废钢在底吹反应器中运动熔化及混匀的水模型实验

通过水模型实验,使用饱和氯化钾溶液制作的冰样模拟重型废钢,研究其在底吹气体搅拌反应器中的运动、融化及溶质的混匀规律。探究了单孔吹气模式下的液面高度、双孔吹气方式下的气体流量等因素对其的影响。结果表明,单孔吹气时,液面高度较低时(液面高度与直径比为0.42),气柱发展不充分,容器内环流较弱,盐球在气柱上下往复运动,融化较为缓慢。随着液面高度增加(液面高度与直径比为1.04),盐球随着环流运动,融化过程加快,按照98%标准得到的KCl的混匀时间甚至低于融化时间。双孔吹气时,A孔气体流量0.8 m3/h不变,B孔气体流量为0.5和1.0 m3/h时,盐球从吹气孔A上方加入后,在容器底部停留一段时间,在60~70 s之后才运动到顶部,沿着环流运动;B孔流量增加至1.5 m3/h时,盐球不会在底部停留,随气柱运动到吹气流量大的一侧的羽流区,其融化过程较快。在双孔吹气方案中,也发现了KCl的混匀时间低于融化时间的规律,这和融化末期盐球质量较小,释放的盐分较少有关。在本研究中,双孔吹气对盐球融化的促进作用不如单孔吹气且流量较大的方案。     

废钢对转炉熔池混匀过程的影响

采用物理模拟研究某炼钢厂250 t转炉冶炼过程中废钢加入量、分布方式和轻重废钢对熔池搅拌混匀的影响。结果表明,轻废钢和重废钢对熔池混匀影响不同,加入轻废钢,熔池混匀时间随废钢量增加而增加,底吹流量为50 L/min时,加入20和60 t废钢熔池混匀时间分别比无废钢时上升48.60%和134.70%。加入重废钢时,废钢在熔池中的分布方式会影响熔池钢液流动,从而影响熔池混匀时间。重废钢在炉底集中分布时,熔池混匀时间随废钢量增加而增加,随底吹气体流量增加而降低。过量底吹气体可能对熔池搅拌有负面影响,底吹流量大于40 L/min时,熔池混匀时间上升。熔池均匀分布时,熔池混匀时间受废钢加入量和底吹气体流量影响。底吹气体流量为25 L/min、重废钢均匀分布时,熔池混匀时间在废钢加入量为40 t和60 t时比20 t时分别降低30.13%和12.93%。废钢倾侧分布时,形成了熔池中非对称搅拌,增加了熔池水平横向流动,一定程度上有利于熔池混匀。相同供气量(25 L/min)下,40 t废钢均匀分布和倾侧分布的混匀时间比集中分布时分别低38.87%和41.01%。     

废钢对转炉熔池流体流动影响研究

通过物理模拟和数值模拟,研究某钢厂250吨转炉中废钢集中分布时熔池特征,以及废钢对转炉熔池流体流动的影响.结果 表明,底吹流量为40 L/min时,加入10,20,40,60t废钢的熔池混匀时间相比无废钢时分别上升21.16％,63.70％,87.02％和217.03％.底吹气量较小时(＜40 L/min),熔池混匀时...     

底吹钢包三相流的数值模拟

采用多相流体积法对某钢厂的LF炉底吹钢包建立了氩气/钢液/钢渣三相瞬态数学模型. 描述了钢包内多相流动的基本形貌,并与稳态计算的结果进行了对比;研究了不同吹气流量对渣滴卷入深度和渣眼直径的影响. 计算结果表明,渣滴卷入深度和渣眼直径随吹气流量的增加而增加,且在吹气流量为600 L/min时发生骤增,该流量为临界卷渣吹气流量;在保持吹气流量为300 L/min的条件下,当渣层厚度从150 mm增加到300 mm时,渣眼直径由455 mm减小至110 mm,且此时更容易发生卷渣现象.     

150吨桶型钢包吹氩制度的反应工程学

以150吨桶型钢包为研究对象,建立水力模型,以电导法测定钢包内的混匀时间,讨论吹气位置、气体流量、径深比、气液密度比等对钢液混匀时间的影响,同时用数值模拟的方法对流场进行计算.结果表明,位置距炉底圆心2R/3处单孔吹气混匀时间最短,为最佳吹气位置;双孔吹气距中心R/2 R/2处,且沿直径对称分布时的混匀时间次之,结合钢包炉的电气特征分析,得出LF各操作阶段合理的吹氩流量.     

60 t钢包浇注过程中汇流旋涡形成机理

依据相似原理,通过水模拟实验,对某钢厂60 t钢包浇注过程中钢水旋涡产生及卷渣过程进行研究,考察了初始液面高度、水口直径、水口偏心率和渣层对产生旋涡临界高度的影响. 结果表明,产生旋涡的临界高度随水口直径增大而增大,随水口偏心率增大而减小,初始液面高度对产生旋涡的临界高度影响不大,渣层在一定程度上可抑制旋涡的产生和发展,但其厚度对旋涡没有明显影响. 得到了钢包浇注过程中产生旋涡的临界高度h与钢包浇注水口直径d及水口偏心率e之间的关系式h=65.276+1.427d-76.778e.     

210 t顶底复吹转炉水模型实验研究

通过水模实验研究了210 t顶底复吹转炉底部供气元件的布置方式、顶吹气体流量和顶枪枪位等对熔池混匀时间、冲击深度和冲击直径的影响.结果表明,各因素对混匀时间、冲击深度和冲击直径的影响不同.最短混匀时间的操作参数为:底部布置方式A3,顶吹流量50000Nm3/h,底吹流量1000Nm3/h,枪位1 700mm,喷孔倾角1...     

球形容器内石蜡非约束融化特性实验

通过可视化实验研究了球内受空隙影响的石蜡（RT27）非约束融化过程,探讨了球直径、加热温度、初始温度以及相变材料（PCM）填充率对球内非约束融化特性的影响。通过对PCM固液界面演化、固相运动等融化行为的观察发现,受球内空隙影响,非约束融化过程会出现固相PCM先漂浮后下沉的融化模式。进一步的量化结果表明：增大球直径,固相PCM漂浮时间先增大后减小,总融化时间则持续增大;提升加热温度和初始温度,固相PCM漂浮时间和总融化时间减小;增大PCM填充率,固相漂浮时间和总融化时间先增大后减小。最后,通过对实验数据的无量纲化分析,提出了无量纲总融化时间（受Rayleigh数、Stefan数、PCM填充率、无量纲初始温度影响）关系式。     

球形容器内石蜡非约束融化特性实验

通过可视化实验研究了球内受空隙影响的石蜡(RT27)非约束融化过程,探讨了球直径、加热温度、初始温度以及相变材料(PCM)填充率对球内非约束融化特性的影响。通过对PCM固液界面演化、固相运动等融化行为的观察发现,受球内空隙影响,非约束融化过程会出现固相PCM先漂浮后下沉的融化模式。进一步的量化结果表明:增大球直径,固相PCM漂浮时间先增大后减小,总融化时间则持续增大;提升加热温度和初始温度,固相PCM漂浮时间和总融化时间减小;增大PCM填充率,固相漂浮时间和总融化时间先增大后减小。最后,通过对实验数据的无量纲化分析,提出了无量纲总融化时间(受Rayleigh数、Stefan数、PCM填充率、无量纲初始温度影响)关系式。     

窑炉玻璃液面控制研究

在CRT玻壳和太阳能超白压延光伏玻璃的制造过程中,玻璃窑炉是将石英砂、纯碱、芒硝、碳酸钠等多种配合料通过加热融化成澄清的玻璃液的装置,是玻璃生产中最为重要的环节.在熔化玻璃的过程中,液面高度控制非常重要.主要对窑炉玻璃液面控制进行分析和探讨.     

Pretreatment of wastewater by vacuum freezing system in a cool–thermal storage process

Pretreatment of wastewater by freezing under vacuum in a cool–thermal storage process was investigated. Analyses of vacuum freezing and zone melting were made for the estimation of the ice thickness and the solute distribution of ice crystals from which optimum solidification thickness and operating time were determined. It was found that ice sublimation rate played an important role in determining the efficiency and the pay-off of the process.     

Failure of Capillary Theory of Frost Damage as Applied to Ceramics

The behavior of solid bars of porous ceramics saturated with water was investigated during the freezing and melting of the water. The length change, differential temperature, and temperature were monitored continuously during the experiments. The behavior of the saturated bars during the freezing of water was analyzed in detail. It was shown that quasi-equilibrium conditions, as assumed by the capillary theory of frost damage, did not satisfactorily describe the results of these experiments because the plasticity of the ice phase is too low to permit pressure equilibration.     

加废钢条件下铁水包的异常侵蚀与用材问题探讨

对铁水包的异常侵蚀进行了调研,对铁水包用砖的性能、组成与结构进行分析.结果表明:1)铁水包包壁采用的铝碳化硅碳砖与包底用铝碳化硅碳砖不同,含较多的叶蜡石,Al2O3含量只有36.32％(w);体积密度、显气孔率、耐压强度均低于行业标准的要求;其抗氧化性差,使用过程中氧化形成多孔层,造成砖衬结构疏松,引起断砖、局部磨损及...     

乙醇溶液液滴降压闪蒸特性

基于液滴低压闪蒸理论,设计了一套悬垂液滴的真空闪蒸可视化实验装置,研究了质量分数为0、5%、10%、20%的乙醇溶液液滴的降压闪蒸特性,记录了液滴的成核结晶过程。液滴在降压条件下会经历液态蒸发、伴随气泡生长的蒸发、稳态蒸发结冰、伴随气泡生长的结冰、外部结冰内部气泡逸出最终爆裂5种形态。研究表明乙醇溶液的浓度越高,液滴的凝固点越低,液滴结晶所需时间越长;同时还发现一定浓度的乙醇溶液可以提高液滴结晶时的闪蒸室压力,降低了对系统真空度的要求。     

THE MEASUREMENT OF THE FLOW AROUND A SPHERE SETTLING IN A RECTANGULAR BOX USING 3-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY

A novel three-dimensional particle image velocimetry technique is used to measure the planar three-dimensional flow field about the centreline of a sphere sedimenting in a rectangular shaped box. Measurements are made in the center of the container and also one diameter from a plane wall. Results are presented for a sphere falling in both a constant viscosity elastic (Boger) fluid and a shear-thinning elastic liquid. In the center of the box, the flow field is essentially two-dimensional as expected. Near the wall, there is substantial out-of-plane motion in the shear-thinning solution due to the presence of the wall. Surprisingly, there is little out-of-plane motion for a sphere sedimenting near the wall in the Boger fluid. There are significant qualitative differences in the flow field for the sphere sedimenting in the shear-thinning and constant viscosity elastic liquids. The results are compared with previously published work for a sphere settling in a non-Newtonian fluid and also with results obtained in an identical geometry for a Newtonian fluid. Reasons for the differences in the velocity maps are discussed. The drag coefficient for each geometry and fluid is calculated.     

THE MEASUREMENT OF THE FLOW AROUND A SPHERE SETTLING IN A RECTANGULAR BOX USING 3-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY

A novel three-dimensional particle image velocimetry technique is used to measure the planar three-dimensional flow field about the centreline of a sphere sedimenting in a rectangular shaped box. Measurements are made in the center of the container and also one diameter from a plane wall. Results are presented for a sphere falling in both a constant viscosity elastic (Boger) fluid and a shear-thinning elastic liquid. In the center of the box, the flow field is essentially two-dimensional as expected. Near the wall, there is substantial out-of-plane motion in the shear-thinning solution due to the presence of the wall. Surprisingly, there is little out-of-plane motion for a sphere sedimenting near the wall in the Boger fluid. There are significant qualitative differences in the flow field for the sphere sedimenting in the shear-thinning and constant viscosity elastic liquids. The results are compared with previously published work for a sphere settling in a non-Newtonian fluid and also with results obtained in an identical geometry for a Newtonian fluid. Reasons for the differences in the velocity maps are discussed. The drag coefficient for each geometry and fluid is calculated.     

Freeze Decontamination Process: Modeling in a Simplified Case of Completely Mixed Aqueous Phase and Observations with Ultrasonic Agitation in the Liquid during Freezing

Abstract

Correlations among variables of the freeze decontamination process have not been developed to precisely predict experimental observations of purified solid ice out of a given aqueous solution on a macroscale. A lack of such information has been one of the main reasons for the very small practical application of the process so far. A simplified model has been presented in an effort to take into account the inhomogeneity of the solid phase. Pure ice spikes scattered on a cold surface have been supposed to grow opposite to the direction of heat dissipation, leaving unfrozen liquid channels among them along their length. The ice phase has thus been supposed to consist of pure ice spikes and a quantity of liquid entrapped among them. The liquid at the freezing front and in bulk is supposed to be completely mixed. Volume changes on freezing have also been taken into account. The model has been compared with experimental observations on a specially fabricated apparatus. Temperatures of a cold freezing surface have been continuously lowered while following a ?0.0017 K/s gradient during experiments. An ultrasonic mixing technique has been applied to the liquid during freezing to eliminate impurity (cesium nitrate) concentration gradients in the liquid. A comparison of the model with experimental observations has been made with the help of a decontamination factor (DF) [concentration of impurity in the initial liquid/ concentration of impurity in the frozen mass (after it has been melted)] versus V/V ₀ (volume of unfrozen liquid left at any point during freezing/volume of initial liquid taken) plots. Although a scatter in the experimental results has been observed, there was broad agreement with the model trend. The average value of DF has been as high as 46. The investigation has highlighted the importance of the factors that determine the fraction of pure ice spikes in the growing solid at any point during freezing.     

Experiments and insights of desalination by a freezing/thawing method at low subcooling

Desalination by freezing/thawing method was a very important method to obtain fresh water from sea water. In this work, desalination by freezing/thawing method was conducted with initial sodium chloride of 3.5 wt% in consideration of stirring speed, freezing time and subcooling. The subcooling ranged from 1.2 K to 4 K. The optimum conditions for desalination in this work were stirring speed of 200 r·min^-1, freezing time of 120 min, and subcooling of 3 K. The results also showed that sodium chloride cannot be effectively removed by once freezing/thawing process. The maximum removal efficiency of sodium chloride was 64.3%. Two major reasons resulting in the impurity of obtained melted water by freezing/thawing method were proposed. The first reason was the inevitable adhesion of salt solution to the surface of ice, which could be removed easily by distilled water flushing. The second reason was that salt solution was heterogeneously wrapped in the accumulated ice, which was difficult to be removed by distilled water flushing. The liquid flushing method was proposed to verify the conjecture, and the results were in accordance with the two reasons mentioned above. Additional method, such as multiple flushing liquid method, was suggested to be used during the freezing/thawing process for effectively removing sodium chloride, and obtaining fresh water.     

海水雾化冷冻脱盐技术研究

首先利用雾化冷冻方法来处理渤海湾海水,使得海水部分冷冻为海冰,更多的盐分被包含在未发生冷冻的海水中而脱离冰体.在海冰形成过程中,由于冰晶形成速度要大于海水脱离冰晶的速度,所以最初形成的冰晶、冰针和冰片会发生合并,合并过程中包裹海水形成了"盐胞",因此海冰具有一定的含盐量.然后依次利用重力法和离心法对雾化冷冻得到的海冰进行深层脱盐.依次通过上述3种方法,能够将海水的盐度从25.5‰降低到2.9‰,脱盐率为88.63%.