壳聚糖在白葡萄酒澄清中的应用研究

研究了壳聚糖在白葡萄酒澄清处理中的作用机理、应用条件、作用剂量及澄清效果，壳聚糖的应用有效地提高了白葡萄酒的澄清度、稳定性及光学效果。实验证明，壳聚糖对白葡萄酒的澄清作用效果明显优于明胶、皂土等常用的葡萄酒澄清剂。     

Genetic analysis of dystocia in dairy cattle

Breeding values and genetic parameters for dystocia were estimated in Normande and Holstein breeds. Dystocia scores were related to an underlying continuous variable via a threshold model. The underlying linear model included the effects of calving season, sex of calf by parity of dam, sire of calf, grandsire of calf, dam within maternal grandsire and herd-year effects. Typical results were found for the environmental effects, with a strong influence of dam parity on dystocia, a strong influence of sex of calf, and a small effect of calving season. Herd-year variances were 32 and 40% of the residual variance in the Normande and Holstein breeds, respectively. Heritabilities for the Normande (Holstein) breed were .08 (.07) for direct effects and .11 (.07) for maternal effects. Correlations between sire and grandsire effects were .51 and .36 for the Normande and Holstein breeds, respectively. The corresponding correlations between direct and maternal effects were .15 and -.09. The results of this study show that a complete model for dystocia including the threshold concept and maternal effects can be applied for routine evaluation of dairy AI bulls. Maternal effects are important, and they should be considered in dystocia analysis, especially if nonrandom mating is present. Selection for reducing dystocia in calf and cow effects are not antagonistic.     

Including nonadditive genetic effects in mating programs to maximize dairy farm profitability

We compared the outcome of mating programs based on different evaluation models that included nonadditive genetic effects (dominance and heterozygosity) in addition to additive effects. The additive and dominance marker effects and the values of regression on average heterozygosity were estimated using 632,003 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 7,902 and 7,510 Holstein cows with calving interval and production (milk, fat, and protein yields) records, respectively. Expected progeny values were computed based on the estimated genetic effects and genotype probabilities of hypothetical progeny from matings between the available genotyped cows and the top 50 young genomic bulls. An index combining the traits based on their economic values was developed and used to evaluate the performance of different mating scenarios in terms of dollar profit. We observed that mating programs with nonadditive genetic effects performed better than a model with only additive effects. Mating programs with dominance and heterozygosity effects increased milk, fat, and protein yields by up to 38, 1.57, and 1.21 kg, respectively. The inclusion of dominance and heterozygosity effects decreased calving interval by up to 0.70 d compared with random mating. The average reduction in progeny inbreeding by the inclusion of nonadditive genetic effects in matings compared with random mating was between 0.25 to 1.57 and 0.64 to 1.57 percentage points for calving interval and production traits, respectively. The reduction in inbreeding was accompanied by an average of A$8.42 (Australian dollars) more profit per mating for a model with additive, dominance, and heterozygosity effects compared with random mating. Mate allocations that benefit from nonadditive genetic effects can improve progeny performance only in the generation where it is being implemented, and the gain from specific combining abilities cannot be accumulated over generations. Continuous updating of genomic predictions and mate allocation programs are required to benefit from nonadditive genetic effects in the long term.     

A review of the effects and mechanisms of polyphenolics in cancer

This paper is a comprehensive review of the effects of bioactive polyphenolic compounds commonly found in many fruits and vegetables on cancer. These include the pheniolic acids, anthocyanins, catechins, stilbenes and several other flavonoids. We have attempted to compile information from most of the major studies in this area into one source. The review encompasses the occurrence and bioavailability of the polyphenolics, the in vitro and in vivo evidence for their effects on cancer, both positive and negative, and the various mechanisms by which the chemicals may exert their effects. Although most of the work done to date indicates a chemopreventative activity of these compounds, there are some studies that show cancer-inducing or no effects. There are several common mechanisms by which these chemicals exert their effects that could be conducive to additive, synergistic, or antagonistic interactions. These include effects on cellular differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, effects on proteins and enzymes that are involved in these processes at a molecular level, and other various effects through altered immune function and chemical metabolism.     

Determination of matrix effects occurred during the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in agricultural products using GC-ECD

Matrix effects observed during the multiresidue analysis of seven organochlorine pesticides in six different agricultural products with GC-ECD were assessed. The presence of matrix coextractives, a major cause of observed matrix effects, directly and/or indirectly influenced the chromatographic responses of some pesticides. Two types of external calibrations, solvent calibration (SC) and matrixmatched calibration (MC), were used to assess matrix effects. Greater matrix effects were observed at the lower concentrations of each pesticide. The extent of matrix effects varied unpredictably with matrix type. Among the analyzed pesticides, iprodione, cyhalothrin, and cypermethrin exhibited greater matrix effects (>150%) for almost all matrices. The pesticide recovery rates obtained with MC were not statistically different from a 100% recovery rate in most samples, which indicates that MC may diminish the overestimates occurred due to matrix effects in GC analysis.     

织物条状模纹的研究及其组合设计

 由不同纱线与织物组织配合可以形成各种织物模纹,条状模纹是织物模纹中的一种常例,具有独特的装饰纹理效应,在服用及装饰织物中应用很广泛。分析了条状模纹的组织点配置原理,探讨了从双色到多色的横、直条状模纹的组织配置思路,列举了对条状模纹进行线组合、面组合、线面复合组合等几种延伸设计的方法,提出了运用计算机对织物条状模纹进行设计的初步构想,指出实际应用于产品开发时的设计和生产要点。     

Associations between milk protein polymorphisms and milk production traits.

Associations between milk protein genotypes and milk production traits were estimated from 6803 first lactation records. Exact tests of associated hypotheses and unbiased estimates of genotype effects were from an animal model. Milk protein genotype effects were estimated using a model in which each milk protein gene was analyzed separately (single-gene analysis) and a model in which all milk protein genes were analyzed simultaneously (multigene analysis). The results of the two models indicate that some effects ascribed to certain milk protein genes in the single-gene analysis are not effects of the milk protein gene itself but of linked genes. Results from this study and from literature indicate that the kappa-casein gene or a very closely linked gene affects protein percentage, and the beta-lactoglobulin gene or a very closely linked gene affects fat percentage. Furthermore, effects of beta-casein genotypes on milk production, fat percentage, and protein yield were significant, and beta-lactoglobulin genotypes had significant effects on milk production and protein yield. It is less clear whether those effects are due to effects of milk protein genes themselves or to effects of linked genes.     

丹参提取物与几种抗氧化剂在浓缩EPA和DHA中的抗氧化作用比较

本文比较了丹参提取物（ＳＭＥＣ）、茶多酚、ＴＢＨＱ、ＢＨＴ等几种抗氧化剂在浓缩ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ中的抗氧化作用的强弱，表明，在相同浓度下，丹参提取物的抗氧化作用不如茶多酚、ＢＨＴ及ＴＢＨＱ，丹参提取物及茶多酚的抗氧化作用均随浓度的升高而加强，丹参提取物与ＢＨＴ或ＴＢＨＱ有阶同作用，共同使用可大大增强抗氧化作用。     

制麦过程中乳酸菌对霉菌的抑制作用

本文从乳酸菌添加时间和培养时间两个方面研究了乳酸菌对出炉麦芽表面霉菌的抑制作用并考察添加后对出炉麦芽常规指标是否有不利影响.结果表明,在湿浸阶段添加效果较好,浸麦结束和发芽第一天添加的抑制效果不明显.将划线培养后的乳酸菌直接加入,添加量为（1.0-2.0）＆#215;108个/克绝干大麦时,乳酸菌对出炉麦芽表面霉菌产生了明显的抑制作用,随着菌种培养时间的延长,抑菌效果呈下降趋势.添加一定量乳酸菌后对麦芽一般理论指标无不利影响.     

凝胶渗透色谱净化-高效液相色谱法测定食品中9种工业染料的基质效应

建立凝胶渗透色谱净化-高效液相色谱法测定食品中9种工业染料的方法,通过标准加入法分析火腿肠、肉肠、猪肉、火锅底料4种食品中工业染料的基质效应,并比较基质标准曲线和溶剂标准曲线方法的回收率,探讨基质种类、基质浓度、工业染料浓度对基质效应的影响,寻找减弱基质效应的方法。结果表明:9种工业染料的基质标准曲线和溶剂标准曲线在0.25~4.0 μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好;4种食品对9种工业染料均存在不同程度的基质效应;基质种类、基质浓度、工业染料浓度均影响基质效应的强度;用乙酸乙酯-环己烷(1∶1,v/v)提取,凝胶净化方式净化样品可以在一定程度上减弱基质效应,但不能消除基质效应。     

五种保健品清除自由基作物的研究

本文于不同体系中体外检测了市售五种保健品对自由基的清除作用。它们对1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基自由基（DPPH·）的清除作用呈量效关系,浓度越高,清除作用越强;对羟自由基（·OH）的清除作用有一个最佳浓度值,高于或低于此值时清除作用均减弱;对超氧阴离子自由基(）的清除作用各不相同。它们对自由基的清除作用可能是其分子药理学的基础之一。     

大豆异黄酮抑制胃癌细胞生长作用的研究

本实验以人胃癌SGC-7901细胞为体外实验模型,通过MTT实验,分裂指数法和集落形成实验,筛选具有较强抑制胃癌细胞生长作用的大豆异黄酮单体成分。结果表明游离形式的金雀异黄素的抑癌效果最为显著,其他形式的金雀异黄素苷和黄豆苷体外抑制细胞生长作用不明显。金雀异黄素代谢前体物鸡豆苷素亦有较显著的抑制效果,但作用迟缓。苷元形式的大豆异黄酮抑制肿瘤细胞生长作用明显强于苷类形式的大豆异黄酮,三羟异黄酮金雀异黄素是大豆异黄酮发挥生物学作用的最有效单体成分。     

妇炎清胶囊抗炎镇痛作用的实验研究

目的　观察妇炎清胶囊的抗炎、镇痛药理作用。方法　采用热板法和扭体法观察胶囊对小鼠的镇痛作用,采用小鼠耳肿胀法观察胶囊的抗炎作用。结果　妇炎清胶囊低、高剂量均可显著提高1h、1 .5h小鼠痛阈百分率,并呈剂量依赖关系;能显著减少醋酸所致小鼠扭体的次数;显著减轻二甲苯致炎小鼠的耳郭肿胀度,并呈剂量依赖关系。结论　动物实验表明妇炎清胶囊具有明显的抗炎镇痛作用,与临床疗效相符。     

Lack of evidence of cytoplasmic inheritance in milk production traits of dairy cattle

Heritability estimates, by year of freshening of daughter, were obtained from daughter-dam and granddaughter-granddam regressions using 61,482 triply matched first lactations of artificially sired Holstein cows obtained from the Northeast Dairy Records Processing Laboratory. After adjusting for herd-year-season effects, residual effects may include additive and other genetic effects of the animal, maternal effects, cytoplasmic effects, and other environmental effects. Analysis of residuals showed that cytoplasmic effects accounted for no variation in milk and fat yield and fat percent. Weighted yearly heritability estimates and standard errors from daughter on dam regressions were .35 +/- .01 for milk yield, .30 +/- .01 for milk fat yield, and .63 +/- .01 for milk fat percent and from daughter on granddam regressions were .34 +/- .03 for milk production, .28 +/- .03 for milk fat production, and .55 +/- .03 for milk fat percent. The differences between daughter-dam and daughter-granddam heritability estimates, which estimate twice the fraction of variance due to cytoplasmic effects, were negative and not statistically significant for milk fat yield and also were negative but highly significant for milk fat percent.     

Metabonomics: a developing platform for better understanding Chinese herbal teas as a complementary therapy

Chinese herbal teas (CHTs) have gained increasing attention throughout the world as a complementary therapy. Due to the multicomponent composition in herbal teas, the molecular mechanisms of their causality in health effects are still elusive and becoming the main obstacles for their application. There is a pressing need for a more systematic study about their molecular mechanisms to substantiate the health effects of CHTs. With the particular feature of measuring the real metabolic phenotype resulted from molecular interplay between host and environmental factors, metabonomics is especially suited to inspect metabolic responses to CHT intake and provide insights into health effects. Application of metabonomics to uncover the effects of CHTs on human health is foreseen as providing deeper insights of the complicated molecular mechanisms of CHTs by explaining relatively subtle and different effects of herbal tea intervention, classifying the metabolic responses to herbal tea, depicting synergistic effects of CHTs and evaluating the safety of CHTs intake.     

脂肪酶催陈白酒应用条件对微量成分影响的研究

以脂肪酶Novozym435作为催化剂,探索了应用脂肪酶进行白酒催陈过程不同反应条件对白酒中微量成分的影响。结果表明,Novozym435对不同酒度白酒均有明显的作用,常规作用温度及转速对催陈影响不明显,加酶量对催陈有着较强的影响。     

Methodology for estimation of days dry effects

The primary objective of this research was to determine if, with appropriate methodology, unbiased estimates of days dry (DD) effects on subsequent lactation milk yield can be obtained from field data, particularly when DD is correlated with cow effects. Another objective was to ascertain relevant sampling properties of designed trials for estimation of DD effects. Simulated records were used to assess methodology. Along with a model with no adjustments for cow effects, alternative models including 1) previous lactation milk yield, 2) a prior adjustment for cow effects estimated from an animal model, and 3) a combination of 1 and 2, were tested.Estimates from the unadjusted model were biased downward; however, the 3 alternative analyses provided estimates of DD effects that were essentially unbiased, with a prior adjustment for cow effects and previous milk yield in the model providing the best results in terms of elimination of bias. Therefore, DD effects can be estimated from field data without bias from cow effects.A designed trial with 2 groups and 10 or fewer cows/ group is noninformative and has an unacceptably high probability of leading to invalid conclusions. A minimum of 30 cows/group is considerably better and should be used whenever possible. Even with 30 cows/group, however, the power is low unless the difference between DD groups for yield is at least 1130 kg. Prior correction of 305-d, mature equivalent records for cow effects, using predicted producing abilities, could be done in designed trials to improve the statistical power of tests and accuracy of estimates.     

Non-carcinogenic effects of TCDD in animals

Exposure to TCDD and related chemicals leads to a plethora of effects in multiple species, tissues, and stages of development. Responses range from relatively simple biochemical alterations through overtly toxic responses, including lethality. The spectrum of effects shows some species variability, but many effects are seen in multiple wildlife, domestic, and laboratory species, ranging from fish through birds and mammals. The same responses can be generated regardless of the route of exposure, although the administered dose may vary. The body burden appears to be the most appropriate dosimetric. Many of the effects often attributed to TCDD are associated with relatively high doses: lethality, wasting, lymphoid and gonadal atrophy, chloracne, hepatotoxicity, adult neurotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity. Changes in multiple endocrine and growth factor sytems have been reported in a manner which is tissue, sex, and age-dependent. The most sensitive adverse effects observed in multiple species appear to be developmental, including effects on the developing immune, nervous, and reproductive systems. Such effects have been observed at maternal body burdens in the range of 30-80 ng/kg in both non-human primates and rodents. Biochemical effects on cytokine expression and metabolizing enzymes occur at body burdens which are within a factor of ten of the clearly adverse developmental responses. Thus, effects on the immune system, learning, and the developing reproductive system of multiple animals occur at body burdens which are close to those present in the background human population.     

我国纺织品出口贸易环境效应的实证分析

贸易的环境效应是指与贸易相关的经济活动对自然环境产生的综合影响。运用格鲁斯曼和克鲁格曼的分析方法对1991-2006年我国纺织品贸易环境效应进行了实证分析。研究表明,我国纺织品出口贸易的发展对环境产生了资源过度利用与环境污染的规模效应,环保技术的引入和实施,对环境产生了积极的正面技术效应。然而,技术效应、结构效应、产品效应、法规效应的正面作用尚不能抵御规模负面效应。在此基础上提出了我国纺织品的生产与出口要促使贸易对环境产生更多的正效应以及减少贸易对环境产生的负效应的相关建议。     

脱墨化学品对Netbond助留系统影响的初步研究

对脱墨化学品，如表面活性剂、硅酸钠，螯合剂等对Netbond助留系统助留效果的影响进行了初步研究，结果表明它们对Netbond助留系统有着不同的影响和不利的影响。