废钢在气体搅拌容器中运动融化的水模型实验

由于经济原因,在炼钢过程如转炉和精炼钢包中,废钢的用量有所增加。废钢在上述反应器中的熔化机理仍然不明确。水模型研究可以直观地模拟废钢的运动和熔化过程。通过水模型实验,以冰球和饱和KCl溶液制成的盐球分别模拟轻、重废钢,研究其在类转炉及钢包中的运动过程和融化规律。结果表明,在本实验中,冷冻时长超过18 h后,冰样的融化时间受影响较小。冰球和盐球融化过程呈球形或椭球形,且其直径随时间呈线性减小。随着熔池温度的提高,冰样融化加快。不同的液面高度及吹气流量会形成不同特征的流场,使冰球与盐球呈现不同的运动规律。冰球的融化时间随液面高度增加而降低,盐球呈先大幅度降低再小幅度增加的趋势。在本研究的吹气流量下,液面高度和直径比为0.94时,盐球的融化时间同比最低。在液面高度较低时(高度与直径比为0.42～0.73),在羽流区上方加入盐球会显著降低融化时间;液面高度较高时(高度与直径比为0.83～1.04),加入位置对融化时间无显著影响。     

150吨桶型钢包吹氩制度的反应工程学

以150吨桶型钢包为研究对象,建立水力模型,以电导法测定钢包内的混匀时间,讨论吹气位置、气体流量、径深比、气液密度比等对钢液混匀时间的影响,同时用数值模拟的方法对流场进行计算.结果表明,位置距炉底圆心2R/3处单孔吹气混匀时间最短,为最佳吹气位置;双孔吹气距中心R/2 R/2处,且沿直径对称分布时的混匀时间次之,结合钢包炉的电气特征分析,得出LF各操作阶段合理的吹氩流量.     

250吨转炉底吹对熔池搅拌的影响研究

采用物理模拟和数值模拟,研究了某钢厂250 t转炉底吹对熔池混匀时间、气液两相区速度、熔池低速区体积、炉底剪切力和气体能量利用率的影响。结果表明,熔池混匀时间随底吹气量增大而减少,随底吹孔数增加而减少。底吹孔数为12个时,底吹气量由15 L/min增至50 L/min,熔池混匀时间降低54.8%。底吹气量不变(50 L/min),底吹孔数由12个减至3个时,混匀时间增加52.9%。底吹枪数量减少,搅拌区域减小,熔池中“死区”和“低速区”体积比分别增加4.89%和28.9%。底吹枪减至3个时,单个底枪气量增大,气液两相区最大速度由0.34 m/s增至0.64 m/s,底吹孔处炉底所受剪切力增大52%,对炉底耐材寿命不利。从数值模拟结果也可发现,底吹工况的变化影响气体在熔池中的利用效率。底吹总气量增大时,熔池动能增加,但气体能量利用率降低。底吹气量较小时,底吹孔数的变化对气体能量利用率影响较小。底吹气量较大(50 L/min)时,相比于12个底吹孔,6个和3个底吹孔的气体能量利用率分别下降18.4%和23.3%。     

双孔连续出流气直接接触泡聚并行为数值模拟

气泡作为气液流体行为和传递特性的最基本元素,其聚并的运动特性对于化工、石油等工业具有重要作用。本文基于VOF对双孔连续出流气泡直接接触式聚并行为进行数值研究,揭示了聚并演变机理,考察了孔间距、进气速度、液面高度对聚并行为的影响。结果表明:气泡初始纵横比随进气时间增加而减小,聚并时突然增大,气泡开始聚并时刻与进气速度负相关;气泡脱离时间与孔间距、进气速度均负相关,液面高度对入口气泡聚并行为影响不大。     

板坯连铸结晶器水模型内吹气流动和夹杂物粒子去除模拟

利用数值模拟方法研究了连铸结晶器水模型内吹气作用下的流动和夹杂物粒子去除效果,分析了吹气量对结晶器内流动和夹杂物粒子去除的影响规律.研究结果表明,吹气可增加整个上回流的向上运动趋势,尤其是靠近水口附近的流动:随着吹气流量增大,自由液面波动减弱:夹杂物粒子上浮率增加,在2,4和6 L/min气流量下,夹杂物粒子去除率比无气体吹入时分别提高3.4%,5.9%和9.6%.     

水平分布双气泡运动特性的可视化实验

为了研究双孔喷气工况下,孔径及孔间距对气泡的影响规律,通过可视化实验方法研究双孔壁面逸出气泡的运动特性,对不同孔径及孔间距情况下的两列气泡的运动轨迹、气泡脱离尺寸、气泡速度进行分析,并与单孔气泡生成及运动特性进行对比,得到孔口间距及孔口直径对气泡的影响规律。实验结果表明,当两列气泡并排上升时,两气泡之间距离并不会保持恒定,而是会出现相互靠近—远离—再靠近的循环震荡过程,且孔间距越小,气泡上升时所伴随的左右震荡的振幅越大;在孔径及气体流量均相同时,孔间距越小,脱离尺寸越小,气泡最终的稳定速度越小;当孔间距及气体流量均相同时,孔径越大,气泡的脱离尺寸越大,脱离尺寸与单孔情况的差值越大,气泡最终的稳定速度越大。     

外环流反应器的气含率及循环液速

研究了气体分布器的形式、体系的聚并特性及静液面高度对外环流反应器的气含率和环流液速的影响。实验结果显示,对于空气－１％乙醇体系（非聚并体系）,气体分布器的形式对外环流反应器的气含率及环流液速有显著的影响;在相同的操作条件下,空气－１％乙醇体系（非聚并体系）的气含率及环流液速明显高于空气－水体系（聚并体系）。静液面高度对下降区的气含率有较大影响。     

废钢对转炉熔池混匀过程的影响

采用物理模拟研究某炼钢厂250 t转炉冶炼过程中废钢加入量、分布方式和轻重废钢对熔池搅拌混匀的影响。结果表明,轻废钢和重废钢对熔池混匀影响不同,加入轻废钢,熔池混匀时间随废钢量增加而增加,底吹流量为50 L/min时,加入20和60 t废钢熔池混匀时间分别比无废钢时上升48.60%和134.70%。加入重废钢时,废钢在熔池中的分布方式会影响熔池钢液流动,从而影响熔池混匀时间。重废钢在炉底集中分布时,熔池混匀时间随废钢量增加而增加,随底吹气体流量增加而降低。过量底吹气体可能对熔池搅拌有负面影响,底吹流量大于40 L/min时,熔池混匀时间上升。熔池均匀分布时,熔池混匀时间受废钢加入量和底吹气体流量影响。底吹气体流量为25 L/min、重废钢均匀分布时,熔池混匀时间在废钢加入量为40 t和60 t时比20 t时分别降低30.13%和12.93%。废钢倾侧分布时,形成了熔池中非对称搅拌,增加了熔池水平横向流动,一定程度上有利于熔池混匀。相同供气量(25 L/min)下,40 t废钢均匀分布和倾侧分布的混匀时间比集中分布时分别低38.87%和41.01%。     

高通量塔板悬挂式降液管击穿漏气的气液相研究

采用空气-水物系,在直径为500mm的有机玻璃塔中对底部分别开有8个和12个液流孔的悬挂式降液管的漏气进行了研究,并在假设漏入降液管的气体产生的压降与板压降相等的基础上建立了击穿漏气模型.结果表明,当塔内的气体流量逐渐增大,漏入的气体以气柱的形式连续进入降液管时,降液管液层被击穿,降液管无法正常操作.根据实验数据得到了击穿漏气模型的关联式,关联式的计算值与实验值吻合较好.开有12个液流孔的降液管在液流孔的真实漏气气速为1.40 m/s时,漏入的气体会击穿降液管液层.     

微孔膜气体分布器气液传质比表面积的研究

研究了以微孔膜作为气体分布器的反应器的气液传质比表面积,主要考察了气体流量、液面高度、表面张力等操作因素对气液传质比表面积的影响。结果表明,气液传质比表面积随着气体流量的增大先呈增大的趋势,到一定值时,开始呈减小趋势;随着表面张力的增大而减小;随着液面高度的增大缓慢减小。与传统塔设备比较,微孔膜气体分布器的气液传质比表面积要高,分布器强化了气液传质过程。最后,运用量纲分析方法对试验数据进行非线性回归得到关于气液传质比表面积的关联式,此式较好地吻合了试验数据。     

Applying rotary jet heads for mixing and mass transfer in a forced recirculation tank reactor system

An approximation to an ideally mixed tank reactor can be obtained by vigorous stirring with mechanical mixers. For an aerated reactor the gas dispersion contributes to the mixing process. Mixing can also be achieved by recirculation of a portion of the liquid through either an internal or an external loop.In this study, we determine mixing times in water and CMC solutions and oxygen mass transfer coefficients in water for a tank reactor system where a small fraction of the total liquid volume is rapidly circulated through an external loop and injected through the nozzles of rotary jet heads at 1-9 bar gauge pressure into the bulk liquid. Liquid feed can be added to the bulk volume or it may be injected into the pressurized recirculation loop. Gas is always fed to the recirculation loop, and the heat of reaction is removed in a plate-type heat exchanger inserted in the recirculation loop. The system has a very simple design with no internal baffles or heat exchange area, and between batches the rotary jet heads are used for cleaning in place.Mixing time decreases and mass transfer increases with increasing circulation flow rate. For nozzle diameters between 5.5 and and with one or two rotary jet heads, it is shown that a remarkable saving in power input for a fixed mixing time or mass transfer coefficient can be obtained by using a large nozzle diameter and two rather than one rotary jet heads.At the experimental conditions of the study the system is scaleable by simple formulas, and the power input to achieve a certain mixing time is proportional to the bulk liquid volume.     

Bed density and circulation mass flowrate in a novel annulus-lifted gas–solid air loop reactor

Air loop reactors (ALR) have been widely used as promising and high-efficiency gas–liquid and gas–liquid–solid reactors. Extensive research on ALR has been conducted, but mostly limited to gas–liquid and gas–liquid–solid systems. Work associated with gas–solid systems has been rare and mainly focused on draft tube-lifted spouted bed treating coarse Geldart B, D particles. The present paper proposed a novel gas–solid air-loop reactor treating fine Geldart A particles and operating in a new annulus-lifted mode, with bubbling or turbulent bed upward flow in the annulus in parallel with bubbling bed downward flow in the draft tube. In view of these differences, distinct hydrodynamic behaviour can be anticipated for the gas–solid annulus-lifted air-loop reactor. The influence of operating conditions and geometric configuration on the distribution of bed density is discussed in a cold model annulus-lifted air loop reactor. A mechanistic model for the circulation mass flowrate is established based on an energy balance and resistance analysis. Nearly 50% and 30% of the energy dissipation rate occurs in the bottom and top regions, respectively. With increasing draft tube height, the energy dissipation rate increases in the annulus and draft tube regions, while it decreases in the top and bottom regions. The circulation mass flowrate decreases with increasing draft tube height. Analysis of the distribution of bed density and energy dissipation rate leads to suggestions regarding optimization of the design and axial location of the ring distributor and gap height.     

导流筒分布器位置对环隙气升式气固环流反应器流体力学性能的影响

环流反应器的研究绝大多数都局限于气液、气液固系统,涉及气固环流反应器的研究较为稀少,且大多针对气升式气固环流反应器和喷动床。本文研究了一种处理A类粒子的环隙气升式气固环流反应器,考察了操作条件和导流筒分布器位置对床层密度分布、环流速度和质量流率的影响。发现将分布器位置下移后可以有效地改善区域的流化质量、减小滑移区,床层密度沿径向的分布得到了明显改善,颗粒环流质量流率有了明显提高;进气位置以上r/R<0.367的床层得到了良好的流化,但是0.367相似文献   

Gas holdup in a two‐phase reversed flow jet loop reactor

Experimental investigations have been carried out in Reversed Flow Jet Loop Reactor (RFJLR) to study the influence of liquid flow rate, gas flow rate, immersion height of two‐fluid nozzle in reactor and nozzle diameter on gas holdup without circulation, that is, gas–liquid mixture in draft tube only (E_gd) and gas holdup with circulation loop (E_g). Also critical liquid flow rate required for transition from draft tube to circulation loop has been determined. Gas holdup was measured by isolation valve technique. Gas holdup in draft tube and circulation loop increased with increase in liquid flow rate and gas flow rate. It is observed that the increased flow rate is required for achieving a particular value of gas holdup with larger nozzle diameter. Nozzle at the top edge of draft tube have higher gas holdup as compared to other positions. It has been noted that, no significant recirculation of gas bubbles into the top of draft tube from annulus section has been observed till a particular liquid flow rate is reached. A plot of gas holdup with no circulation and with circulation mode determines minimum liquid flow rate required to achieve complete circulation loop. Critical liquid flow rate required to achieve complete circulation loop increases with increase in gas flow rate and is minimum at lowest immersion height of two‐fluid nozzle.     

射流鼓泡反应器的混合特性

射流鼓泡反应器以液体射流代替搅拌实现液相混合,具有结构简单、制造及维护费用低等诸多优点,研究其混合特性对于反应器的设计、优化及放大具有重要意义。以空气-水作为模拟介质,采用KCl电解质溶液为示踪剂考察了表观气速和射流Reynolds数的大小对液相宏观混合时间的影响,并从能量输入的角度对射流鼓泡反应器的混合机制进行分析。研究发现,在实验条件下(表观气速变化范围为0.0006～0.0343 m·s^-1,射流Reynolds数的变化范围为1.75×10⁴～7.00×10⁴),鼓泡的加入使得均相射流反应器内的液相混合得到改善;随着表观气速增大,液相宏观混合时间先缩短后延长;当气体输入功率或液体输入功率不变时,混合时间随总输入功率的增大而缩短。通过对多组实验数据的回归分析,提出了液相宏观混合时间与液体输入功率和气体输入功率的经验关联式,计算值与实际值吻合较好。最后基于提出的关联式,发现当总输入功率一定时,混合时间随气体输入功率的增加先缩短后延长,临界转变点在气体输入功率为总功率的61%处,此时气液两相协同作用最强。     

底隙设置挡板内循环流化床水力特性分析

针对流化床反应器中多相流体混合碰撞的复杂性、突变性的问题,以底隙设置十字形挡板反应器的水力特性改变为研究对象,采用电导法测定反应器内液体循环速度和混合时间等动力学数据及其变化,分析新型内构件的强化作用原理。研究结果发现,两相条件下,十字形挡板的设置使反应器的升流区及降流区的液体循环速度分别提高9.5%±1.0%和11.8%±1.0%,低流速时,液相混合时间变长,高流速时,混合时间反而短缩,变化范围在±5%,计算的摩擦阻力系数由4.13降低为2.75,证明了流体在反应器底部碰撞能量消耗的下降。通过全环路能量衡算得到液体循环速度模型计算参数的实验关联式,应用于三相条件,计算值与实验值误差在8%以内。表明在急剧湍流内循环流化床底部设置挡板所实现的流态有序、矢量归一的目标能有效改善反应器中流体的水力特性而使流体稳定,并进一步实现稳态运行条件下的节能。     

喷嘴结构对射流鼓泡反应器混合和传质性能的影响

喷嘴结构对射流鼓泡反应器的混合和传质性能具有重要的影响。以空气-水作为模拟介质,使用双探头电导探针、电解质示踪法和动态溶氧法,对比研究了缩径式圆形喷嘴和旋扭三角形喷嘴对射流鼓泡反应器中气泡尺寸分布、平均气含率、液相混合时间和气液传质系数的影响规律。实验发现,随着气速或液体射流Reynolds数的增大,两种喷嘴对应的平均气含率、液相混合时间和气液传质系数具有相同的变化规律;与缩径式圆形喷嘴相比,采用旋扭三角形喷嘴的射流鼓泡反应器中气泡尺寸更小,平均气含率更高,宏观混合时间更短;当气体输入功占总输入功比例超过20%时,喷嘴结构对气液传质系数的影响较小,当气体输入功占总输入功比例小于20%时,旋扭三角形喷嘴的气液传质性能优于缩径式圆形喷嘴。研究结果可为工业射流鼓泡反应器喷嘴结构的优化提供理论指导。     

Study of Hydrodynamics,Mixing and Gas‐Liquid Mass Transfer in a Split‐Rectangular Airlift Reactor

Global hydrodynamic characteristics, liquid mixing and gas‐liquid mass transfer for a 63 L split‐rectangular airlift reactor were studied. Correlations for gas holdup and overall liquid circulation velocity were derived for the air‐water system as a function of the specific power input; these were compared to data and correlations for reactor volumes between 4.7 L and 4600 L. A partial recirculation of small bubbles in the riser was observed when U_gr > 0.03 m/s, which was attributed to the use of a single‐orifice nozzle as the gas phase distributor. The dimensionless mixing time and the overall axial dispersion coefficient were nearly constant for the range of gas flow rates studied. However, values of K_L/d_B were greater than those reported in previous studies and this is caused by the partial recirculation of the gas phase in the riser. While scale effects remain slight, the use of a gas distributor favouring this partial recirculation seems adequate for mass transfer in split‐rectangular airlift reactors.