Inconel 600合金中不同类型晶界处铬的浓度

应用TEM、EDS和EBSD等技术研究了Inconel 600合金在715℃时效过程中不同类型晶界处碳化物的结构、形貌和晶界附近Cr浓度的分布。结果表明,不同类型晶界处碳化物的结构和形貌有较大的不同：在Σ3_c晶界析出的碳化物很少,在Σ3_i晶界析出不规则形状的M₂₃C₆碳化物,在Σ9晶界析出较大的M₂₃C₆碳化物颗粒,在Σ27晶界随机析出粗大的M₇C₃碳化物颗粒。富Cr碳化物在晶界的析出使晶界附近贫铬,在相同的时效条件下晶界的Σ值越高其附近贫铬越严重。随着时效时间的延长各晶界附近贫铬区的宽度不同程度地增大,时效15 h贫铬区的深度最大,时效50 h后深度不同程度地减小。     

X20CrMoV12.1钢的组织结构和缺口疲劳强度

用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察X20CrMoV12.1耐热钢在545℃长期运行后的微观组织结构变化,研究了不同运行时间后材料的缺口疲劳强度和硬度.结果表明:经过高温长期运行后,X20CrMoV12.1钢的组织明显退化,其显微组织由原来的马氏体板条结构和弥散分布的细小碳化物逐步转变为亚晶粒和分布在晶界上的粗化球形碳化物组织;随着在高温下运行时间的增加,耐热钢的显微硬度和疲劳强度逐渐降低.其原因是基体中固溶体主要合金元素Cr,Mo,V发生贫化,固溶强化效果降低,沿晶界分布的粗化球形碳化物弱化了材料晶界强度,从而导致X20CrMoV12.1耐热钢高温服役寿命下降.     

CaO-B2O3玻璃助烧的零膨胀系数β-锂霞石陶瓷的制备及性能研究

采用固相反应法制备CaO-B₂O₃玻璃（简称“CB”玻璃）助烧的零膨胀系数β-锂霞石陶瓷。通过差示扫描量热(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)手段分别对CB玻璃的热学特性和助烧后的β-锂霞石陶瓷样品的物相与显微形貌进行表征。结果表明, CB玻璃具有良好的助烧效果, 可以显著降低β-锂霞石陶瓷的烧结温度(从1300℃降至1150℃), 并大幅提高陶瓷的相对密度(从93.3%提高到97.4%)。加入CB玻璃助烧剂, β-锂霞石陶瓷致密性显著提高, 内部无微裂纹存在。加入4wt%和6wt% CB玻璃的β-锂霞石陶瓷在室温~200℃范围内具有零膨胀系数, 分别为0.02×10^-6/K和0.4×10^-6/K。然而, 加入8wt% CB玻璃的β-锂霞石陶瓷样品中产生了具有高正膨胀系数的新物相LiAlO₂, 使样品的热膨胀系数提高至3.46×10^-6/K。     

正火温度对含硅型高铬马氏体耐热钢性能的影响

以一种硅和碳量分别为1.5%和0.32%的含硅型高铬马氏体耐热钢为对象,研究了正火温度对其组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,实验钢中的大量碳化物在980℃以上正火时溶解,热膨胀曲线上发生额外膨胀现象,回火后沿板条界析出杆状和粒状两种形态碳化物;在1030-1100℃正火并回火后沿晶界析出的含硅Cr23C6碳化物易粗化,呈链状分布于晶界;正火温度低于1030℃时拉伸强度随着温度的提高而提高,在更高温度下正火基本保持不变;随着正火温度的提高,冲击韧性总体呈降低趋势,分布在晶界的大尺寸链状含硅碳化物弱化晶界是冲击韧性快速降低的主要原因。     

铁素体耐热钢中碳化物对NiAl析出相及力学性能的影响

与传统碳化物强化的铁素体耐热钢不同,新型铁素体耐热钢以NiAl相强化为主,但存在室温脆性大的问题,限制了NiAl强化型铁素体耐热钢的应用。本工作通过增加NiAl强化型铁素体耐热钢中的碳含量,研究碳化物和NiAl析出相的晶界分布及其对钢的力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着碳含量的增加,碳化物的析出量增加,碳化物在晶界处由不连续的块状析出转变为连续均匀分布。碳化物的析出降低了α-Fe基体与NiAl相的错配度,NiAl析出相的尺寸减小约30 nm,面积分数略有降低,钢的硬度、强度和塑性得到提升,该研究将为新型NiAl强化铁素体耐热钢脆性改善提供理论指导。     

核用SA508-4N钢粗晶区再热裂纹敏感性评价

采用等温恒速拉伸方法评价了核用SA508-4N钢焊接粗晶区(CGHAZ)的再热裂纹敏感性。使用激光共聚焦、扫描电镜和透射电镜观测和分析粗晶区和断口处的组织、裂纹以及断口形貌,结果表明：SA508-4N钢的母材为回火马氏体,较高含量的碳和铬影响碳化物的大小和分布状态,粗晶区马氏体的形成不利于抑制再热裂纹的产生。碳化物的析出使晶内和晶界的强度不同,当晶内强度大于晶界强度时形成沿晶脆性断裂;当晶内和晶界强度的差距较小时断裂形式包括穿晶和沿晶断裂。SA508-4N钢粗晶区对再热裂纹不敏感,成分A粗晶区的抗再热裂纹能力比成分B的高。在实际生产中,优选的工艺参数为：成分A、焊接t_8/5为25 s、焊后热处理温度580℃。     

Sc2W3O12薄膜制备及其负热膨胀性能

采用脉冲激光沉积法制备了斜方相Sc₂W₃O₁₂薄膜。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)对Sc₂W₃O₁₂靶材和Sc₂W₃O₁₂薄膜组分、表面形貌和靶材断面形貌进行表征, 研究衬底温度与氧分压对薄膜制备的影响。采用变温XRD和热机械分析仪(TMA)分析了Sc₂W₃O₁₂陶瓷靶材和薄膜的负热膨胀特性。实验结果表明: 经1000℃烧结6 h得到结构致密的斜方相Sc₂W₃O₁₂陶瓷靶材, 其在室温到600℃的温度范围内平均热膨胀系数为-5.28×10^-6 K^-1。在室温到500℃衬底温度范围内脉冲激光沉积制备的Sc₂W₃O₁₂薄膜均为非晶态, 随着衬底温度的升高, 薄膜表面光滑程度提高; 随着沉积氧压强增大, 表面平整性变差。非晶膜经1000℃退火处理7 min后得到斜方相Sc₂W₃O₁₂多晶薄膜, 在室温到600℃温度区间内, Sc₂W₃O₁₂薄膜的平均热膨胀系数为-7.17×10^-6 K^-1。     

EDTA辅助合成Co3O4纳米材料及其气敏性能

以有机化合物作为助剂合成纳米材料, 可调控材料的形貌和结构, 进而影响材料的催化和电化学性能。以乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA-2Na)为助剂, 乙酸钴为钴源, 利用水热法合成Co₃O₄纳米材料, 测定材料的结构和气敏性能, 研究其结构与气敏性能的关系, 并探讨EDTA-2Na在材料合成中的作用机制。结果表明, Co²⁺与EDTA^2-形成的配合物调控Co₃O₄晶核的生长方向, 形成了边长约为50 nm的六边形介孔纳米片。在205 ℃下, 利用该材料构筑的气敏传感器对100×10^-6甲苯响应值约为104, 在225 ℃下对100×10^-6丙酮的响应值约为70。该传感器对甲苯和丙酮等挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的高响应性能是由于EDTA-2Na辅助合成的Co₃O₄表面存在的大量缺陷, 提高了吸附氧含量。另外, 介孔结构和较大的比表面积有利于VOCs的吸附、表面反应和扩散。本研究提供了一种添加EDTA-2Na辅助合成Co₃O₄纳米材料并获得高响应VOCs气体传感器的有效方法。     

锂离子电池陶瓷复合全固态电解质的制备和性能研究

以负载Al₂O₃的无纺布为支撑膜, 浸涂PEO-LAGP-SN-LiTFSI的乙腈共混液干燥后制得新型复合固态电解质膜(CLASP)。该膜的热稳定性好, 即使在170℃的高温下依然不发生形变。当浸涂共混液中PEO: LAGP: SN: LiTFSI为3: 1: 1: 1, 固含量为10wt%时, 室温电导率可以达到3.66×10^-5 S/cm, 100℃时电导率可达2.52×10^-4 S/cm. CLASP膜的电化学窗口宽, 以该膜代替液态电解质装配的全固态LiFePO₄/CLASP/Li电池, 在55℃循环时表现出良好的循环稳定性, 高的库伦效率, 有望成为电化学性能优越的全固态电解质。     

烧结Cr15高铬铸铁组织与性能的研究

为研发耐磨性能优良、成本相对低廉的高铬铸铁,本文分别以亚共晶、过共晶的水雾化Cr15高铬铸铁粉末为原料,采用超固相线液相烧结工艺制备了烧结高铬铸铁(SHCCI),并对其显微组织、力学性能和冲击磨粒磨损工况下的耐磨性能进行对比研究。结果表明,烧结高铬铸铁主要由M7C3碳化物、马氏体和奥氏体组成;在亚共晶烧结高铬铸铁中,通过电解腐蚀萃取的M7C3碳化物三维形貌呈珊瑚状,沿晶界均匀分布,材料抗冲击耐磨性能优良;在过共晶烧结高铬铸铁中,优先形成的初生碳化物可能成为共晶碳化物的生长基底,形成核-壳结构的M7C3碳化物,沿晶界相互连接呈网状,严重割裂基体。亚共晶、过共晶烧结高铬铸铁的力学性能分别为:硬度HRC63.9、HRC64.3,冲击韧性7.92、3.04 J/cm^2,抗弯强度2112.65、1624.87 MPa。     

A Metallographic Study of the High-Temperature Decomposition of Austenite in Alloy Steels Containing Mo and Cr

Optical and electron microscopy have been used to study the complex microstructures developed during the isothermal decomposition of austenite above 550°C in Fe-4Mo-0.2C and Fe-10Cr-0.4C alloy steels. As the transformation temperature is decreased, the decomposition products change from the disordered growth of nodular alloy pearlites to blocky ferrite structures containing fine dispersions of alloy carbide, and finally to acicular ferrite structures also containing alloy carbide. The branched M₆C and M₂₃C₆ of the high-temperature pearlite is replaced by Mo₂C and M₇C₃ with a fibrous or lath morphology in the lower temperature structures. The decomposition microstructures are explained in terms of a model which takes account of the growth of particular alloy carbides at the interfaces of ferrite allotriomorphs, where the growth mechanism, and hence the morphology, is sensitive to transformation temperature.     

C和B的含量对K417G镍基高温合金的凝固行为和高温持久性能的影响

对不同C、B含量的K417G合金进行DTA分析、等温淬火实验和950℃/235 MPa持久性能测试,并观察其组织形貌,研究了C、B含量对K417G镍基高温合金的凝固行为和高温持久性能的影响.结果 表明,在合金的凝固期间C含量影响碳化物的析出温度和初生碳化物的含量,且随着C含量的提高而提高;共晶组织的析出温度主要受B元素...     

含钛氧化物弥散强化钢的微观组织和力学性能

采用粉末冶金工艺制备了含Ti氧化物弥散强化钢。使用电子背散射衍射方式研究了这种钢的晶粒形貌,使用透射电镜和高分辨率透射电镜表征了钢中析出相的形貌及种类,使用以同步辐射装置作为光源的小角度X射线散射技术和X射线吸收精细结构技术研究了钢中纳米尺寸析出相的分布特征和氧化物弥散强化钢中Y元素的存在形式,并测量了钢的力学性能。结果表明,含Ti氧化物弥散强化钢的晶粒多呈等轴状、平均晶粒尺寸为1.24 μm。钢中富Y、Ti、O纳米尺寸析出相的分布密度为1.39×10²⁴/m³,平均直径为2.23 nm。向材料中添加Ti元素改变了材料中Y原子的存在形式,生成了具有烧绿石结构的Y₂Ti₂O₇相和少量的富Cr、Mn相。这种钢的室温抗拉强度达到1324 MPa,随着测试温度的提高抗拉强度逐渐降低,延伸率逐渐提高。     

淬火温度对含铜5Cr15MoV马氏体不锈钢性能的影响

将含铜5Cr15MoV马氏体不锈钢在不同温度热处理并使用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、硬度测试和电化学测试等手段对其表征,研究了淬火温度对其组织、硬度以及耐蚀性能的影响.结果 表明,铜元素的添加提高了材料中残余奥氏体的体积分数,而使其硬度降低.淬火后钢中的...     

On Laves phase in a 9Cr3W3CoB martensitic heat resistant steel when aged at high temperatures

9Cr3W3CoB steels are developed to serve at the temperature range of 620-650℃,and have been recog-nized as the most promising martensitic heat-resistant steels for supercritical power plants.Due to the high W and Co contents,the Fe2W Laves phase in such 9Cr3 W3CoB steel possesses some specialties in thermodynamics.In the present research,it was found that even when aged at 800℃in the 9Cr3W3CoB steel,instead of dissolving,Laves phase formed after 50 h and kept on increasing in size and number density until 1000 h,indicating that the Laves phase was marching for the thermodynamic equilibrium during aging.In this thermodynamic process,the W-rich M3B2 borides in as-received steel and M23C6 carbides were revealed to dissolve,supporting the growth of Laves phase.SEM investigation indicates that Laves phase tended to form clusters,and finally grow as a unit bulk Laves phase with an irregular shape.Besides,Laves phase nucleated next to M23C6 carbides and enwrapped them inside at 800℃.In addition,the growth processes of Laves phase and M23C6 carbides were a competitive procedure,the coarsening of M23C6 carbides was prior to the growth of Laves phase at 750℃while the growth of Laves phase was prior to the coarsening of M23C6 carbides at 800℃.     

Fatigue crack growth characteristics of rotor steels

Room temperature fatigue crack growth rate data were generated for Ni-Mo-V (ASTM A469, Cl-4), Cr-Mo-V (ASTM A470, Cl-8) and Ni-Cr-Mo-V (ASTM A471, Cl-4 and a 156,000 psi yield strength grade) rotor forging steels. Testing was conducted with WOL type compact toughness specimens and the results presented in terms of fracture mechanics parameters. Data show that the Ni-Cr-Mo-V steels exhibit slower fatigue crack growth rates at a given stress intensity range (ΔK) than do the Ni-Mo-V steels. In addition, the Cr-Mo-V steel was found to exhibit slower growth rates than the other alloys at ΔK levels below 40 ksi √in but somewhat foster rates at ΔK levels in excess of 45 ksi √in. The fatigue crack growth rate properties of the alloys studied conform to the generalized fracture mechanics crack growth rate law where da/dN = C₀ΔK^R. It was noted that the fatigue crack growth rate parameters n and C₀ tend to decrease and increase, respectively, with increasing material toughness, K_ic.     

Effect of Calcium Treatments and Strain Rate on Reheat Cracking of Vanadium-Modified 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel

Vanadium-modified (V-Mod) 2.25Cr-1Mo steel has been studied to determine the effect of calcium treatments and strain rate on susceptibility to reheat cracking of the heat-affected zone in low-alloy steels for reactor applications. The susceptibility to reheat cracking was determined by tensile tests in the strain-rate range of 1 × 10⁻⁴/s to 3 × 10⁻⁶/s in the temperature region of 293K to 1023K. The grain size of tensile specimens was about 200μm. For the low-sulfur V-Mod steel, calcium treatment dramatically increased the total elongation and reduction of area at 923K at high strain rates. However, the beneficial effect on the ductility decreased as the strain rate decreased. For the V-Mod steel with commercial sulfur-content level, the addition of calcium was not very effective in decreasing the susceptibility to reheat cracking, independent of the strain rates investigated. The results are described and discussed.     

Computer simulation of martensitic textures

We consider a Ginzburg-Landau model free energy F(ε, e₁, e₂) for a (2D) martensitic transition, that provides a unified understanding of varied twin/tweed textures. Here F is a triple well potential in the rectangular strain (ε) order parameter and quadratic e₁², e₂² in the compressional and shear strains, respectively. Random compositional fluctuations η(r) (e.g. in an alloy) are gradient-coupled to ε, ˜ − ∑_rε(r)[(Δ_x² − Δ_y²)η(r)] in a “local-stress” model. We find that the compatibility condition (linking tensor components ε(r) and e₁(r), e₂(r)), together with local variations such as interfaces or η(r) fluctuations, can drive the formation of global elastic textures, through long-range and anisotropic effective ε-ε interactions. We have carried out extensive relaxational computer simulations using the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equation that supports our analytic work and shows the spontaneous formation of parallel twins, and chequer-board tweed. The observed microstructure in NiAl and Fe_xPd_{1 − x} alloys can be explained on the basis of our analysis and simulations.