) for wind turbine applications is presented. The FDI system is designed so that the effect of parameter variations (resistances and inductances) is minimized. The residual generation is based on the generalized observer scheme (GOS) including parameter estimation. A decision system made of a combination of vector CUSUM (Cumulative sum) algorithms is used to process the residual vector and to achieve detection and isolation of incipient (small magnitude) faults. The approach is validated using signals obtained from a simulated vector-controlled DFIG.     

Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network frequency

Synchronous and fixed-speed induction generators release the kinetic energy of their rotating mass when the power system frequency is reduced. In the case of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines, their control system operates to apply a restraining torque to the rotor according to a predetermined curve with respect to the rotor speed. This control system is not based on the power system frequency and there is negligible contribution to the inertia of the power system. A DFIG control system was modified to introduce inertia response to the DFIG wind turbine. Simulations were used to show that with the proposed control system, the DFIG wind turbine can supply considerably greater kinetic energy than a fixed-speed wind turbine.