激光增材制造24CrNiMo合金钢显微组织特征EI北大核心CSCD

采用激光选区熔化技术和激光熔化沉积技术制备24CrNiMo合金钢单道和块体样品,研究两种激光辐照条件下24CrNiMo低合金钢的相组成、微观组织、织构特征和显微硬度。结果表明:两种方法制备的24CrNiMo合金试样的相组成均为α-Fe相以及少量的Fe 3C;SLM成形单道沉积样品的晶粒取向随机、无序,无明显的择优取向,而LMD成形单道沉积样品的择优取向为(110)〈101〉面织构;SLM成形块体样品的晶粒在平行于沉积方向上存在较弱的〈111〉织构,LMD成形块体样品的晶粒存在外延生长取向为〈111〉的强织构;SLM成形试样的显微组织主要为下贝氏体,而LMD成形试样的显微组织以板条贝氏体为主;具有细小晶粒和下贝氏体组织的SLM成形试样的平均显微硬度高于LMD试样。     

选区激光熔化成型正六方柱体多孔TC4合金结构及力学性能研究

为了改善植入物与人体骨的力学相容性,避免应力屏蔽效应,采用选区激光熔化(SLM)技术制备了多孔Ti6Al4V合金。利用扫描电子显微镜对多孔钛试样的孔隙结构进行分析,并且测试了试样的力学性能。结果表明,测得的多孔件孔隙率约为46%,与原始设计相比,孔隙率降低16%;孔隙率降低主要来自激光扫描路径、熔池形状与尺寸以及粘粉等因素的影响;多孔件纵截面(平行于堆积方向)的硬度值高于横截面(垂直于堆积方向)的硬度值;压缩实验显示,其弹性模量为8.8GPa、屈服强度为348 MPa,力学性能与理论预测值有偏差,但较相同的致密合金与自然骨更为接近。     

激光熔化沉积铝合金显微组织及力学性能

目的 提高激光熔化沉积铝合金的成形质量。方法 以颗粒度45~105 μm的AlSi10Mg粉末为材料,4045铝合金为基板,利用激光熔化沉积设备在充氩舱内进行铝合金成形试验。测试试样的硬度和拉伸性能,并通过扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜进行显微组织形貌分析。结果 在沉积方向上,试样显微组织呈现周期性条带状纹路,搭接区域呈现出比较明显的弧形特征;含有大量的细密树枝晶。该合金相成分主要包括:Al相、共晶Si相及少量的Mg2Si强化相。沿扫描方向,试样平均硬度值约为130HV;沿沉积方向,试样平均硬度值约为100HV;沉积态试样的屈服强度约为185.75 MPa,伸长率约为15.21%;沉积态试样拉伸性能明显优于压铸试样;该铝合金的失效形式为韧性断裂。结论 AlSi10Mg在激光熔化沉积时具有良好的成形能力,沉积态的组织强度高于铸态组织强度。     

激光选区熔化成形含钛6061铝合金的显微组织与力学性能EI北大核心

激光选区熔化(selective laser melting,SLM)成形6061铝合金易形成粗大的柱状晶和热裂纹。采用低能球磨组装修饰法制备TiH_(2)/AA6061铝基复合粉末,采用激光选区熔化技术制备含钛6061铝合金试样,分析不同TiH_(2)添加量对试样显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:添加1%TiH_(2)(质量分数,下同)即可使合金熔池边界形成连续的等轴晶区,平均晶粒尺寸从59.8μm减小到2.53μm,粗大的柱状晶粒和裂纹被抑制,添加1.5%TiH_(2)时,SLM试样的粗大柱状晶组织绝大部分消失。显微组织转变归因于Ti元素增强成分过冷以及原位反应形成L12-Al_(3)Ti形核质点,该质点与铝基体形成共格界面,具有较强的异质形核作用,显著促进Al基体柱状晶向等轴晶转变及晶粒细化。经激光选区熔化成形后,添加1%TiH_(2)的试样抗拉强度为274 MPa,屈服强度为238 MPa,断后伸长率为18%。     

TC4薄壁件后盖激光选区熔化技术研究

该文针对航空发动机后盖的结构特点、使用工况以及现有工艺技术瓶颈问题,提出了激光选区熔化增材制造工艺方案,并进行了大量的试验、检测及验证工作,开展了Ti6Al4V合金激光选区熔化成形的工艺验证、组织性能测试及零件尺寸检测等。研究发现,激光选区熔化成形的后盖横、纵向力学性能差别不大,远高于铸件要求。贯彻带有复杂变截面导管结构,实现后盖的激光选区熔化成形,大幅度提升后盖制造精度和符合性,解决现有后盖工艺难度大、合格率低、变形较大等问题。     

激光增材制造近β钛合金显微组织与力学性能研究

研究了激光沉积打印Ti55511钛合金的显微组织和室温拉伸性能,表征了打印态、热处理态Ti55511合金的晶粒形态及晶体学织构,分析了不同退火热处理温度对激光增材制造钛合金强塑性的影响。结果表明,原始打印态Ti55511钛合金由粗大的β晶粒组成,并且β晶粒以柱状晶和等轴晶两种类型的晶粒交替生长,呈现竹节状形态。在打印态Ti55511组织中,β基体析出的α片层提供了大量的界面,有效阻碍了位错运动,使合金具有高强度和低塑性。580℃退火热处理后,合金的屈服强度、抗拉强度变化不明显,伸长率有一定的提升。进一步提高退火温度至620℃后,合金的屈服强度、抗拉强度降低,但强度值依然大于1 000 MPa,同时伸长率大幅提升。因此,可通过退火热处理调控α晶粒的尺寸和体积分数,以提高合金的强塑性匹配。当应力平行于Z方向时,样品的屈服强度、抗拉强度略低于垂直于Z方向的,而伸长率显著高于应力垂直于Z方向的。     

激光立体成形Rene88DT镍基高温合金沉积态组织研究

目的基于激光立体成形(Laser Solid Forming, LSF)过程中所存在的近快速凝固特性,以Rene88DT合金为研究对象,考察激光立体成形Rene88DT沉积态微观组织特征和相形成规律。方法通过LSF技术制备Rene88DT镍基高温合金单道沉积试样,采用光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对组织进行观察,并用能谱仪(EDS)对试样中的析出相及微区成分进行分析。结果激光立体成形Rene88DT合金沉积态组织主要由沿趋于平行沉积方向生长的γ柱状晶组成,由于枝晶偏析的存在,以富Nb为主的块状MC碳化物以及板条状η(Ni_3Ti)相于枝晶间区域析出。随着沉积高度的增加,一次枝晶臂间距有所增大,二次枝晶臂逐渐发达,同时,γ'相体积分数和尺寸逐渐减小,沉积层的硬度相应降低。结论尽管激光立体成形熔池凝固已属于近快速凝固范围,熔池凝固过程中,溶质原子同样易于在晶界处形成偏聚,导致晶界弱化,在成形热应力作用下易形成沿晶裂纹。     

Ti6Al4V合金激光原位制备TiN枝晶增强梯度复合表面层

利用连续波2kW Nd-YAG激光在Ti6Al4V合金表面原位制备TiN枝晶增强梯度金属基复合材料表面层，并研究了该表面层的显微组织和磨损性能。结果表明：该表面层沿激光熔化深度具有明显的梯度结构，表面层与Ti6Al4V基体之间呈现良好的冶金结合，Ti6Al4V的表面硬度及耐磨性得到了显著增强．     

超疏水Ti6Al4V表面的制备及其润湿性

为了使Ti6Al4V合金具有超疏水特性,采用激光技术加工规则点阵状纹理,然后采用自组装技术在试样表面制备自组装分子膜,得到了超疏水Ti6Al4V表面.激光加工构造的微米级点阵结构规整,形成了具有一定高度的类似锥台或柱状的凸起.通过激光加工和沉积自组装分子膜,Ti6Al4V试样表面的水接触角显著增大,最大可达到151°.将测得的接触角与分别用Wenzel模型和Cassie模型计算的理论值进行比较,实测结果更接近Cassie模型的结果.通过改变激光加工表面微结构的参数,可以控制表面接触角的大小.随着表面粗糙度值的增大,接触角呈增大趋势.当表面粗糙度大于4μm时,接触角均大于150°,形成超疏水表面.     

激光熔化沉积制备TiB+TiC/Ti6Al4V复合材料微观组织研究

激光熔化沉积制备的钛合金微观组织中常出现异常粗大的柱状晶粒,限制了其在复杂承力结构件方面的应用。为降低原始晶粒的尺寸,提高合金强度,本文基于原位自生反应原理,在Ti6Al4V粉末中添加少量的颗粒增强体B₄C得到混合粉末,并通过激光熔化沉积工艺制备出熔覆层以及多层钛基复合材料(TMC)。利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和显微硬度仪等测试手段研究了B₄C的添加对Ti6Al4V合金微观组织的影响规律,并对其作用机制进行了分析。研究表明:B₄C的添加降低了原始β晶粒的尺寸,并强化了合金基体。当添加1wt.% B₄C颗粒时,晶粒的外延生长得到有效抑制,原始β晶粒开始出现柱状晶向等轴晶转变(CET)的趋势,柱状晶粒尺寸由原始的平均600 μm减小到50 μm。同时,B₄C与钛基体发生原位反应形成的混杂增强相TiB和TiC富集在晶界,构成三维网状结构,不仅限制了晶内α相的生长,同时也起到了第二相强化的作用,使基体的硬度较基材提高了15 %以上。     

基于α'组织设计适于激光立体成形的新型高塑性Ti-4.13Al-9.36V合金

为了提高Ti-6Al-4V合金的加工硬化率和塑性,基于其团簇成分式12[Al-Ti₁₂](AlTi₂)+5[Al-Ti₁₄](V₂Ti)设计成分式为4[Al-Ti₁₂](AlTi₂)+12[Al-Ti₁₄](V₂Ti)的(Ti-4.13Al-9.36V, %)合金,采用激光立体成形工艺制备Ti-4.13Al-9.36V和Ti-6.05Al-3.94V(对比合金),研究了沉积态和固溶温度对其显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,沉积态Ti-4.13Al-9.36V和Ti-6.05Al-3.94V合金的显微组织均由基体外延生长的初生β柱状晶和晶内细小的网篮α板条组成。Ti-6.05Al-3.94V合金的初生β柱状晶的宽度约为770 μm,α板条的宽度约为0.71 μm;而Ti-4.13Al-9.36V合金的初生β柱状晶的宽度显著减小到606 μm,α板条的宽度约为0.48 μm。经920℃固溶-淬火处理后Ti-6.05Al-3.94V样品的显微组织为α'+α相,其室温拉伸屈服强度约为893 MPa,抗拉强度约为1071 MPa,延伸率约为3%。经750℃固溶-淬火处理后Ti-4.13Al-9.36V样品的显微组织为α'+α相,与α'马氏体相比,应力诱发的α'马氏体能显著地提高合金的加工硬化能力,其室温拉伸屈服强度约为383 MPa,抗拉强度约为 989 MPa,延伸率达到了17%。这表明,根据团簇理论模型调控α'+α的显微组织能有效提高激光立体成形Ti合金的加工硬化能力和塑性。     

Characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of laser melting deposited Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si titanium alloy

A plate of Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si (TC11) titanium alloy is fabricated by laser melting deposition process. Grain morphology and microstructure characteristics and the formation mechanism have been systematically studied. It is shown that the three dimensional macrostructure is a specially alternately arrayed grain morphology of columnar grains and equiaxed grains. This structure is generated by the high temperature gradient in the overlap zone and relatively low temperature gradient in the body zone of the molten pool. Combining the results of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the solidification process, it can be inferred that a preferential orientation with the β 〈0 0 1〉 along the deposition direction exists in the as deposited TC11 plate. An ultrafine basket-weave microstructure within the columnar and equiaxed grains is formed due to the rapid solidification process. The lamellar α within the columnar grains is much uniform than that of the equiaxed grains. Room tensile test data have shown that the LMDed material was characteristic of high strength and low ductility compared with the conventional forged materials.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-12Si and Al-3.5Cu-1.5Mg-1Si bimetal fabricated by selective laser melting

An Al-12 Si/Al-3.5 Cu-1.5 Mg-1 Si bimetal with a good interface was successfully produced by selective laser melting(SLM).The SLM bimetal exhibits four successive zones along the building direction:an Al-12 Si zone,an interfacial zone,a texture-strengthening zone and an Al-Cu-Mg-Si zone.The interfacial zone(<0.2 mm thick)displays an increasing size of the cells composed of eutectic Al-Si and a discontinuous cellular microstructure,resulting in the lowest hardness of the four zones.The texturestrengthening zone(around 0.3 mm thick)shows a remarkable variation of the hardness and<001>fiber texture.Electron backscatter diffraction analysis shows that the grains grow gradually from the interfacial zone to the Al-Cu-Mg-Si zone along the building direction.Additionally,a strong<001>fiber texture develops at the Al-Cu-Mg-Si side of the interfacial zone and disappears gradually along the building direction.The bimetal exhibits a room temperature yield strength of 267±10 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 369±15 MPa with elongation of 2.6±0.1%,revealing the potential of selective laser melting in manufacturing dissimilar materials.     

增材制造Ti-6Al-4V钛合金低周疲劳性能研究进展

金属增材制造技术可用于大型、复杂高性能钛合金结构件的制备,在航空航天等领域具有显著的优势和巨大的发展潜力。虽然增材制造Ti-6Al-4V合金构件的强度已经能够超过锻件,但它仍存在内部孔隙、熔合不良、粗大的柱状晶及残余拉应力等问题,使其在疲劳性能上与锻件具有一定的差距。本文在介绍直接能量沉积、选区激光熔化和电子束选区熔化3种代表性增材制造技术的原理及特点的基础上,简述了3种工艺制备Ti-6Al-4V合金构件的微观组织、静态力学性能及低周疲劳性能的研究进展,重点讨论了打印方向、缺陷、显微组织和表面处理对低周疲劳性能的影响。分析了增材制造Ti-6Al-4V合金构件低周疲劳性能、拉伸性能与微观组织之间的内在关系,并对提高构件低周疲劳性能的方法和推动其广泛应用的发展方向进行展望。     

Dependence of mechanical properties on the microstructure characteristics of a near β titanium alloy Ti-7333

In this work, the microstructure and the corresponding tensile properties of the rolled Ti-7Mo-3Nb-3Cr-3Al(Ti-7333) alloy before and after the thermal treatments were investigated. The results show that a strong α-fiber texture is developed in the rolled Ti-7333 alloy. The deformed matrix and the texture significantly induce the variant selection of β phase. The high strength of the rolled Ti-7333 alloy is attributed to the 110 texture parallel to the tensile direction and the dispersed α phase within the matrix. After the solution treatment followed by the aging treatment, the texture decreases and the microstructure consists of the equiaxed β grains, the spheroidal α_p phase and various needle-like α variants. Eventually, the alloy could achieve an optimal combination with the strength of about 1450 MPa,the ductility of about 10.5% and a considerable shear strength of about 775 MPa. This balance can be ascribed to the performance of the spheroidal α_p phase and various needle-like α_s variants. The results indicate that the Ti-7333 alloy could be a promising candidate material for the high-strength fastener.     

Effect of post heat-treatment on the microstructure and high-temperature oxidation behavior of precipitation hardened IN738LC superalloy fabricated by selective laser melting

The present study investigated the effect of as-built and post heat-treated microstructures of IN738LC alloy fabricated via selective laser melting process on high temperature oxidation behavior.The as-built microstructure showed fine cell and columnar structure due to high cooling rate.Ti element segrega-tion was observed in inter-cell/inter-columnar area.After post heat-treatment,the initially-observed cell structure disappeared,instead bimodal Ni3(Al,Ti)particles formed.High temperature(1273 K and 1373 K)oxidation test results showed parabolic oxidation curves regardless of temperature and initial microstructure.The as-built IN738LC fabricated via the selective laser melting process displayed oxida-tion resistance similar to or slightly better than that of IN738LC fabricated via wrought or cast process.Heat-treated SLM IN738LC,although had similar oxidation weight-gain values to those of the SLM as-built material at 1273 K,showed relatively better oxidation resistance at 1373 K.Bimodal Ni3(Al,Ti)precipitate formed in the post heat treatment changed the local chemical composition,thereby led to changes in alumina former/chromia former location and fraction on the alloy surface.It was concluded that in heat-treated IN738LC increased alumina former fraction was found,and this resulted in excellent oxidation resistance and relatively low weight-gain.     

Microstructure and properties of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by low-power pulsed laser directed energy deposition

Thin-wall structures of Ti-6Al-4V were fabricated by low-power pulsed laser directed energy deposition. During deposition, consistent with prior reports, columnar grains were observed which grew from the bottom toward the top of melt pool tail. This resulted in a microstructure mainly composed of long and thin prior epitaxial β columnar grains (average width ≈200 μm). A periodic pattern in epitaxial growth of grains was observed, which was shown to depend upon laser traverse direction. Utilizing this, a novel means was proposed to determine accurately the fusion boundary of each deposited layer by inspection of the periodic wave patterns. As a result it was applied to investigate the influence of thermal cycling on microstructure evolution. Results showed that acicular martensite, α' phase, and a small amount of Widmanstätten, α laths, gradually converted to elongated acicular α and a large fraction of Widmanstätten α laths under layer-wise thermal cycling. Tensile tests showed that the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation of Ti-6Al-4V thin wall in the build direction were 9.1%, 17.3% and 42% higher respectively than those typically observed in forged solids of the same alloy. It also showed the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the transverse tensile samples both were ˜13.3% higher than those from the build direction due to the strengthening effect of a large number of vertical β grain boundaries, but the elongation was 69.7% lower than that of the build direction due to the uneven grain deformation of β grains.     

Effect of heat treatment on the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of selective laser melting Ti6Al4V alloy

The present work shows that the effect of several heat treatments on the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V processed by selective laser melting (SLM). The microstructure of Ti6Al4V alloy produced by selective laser melting exhibited bulky prior β columnar grains, and a large amount of fine acicular martensites α′ were observed inside the prior β columnar grains. The acicular martensitic α′ were transformed to a mixture of α and β after heat treatment, and the grain size increases with the increase of heat-treated temperature. The results of 3.5 wt% NaCl solution electrochemical corrosion test showed that the heat-treated samples possess a higher corrosion resistance than the as-received sample. Among of them, the sample after heat-treated at 730 °C exhibited best corrosion resistance and excellent fracture strain. The sample heat treated at 1015 °C showed worst mechanical properties due to the formation of Widmanstätten structure.     

In situ TiC particles reinforced Ti6Al4V matrix composite with a network reinforcement architecture

TiC particles reinforced Ti6Al4V (TiCp/Ti6Al4V) composite with a network TiCp distribution has been successfully fabricated by reaction hot pressing of coarse Ti6Al4V particles and fine carbon powders. TiC particles are in situ synthesized around the boundaries of the Ti6Al4V particles, and subsequently formed into a TiCp network structure. Contrary to the typical Widmanstätten microstructure for the monolithic Ti6Al4V alloy, an equiaxed (α + β) microstructure for the Ti6Al4V matrix of the composite is formed. This is due to the isotropic tensile stress generated by the network TiCp structure and the mismatch of coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) during the phase transformation. The prepared composite exhibits superior compressive strength before and after heat-treatment due to the reinforcement network architecture and the relatively large matrix region with an equiaxed microstructure.     

Influence of Parent Metal Microstructure and Post‐Weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Linear Friction Welded Ti‐6Al‐4V Joint

Linear friction welding (LFW) of Ti‐6Al‐4V (Ti‐64) titanium alloy with a different microstructure from the previous study was conducted. The joint microstructure, tensile strength and fracture characteristics were studied. Results show that the microstructure of parent metal has a strong influence on the microstructure and properties of LFW Ti‐64 joints. Under the specific conditions in this study, unexpected spheric α grains were formed near the bondline, which leads to the steep drop of the joint tensile strength. Although the tensile strength could be improved through post‐weld heat treatment, the failure of specimens still took place across the bondline with the cleavage fracture due to the formation of basket‐weave structure at the weld center zone and the remaining of spheric α grains.