等温条件下球形颗粒沉降的轨迹特性

采用粒子图像测速仪研究了球形颗粒在重力作用下沉降的流场特性,研究了同一雷诺数(Re)下不同释放位置、同一释放位置不同Re下的颗粒沉降的规律. 结果表明,Re≤100时,同一Re下不同释放位置,颗粒最终稳定沉降位置均在中心处. 颗粒的释放位置沿中心线对称时,颗粒沉降的轨迹线沿中心位置对称;同一释放位置不同Re下,随Re增加,颗粒最终沉降轨迹由稳定的直线下降变为稳定的周期性摆动下降.颗粒的平衡位置与颗粒的初始释放位置及Re无关,但颗粒沉降的轨迹形状与释放位置及Re有关. 模拟结果与实验结果几乎一致.     

管式固定床反应器柱状颗粒床层流体流动模拟与实验研究

针对管式固定床反应器内管束数量多、规模大等特点,选取单个管束作为特征结构。对装填不同直径柱状颗粒的管束,采用程序坐标定位的方法,建立柱状颗粒床层的物理模型。采用DEM与CFD联合数值仿真方法,探究反应管内径与柱状颗粒的等比表面积球当量直径之比(管径比Di/dp)对柱状颗粒床层流体流动的影响,并建立单管固定床反应器试验台,采用差压测试方法进行实验研究。结果表明,当Di/dp由5.37增至12.75时,床层空隙率和流体分布均匀性均得到改善,壁面效应的影响由床层中心减弱到管壁。基于数值模拟及实验结果对Di/dp=12.75的柱状颗粒床层进行床层压降Ergun公式常系数修正,CFD模拟计算的结果与拟合公式吻合较好。研究结果能为固定床反应器压降预测提供参考。     

几种不同活性炭的水力学特性研究

研究了不同粒径球形活性炭固定床层的水力学性能，并与颗粒破碎炭、柱状炭作了对比实验。考察了活性炭形状、粒径、床层空隙率、液体的表观流速和粘度对床层压降的影响，并用Ergun方程对实验结果进行了分析与讨论。结果表明，在粘度较小时，相对于柱状炭和颗粒破碎炭，球形活性炭的水力学性能最好；在粘度较大时，粒径大于1mm的球形活性炭才具有较好的水力学性能。     

搅拌釜中湍流流场和细长颗粒取向的模拟

采用两流体模型和改进的内外迭代法模拟了搅拌釜中固相为细长颗粒的液固两相湍流流场,采用标准的κ-ε模型封闭,用SIMPLE算法求解压力.模拟结果与搅拌釜中固相为球形颗粒时的流场进行比较,速度场基本相同,仅釜中心处速度略有差别.对细长颗粒取向模拟时,与以往文献多以Jeffery方程为研究出发点不同,本文作者直接利用刚体颗粒的运动和转动方程,得到搅拌釜中细长颗粒取向的变化规律.     

球形活性炭流体力学特性的研究

研究了不同粒径球形活性炭在固定床中的流体力学特性,并与颗粒活性炭、柱状活性炭作对比试验。考察了活性炭形状、粒径、床层高度及空隙率、气体的袁观流速对床层压降的影响。结果表明,球形活性炭的流体力学性能最好,粉尘量约为柱状炭和颗粒炭的10％左右,对于相同当量直径的活性炭,球形炭的床层压降约为柱状炭的40％～50％,颗粒炭的50％～70％。     

20L近球形密闭罐内可燃气体流动和火焰传播的数值模拟

采用流体动力学计算软件-FLUENT数值模拟20 L近球形密闭罐进气流场,并分析进气位置、进气速度对进气流场的影响。结果表明:进气流速越大,密闭容器内的压强和气体湍流强度越大;当进气口直径与容器高度比值较小时,罐内压强、速度、湍流强度的最大值都位于进气口的轴线上,轴线左右两边的气体在不同时刻呈相同或相近的流态。模拟了可燃气体爆炸后火焰在罐内的传播过程,得到火焰以点火源为中心,以褶皱球形面向四周扩张,最后对模拟监测的压力值和实验压力传感器采集到的压力值进行比较。直观再现了20 L近球形密闭罐进气时气体扰动状况和近球形密闭罐中心点火的火焰传播过程。     

振动作用下粘性颗粒动力学行为的实验研究

在振动作用下通过对四种不同粒径颗粒进行实验,得出了不同粒径粉体表面聚团率与频率的规律,以粉体倾斜面与水平面夹角所表示的粉体流动性随频率变化的规律,粉体聚团最大直径随时间变化规律以及流动粉体最小百分比与频率之间的变化规律。     

连铸结晶器内非金属夹杂物运动行为模拟

通过联立求解Navier-Stokes方程和颗粒运动轨迹方程来确定非金属夹杂物在钢液中的上浮速度,对板坯结晶器内夹杂物的运动规律进行了模拟,并用个别实验结果进行了验证. 结果表明: 夹杂物颗粒粒径越大,浮力作用越明显,其下潜深度越小,停留时间缩短,夹杂物上浮的可能性越大. 为保证夹杂物顺利上浮至渣层被去除,在本计算条件下, 连铸机垂直段长度应大于2.5 m.     

防返混锥对双循环旋风器性能的影响研究

前面的研究表明,双循环旋风分离器的设计使得大于3μm颗粒的分离效率接近100%。本文通过CFD模拟软件Fluent 6.2对带有防返混锥的双循环旋风分离器内的压力场和颗粒轨迹进行了数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了比较,模拟结果和实验结果基本一致。模拟得出防返混锥可使分离器的阻力系数增加12%,并减小灰仓内3μm以下颗粒的返混量。实验结果表明,进口气速在8～21m/s时,防返混锥可使主进口和回流口的阻力系数分别增加14.6%和11.8%;当进口平均气速在15～19m/s时,若采用主进口进料,防返混锥可使总分离效率提高0.15%～0.2%;若采用回流口进料,可提高1.5%～2%。     

单一尺寸圆柱颗粒填充床的阻力特性

通过直径为3、4 mm不同长度的圆柱颗粒填充床的阻力特性实验,研究了颗粒密度对填充床孔隙率的影响,结合文献孔隙率数据修正了孔隙率模型使其在高球形度时预测更准,分析了等效直径的计算方法对Ergun常数的影响,得到圆柱颗粒填充床的阻力特性并与Nemec和Wu的阻力预测模型进行对比,提出新的拟合方法对Ergun常数进行拟合。结果表明:颗粒密度在1156～7947 kg/m~3范围内对填充床的孔隙率没有影响;结合文献数据得到圆柱颗粒填充床的孔隙率修正模型;文献中预测不同L/D的圆柱颗粒堆积床的阻力时结果相差较大,Nemec模型要比Wu模型预测准确度高,但也不适用所有L/D下的阻力预测;结合圆柱颗粒填充床孔隙率提出新的拟合方法,拟合Ergun常数时,采用dep作为等效直径的拟合优度最高;提出新的Ergun常数表达式,适用于圆柱直径3～4 mm,L/D=1～10的圆柱颗粒,相比于Nemec模型其R~2更高,适用范围更明确,因此实用性更强。     

Low-Reynolds-number motion of a heavy sphere between two parallel plane walls

A novel boundary-integral algorithm [Staben, M.E., Zinchenko, A.Z., Davis, R.H., 2003. Motion of a particle between two parallel plane walls in low-Reynolds-number Poiseuille flow. Physics of Fluids 15, 1711-1733; Erratum: Phys. Fluids 16, 4206] is used to obtain O(1)-nonsingular terms that are combined with two-wall lubrication asymptotic terms to give resistance coefficients for near-contact or contact motion of a heavy sphere translating and rotating between two parallel plane walls in a Poiseuille flow. These resistance coefficients are used to describe the sphere's motion for two cases: a heavy sphere driven by a Poiseuille flow in a horizontal channel and a heavy sphere settling due to gravity through a quiescent fluid in an inclined channel. When the heavy sphere contacts a wall in either system, which occurs when the gap between the sphere and the wall becomes equal to the surface roughness of the sphere (or plane), a contact-force model using the two-wall resistance coefficients is employed. For a heavy sphere in a Poiseuille flow, experiments were performed using polystyrene particles with diameters 10%-60% of the channel depth, driven through a glass microchannel using a syringe pump. The measured translational velocities for these particles show good agreement with theoretical results. The predicted translational velocity increases for increasing particle diameter, as the spheres extend further into the Poiseuille flow, except for particles that are so large (diameters of 80%-85% of the channel depth) that the upper wall has a dominant influence on the particle velocity. For a heavy sphere settling in a quiescent fluid in an inclined channel, the transition from the no-slip regime to slipping motion occurs for a larger inclination angle of the channel with respect to the horizontal for an increase in particle diameter, since the larger particles are more slowed by the second wall. Limited experiments were performed for Teflon spheres with diameters 64%-95% of the channel depth settling in a very viscous fluid along the lower wall of an inclined acrylic channel. The measured translational velocities, which are only about 15%-25% of the tangential component of the undisturbed Stokes settling velocity, are in close agreement with theory using physical parameters obtained from similar experiments with a single wall [Galvin, K.P., Zhao, Y., Davis, R.H., 2001. Time-averaged hydrodynamic roughness of a noncolloidal sphere in low Reynolds number motion down an inclined plane. Physics of Fluids 13, 3108-3119].     

On the stochastic nature of the motion of nonspherical aerosol particles. II: The overall drift angle in sedimentation

The sedimentation of cylindrical aerosol particles in a gravitational field was studied experimentally and theoretically in relation to the overall drift caused by the interaction with rotational Brownian motion. Experimentally, the location of glass fibers settling in a sedimentation cell through a hole onto a horizontal collecting surface was checked with the aid of a scanning electron microscope, the maximally drifted particle noted and its dimensions measured by a photogrammetric technique. Theoretically, the distribution of the settling points of the particles on the horizontal surface was calculated by a Monte Carlo method. In both sides of the study, it was found that the particles have a non-negligible overall drift the angle of which decreases with the duration of fall.     

A new method for the control of dilute suspension sedimentation by horizontal movement

This research addresses some factors that control the stability of dilute suspensions in sedimentation processes under a dynamic environment. Experimental and numerical studies were conducted about the sedimentation velocity control of dilute suspensions by horizontal movement for particle concentrations up to 8 wt.%. Nearly monodispersed particles were used as test particles. The effects of horizontal movement speed and amplitude on particle sedimentation process were investigated. Under stationary conditions, particles settle in only one vertical direction because of gravitational force. However, complicated particle motions arise under moving conditions due to circulation flow in horizontal moving conditions. The results show that horizontal movement can reduce the particle settling velocity or maintain the stability of the suspension.     

Primary Study of a Settling Fiber Particle in a Particle Cloud

Fiber particles have some unique behaviors due to their special shapes, which are important to those related industries. When a single fiber is in a particle cloud, its behavior will be influenced by others around it. Hence, the behavior of an isolated fiber particle will be different from that in a particle cloud, such as aggregation, orientation, and drag coefficient. However, little information is available on these phenomena, especially drag coefficient. Therefore, this article focuses on the settling process of a fiber particle in a particle cloud. Experiments were conducted to observe the settling behavior of fiber particles and to determine the drag coefficients of an isolated fiber particle in a particle cloud. The relationship between drag coefficient, orientation, and Re for different fiber particles is obtained, which is independent of volume concentration. It is further observed that the aspect ratio has little influence on the drag coefficients of fiber particles. By comparison, it is noticed that these relationships are similar to those found for an isolated single-fiber particle. Furthermore, the orientation of a fiber particle in a particle cloud fluctuates around the stable horizontal orientation in the same way as a single-fiber particle, but returns to the steady state more quickly.     

Local measurements of fluid and particle velocities in a stirred suspension

An experimental approach is proposed for the measurement of the local behaviour of continuous and dispersed phases in a stirred suspension at low particle concentrations (0.5 vol.%). The basic principle involves the simultaneous measurement of the local velocity and particle size with a phase Doppler velocimeter and the separation of the data obtained from large particles (representing the dispersed phase) and very small particles (representing the motion of the continuous liquid phase).This technique was applied to the investigation of a fully baffled cylindrical vessel, with a flat bottom, stirred by an industrial axial propeller. The diameters of the vessel and the propeller and the vertical clearance were 0.3 m, 0.14 m and 0. l m respectively. The liquid was water and spherical glass particles were used as the dispersed phase.In the absence of particles, the circulation pattern created by the propeller in the middle plane between two baffles revealed a major circulation loop in the lower part of the vessel and a minor contra-rotative loop in the wall surface corner. The calculated pumping coefficient, circulation flow number, non-dimensional time of renewal and circulation time were 0.62, 0.89, 11.76 and 8.15 respectively. The tangential velocities remained at values of less than 15% of the impeller tip velocity in the plane of the measurements.Axial, radial and tangential mean and root-mean-square velocities for the carrier liquid phase and particles were measured in the two-phase flow, using particles with a mean diameter of 253 μm. These measurements showed that the particles lagged behind the liquid phase in the upward parts of the flow field, but were ahead in some downward parts. The root-mean-square axial velocities obtained for the particles were always greater than these obtained for the continuous phase. Non-homogeneities in the suspension were observed by the local mean diameter field. The effects of the stirring rate and size of the particles were also checked in the upward part of the flow in the vessel.     

大长径比细长颗粒的沉降实验和曳力系数的关联

引　言对球状颗粒的研究已取得丰硕的成果[1] ,但对其他形状颗粒的研究则较少 ,特别是细长颗粒 .形状的特殊性使细长颗粒的曳力系数与球状颗粒明显不同 ,仅有的文献[2～ 4] 将研究重点放在静止液体中颗粒沉降时的取向和终端沉降速度 ,且一般采用球形度表示曳力系数 ,颗粒长径比     

Clusters Formation during Sedimentation of Dilute Suspensions

Abstract

Particle interactions in dilute monodispersed sedimenting suspensions of spherical particles are studied as a function of solid concentration. It is shown that in suspensions with solid concentrations below 0.83%, the interactions are too insignificant to effect the use of Stokes' law in sedimentation results. Beyond this concentration, however, a definite change in suspension behavior occurs, as particles come close enough to form clusters of varying sizes causing faster settling rates. Optimum clustering takes place around 4.5%-solid concentration, corresponding to mean interspacing of 2.2 particle diameter within suspension and giving settling rates 1.58 times faster than the Stokes' velocity for a mean particle. Clusters start breaking beyond this concentration as the sedimentation becomes more hindered and the return upward flow of liquid becomes increasingly tortuous. The probability of clusters formation and their stability as a function of particle size, concentration, and the Reynolds number of suspensions are also investigated. The studies are further extended to demonstrate the effect of “immobile” liquid within the clusters in interpreting the sedimentation results.     

Consequences of an asymmetrical confinement in the transfer phenomena for a cylinder at low Reynolds numbers

In most of the systems where heat or mass transfer occur geometrical symmetries are often present. In this paper, we wish to know if the global flux transferred to cylindrical particles in motion (sedimentation, etc.) could be influenced when introducing some geometrical disturbance breaking the general symmetry of the system. To answer this question, we numerically investigate the simple configuration of a single cylindrical particle moving at constant speed between two parallel walls when the particle is off the symmetry plane and when the thermal boundary conditions are of the Dirichlet or Neumann type. When the geometrical disturbance of the system increases, the results show that the backflow that appears in such confined situations yields a non-intuitive evolution of the transfer in convective regimes. In this case a minimum of the flux appears off the symmetry plane. However, in purely diffusive regimes, we find a monotonical evolution of the transfer.     

Measurement and modeling of the settling velocity of isometric particles

The sedimentation of solid particles of simple form and complex form has been studied. The applied data in the case of isometric particles have been compared to those of spherical particles of same volume. This comparison allows highlighting an equivalent sedimentation diameter concept.Dimensionless factor depending on the extended equivalent diameter, the geometric aspect of the particle and the flow have been defined. The use of this factor allows finding an interrelationship with another dimensionless factor which is the Archimedes number. This last depends on the physical parameter of the particle and the carrying fluid. The numerical treatment of this interrelationship permitted to deduct an empirical model for the settling velocity of particles. This model is applied with success to the data of the considered measures and well compared to the results obtained by other models.