新型熔炼工艺下GH4169合金的凝固组织控制研究

为探求新型熔炼工艺(三联)下GH4169合金大型重熔锭组织调控、元素偏析改善的方法,研究了熔速对氩气保护电渣重熔GH4169合金重熔锭枝晶间距、Laves相的尺寸及分布和显微疏松的影响,定量分析了熔速对组织与成分偏析的影响规律.研究发现:随着熔速的增加,GH4169合金重熔锭边缘处的枝晶间距基本保持不变;中心处二次枝晶间距呈增大趋势.边缘和中心处的疏松尺寸随熔速增加变化平缓,R/2处先增大后减小.心部的Laves相比例较高且随着熔速增加呈上升趋势,而R/2处趋势相反;重熔锭不同部位的偏析区比例随熔速无明显变化.枝晶间距越小,越有利于减轻偏析.     

铬对GH4169母合金中夹杂物的影响

使用不同品质的铬原料用真空感应熔炼制备GH4169母合金。用光学显微镜和扫描电镜等设备研究合金锭中夹杂物的特征，并分析其形成机理。结果表明，铬的纯度提高则母合金中N、P、S和Mn元素的含量降低，母合金中夹杂物的类型由为氧化物、碳氮化物和复合型夹杂转变为单一氧化物且其含量降低。     

电子束精炼GH4068高温合金的除杂工艺及机制研究

目的 探究电子束精炼法对GH4068合金中夹杂物去除行为的影响。方法 用电子束熔炼设备对常规冶炼法制备的GH4068高温合金进行了精炼,使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及其配备的能谱(EDS)功能探究了合金中夹杂物的形貌、成分、数量及尺寸,并用AZtec软件进行了统计分析。结果 在GH4068合金中,含量最多的夹杂物为Al2O3-TiN复合型夹杂物,其次为氧化物、氮化物以及少量的碳氮化物。经电子束精炼后,合金中的O含量、N含量、夹杂物的数量密度和面积密度以及最大夹杂物尺寸均有所降低;当精炼参数为12 kW-30 min时,精炼效果最佳,合金中的氧的质量分数降低到6.50×10⁻⁶(下降了80.06%),氮的质量分数降低到0.13×10⁻⁶(下降了95.00%),夹杂物的数量密度和面积密度分别降低到21.99个/mm²和34.08 μm²/mm²(分别降低了45.62%和52.40%),最大夹杂物面积降低到12.59 μm²(母材面积为50.23 μm²),GH4068的纯净度得到了显著提高。结论 电子束精炼法有良好的除杂效果,且除杂效果随功率的升高呈现出先增强后减弱的趋势,GH4068合金的最佳精炼工艺参数为12 kW-30 min。     

两种70kg级实芯焊丝的对比分析

分别对进口与国产两种70kg级实芯焊丝的成分、夹杂物级别、焊缝组织、熔敷金属拉伸断口形貌进行了对比分析。采用金相显微镜对焊丝夹杂物和焊缝组织进行了评定和观察,通过扫描电镜观察分析了断口的形貌特征。分析表明,两种焊丝的夹杂物主要为氧化铝类和球状氧化物类;焊缝组织均为针状铁素体+粒状贝氏体+先共析铁素体;断口形貌呈杯锥状,属于韧性穿晶断裂。     

钒-钛微合金化钢焊接热影响区晶内铁素体与夹杂物的界面关系

采用聚焦离子束方法制备试样,利用最高加速电压为1 300 kV的高分辨电镜观察钒-钛微合金化钢100 kJ/cm大线能量热模拟焊接热影响区,对作为晶内铁素体形核核心的夹杂物形貌与结构及夹杂物与晶内铁素体界面关系进行了研究.结果表明,晶内铁素体在MnS V(C,N)复合夹杂物相上形核析出,夹杂物和晶内铁素体存在确定的晶体学位向关系.     

氧化物冶金技术及其应用

氧化物冶金是利用钢中细小非金属夹杂物诱导晶内铁素体形核细化晶粒的新技术,应用氧化物冶金技术已成功开发出了高强度高韧性的非调质钢和低碳钢.讨论了氧化物冶金型钢的显微组织特征,分析了氧化物冶金型钢中非金属夹杂物的性质和晶内铁素体的形核机理,简述了氧化物冶金技术的应用.     

单轴拉伸下AerMet100钢中稀土夹杂物开裂过程的原位观察

扫描电镜观察了AerMet100钢中稀土夹杂物的形貌、尺寸;原位观察了单轴拉伸条件下稀土夹杂物的微观力学行为。结果表明:稀土夹杂物呈球状或椭球状,拉伸过程中稀土夹杂物内部最先萌生裂纹。建立了裂纹萌生的应力判据。裂纹在夹杂物内部扩展,不易向基体延伸。数值模拟单轴拉伸试验和理论计算结果与原位观察基本一致。     

非金属夹杂物对纯镍N6焊接接头组织性能的影响

以纯镍N6为主要研究对象,借助光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及电解萃取装置等手段分析了非金属夹杂物对纯镍N6焊接接头结构及性能的影响.结果表明:纯镍N6试样断裂与非金属夹杂物尺寸、形貌、数量等因素有直接的关系;非正常断裂试样的断口表现为沿晶断裂,断口上夹杂物主要由Al、Si、Ca、Mg、O、Fe等元素组成;对试样的金相组织与夹杂物进行分析发现非正常断裂试样中夹杂物数量及尺寸均大于正常试样,杂物数量大于50个/mm2且夹杂物尺寸大于10 μm的试样均发生断裂;夹杂物主要为氧化铝类(Al2O3、SiO2)、硅酸盐类、氮化物类(AlN、TiN、Ti(C,N))及复相夹杂物;原位拉伸试验表明,断裂的主要原因是在金属基体中存在的夹杂物诱发裂纹源,在应力的作用下裂纹扩展导致断裂.综合分析表明,纯镍N6焊接接头在生产中的断裂是由脆性夹杂物的存在而引起的.     

铸锭BFe30-1-1锻造性能的研究

研究了氧含量、夹杂物、宏观组织、拉制速度和电渣重熔等因素对BFe10 1 1合金铸锭锻造性能的影响,结果表明:氧含量、夹杂物对锻造性能影响不大,铸锭中的粗大晶粒及存在的缺陷将会降低锻造性能,而斜向生长的柱状晶区有利于锻造的质量控制,慢速停拉式铸造和合理的电渣重熔工艺对发挥合金的可锻性有利。     

氧化物冶金中的数值模拟及研究趋势

通过综述当前氧化物冶金技术的理论研究、夹杂物数值模拟的研究和凝固过程模拟方法的研究进展,提出利用proCAST软件,在元胞自动机-宏观有限元耦合算法(CAFE)模型的基础上开发模拟凝固过程中非金属夹杂物诱发晶内铁素体形核和细化晶粒组织的过程,预测氧化物冶金中非金属夹杂物的种类、尺寸和细化晶粒组织的工艺参数.     

Processing of Fe-Al-C-Ce alloys through air induction melting with flux cover (AIMFC) and electroslag remelting (ESR)

The effect of process parameters on recovery of reactive element, cerium, during air induction melting with flux cover (AIMFC) and electroslag remelting (ESR) of Fe-10.5 wt% Al-0.8 wt% C-(0.1 and 0.3) wt% Ce alloys and also the effect of melting techniques on hot workability, structure and tensile properties (at room temperature and at 873 K) of Fe-10.5 wt% Al-0.8 wt% C-0.3 wt% Ce alloy have been investigated. Good recovery of cerium was obtained by AIMFC. While conventional fluxes were found to be unsatisfactory, modified flux containing CeO₂ gave better recovery of cerium during ESR. The best recovery of cerium was achieved by using calcium as a deoxident during ESR. The combination of AIMFC and ESR yields a sound ingot of Fe-Al-C-Ce quaternary alloys free from gas and shrinkage porosity with very low oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur contents. Processing of AIMFC ingots through ESR has resulted in improved hot-workability. The ESR processed and hot-rolled alloy exhibited superior tensile elongation as compared to hot-rolled AIMFC alloy. This may be attributed to the comparatively sound, homogeneous and clean ingot, with a refined microstructure and fine uniform distribution of precipitates observed in hot-rolled ESR ingots.     

电渣重熔连续定向凝固FGH96合金非金属夹杂物研究

本文通过真空感应熔炼+惰性气氛保护电渣重熔连续定向凝固制备FGH96合金,对FGH96合金中的非金属夹杂物进行对比研究。结果表明,活泼元素Al、Ti、Zr、Ce、B等有轻微的烧损,主要元素含量都在合金要求的范围之内,氧含量略有降低,达到了真空熔炼的水平,氮含量有较大幅度的降低,主要存在两种类型的夹杂物,呈球形的夹杂物是Al、Ti、Mg的复合氧化物和TiN。图像统计分析结果表明,和传统电渣重熔相比,电渣重熔连续定向凝固工艺重熔后FGH96合金中的非金属夹杂物面积百分比、100个视场中的夹杂物个数降低了50%以上,夹杂物的最大尺寸由16μm降低到5.5μm,这主要是与熔池的形状、深度和结晶方式有较大关系,传统电渣重熔过程中金属熔池的形状是V字形,深度约占铸锭直径的50%左右,而电渣重熔连续定向凝固过程中形成的熔池呈扁平状,深度占直径10-20%。     

钛及钛合金熔炼技术发展现状

目前生产钛及钛合金铸锭最主要的方法是真空自耗电弧熔炼以及冷床炉熔炼方法。详细介绍了真空自耗电弧熔炼、电子束冷床炉熔炼以及等离子束冷床炉熔炼技术的原理、特点和发展现状。     

电渣重熔马氏体时效钢中的非金属夹杂物研究

本文应用电子扫描法(SEM+EDS)和金相法,对真空感应熔炼(VIM)及随后进行电渣重熔(ESR)的改进型18NiNb马氏体时效钢中的非金属夹杂物进行了定性和评级分析。结果表明,电渣重熔对去除钢中的硫化物和尺寸较大的单颗粒夹杂效果明显,电渣重熔后钢中的夹杂物主要为细小的氧化物夹杂,数量明显减少、且呈弥散分布,进一步提高了18NiNb合金钢的钢锭质量。     

Evaluation of the Electroslag Remelting Process in Medical Grade of 316LC Stainless Steel

This study is focused on the effects of electroslag remelting by prefused slag(CaO,Al2O3,and CaF2)on macrostructure and reduction of inclusions in the medical grade of 316LC(316LVM)stainless steel.Analysis of the obtained results indicated that for production of a uniform ingot structure during electroslag remelting, shape and depth of the molten pool should be carefully controlled.High melting rates led to deeper pool depth and interior radial solidification characteristics,while decrease in the melting ra...     

A demonstration of melt rate control during VAR of “Cracked” electrodes

A particularly challenging problem associated with vacuum arc remelting occurs when trying to maintain accurate control of electrode melt rate as the melt zone passes through a transverse crack in the electrode. As the melt zone approaches the crack, poor heat conduction across the crack drives the local temperature in the electrode tip above its steady-state value, causing the controller to cut back on melting current in response to an increase in melting efficiency. The difficulty arises when the melt zone passes through the crack and encounters the relatively cold metal on the other side, giving rise to an abrupt drop in melt rate. This extremely dynamic melting situation is very difficult to handle using standard load-cell based melt rate control, resulting in large melt rate excursions. We have designed and tested a new generation melt rate controller that is capable of controlling melt rate through crack events. The controller is designed around an accurate dynamic melting model that uses four process variables: electrode tip thermal boundary layer, electrode gap, electrode mass and melting efficiency. Tests, jointly sponsored by the Specialty Metals Processing Consortium and Sandia National Laboratories, were performed at Carpenter Technology Corporation wherein two 0.43 m diameter Pyromet® 718 electrodes were melted into 0.51 m diameter ingots. Each electrode was cut approximately halfway through its diameter with an abrasive saw to simulate an electrode crack. Relatively accurate melt rate control through the cuts was demonstrated despite the observation of severe arc disturbances and loss of electrode gap control. Subsequent to remelting, one ingot was sectioned in the “as cast” condition, whereas the other was forged to 0.20 m diameter billet. Macrostructural characterization showed solidification white spots in regions affected by the cut in the electrode.     

Al-Mg-Li-Zr系合金熔铸工艺研究

对Ａｌ－ Ｍｇ－ Ｌｉ－ Ｚｒ 系合金在工业条件下的熔炼与铸造工艺进行了详细和研究,控制氧化是稳定成分、减少夹杂的关键;采用氩气与真空精炼相结合并辅以合理的铸造保护措施可有效地降低合金中的氢含量,控制Ｎ 详细的研究,文章认为控制Ｎａ 含量;选用适当的铸造参数和保证方式可减少铸锭开裂,提高铸锭质量．     

Metallurgical characteristics of electroslag-refined MDN 250 maraging steel

MDN-250 maraging steel was electroslag-refined in a 350 kVA DC ESR unit using a slag of composition, CaF₂-65, CaO-9, Al₂O₃-2O, TiO₂-5, and MoO₃-1 (wt % basis) in straight as well as reverse polarity modes of melting. The chemical homogeneity of the ingots was established by X-ray fluorescence, plasma scan and spectrovac methods. The dissolved gas content (O and N) in the ingots was determined by a LECO gas analyser. Volume fraction, density and size distribution of inclusions in the ingots and the electrode were determined in a Quantimet image analyser. These results were supplemented by EPMA and SEM studies on selected inclusions. Mechanical properties of the ingots in the heat-treated and aged conditions were assessed and compared with those of the electrode material. The present results confirm that the reverse polarity mode of melting is best suited for producing quality maraging steels for the ingots produced by this mode of melting were found to possess superior metallurgical characteristics in terms of cleanliness and mechanical properties compared to those produced by the straight polarity ESR route and other conventional methods.     

Evaluation of electroslag remelting in TiC particle reinforced 304 stainless steel

This study is focused on the effect of electroslag remelting (ESR) on microstructure and mechanical properties of TiC particle reinforced 304 stainless steel synthesized by in situ reaction in vacuum introduction melting (VIM). Microstructure observations revealed that applying ESR process resulted in a more uniform distribution of TiC particles with reduced size, however, a slight aggregation with large TiC particles existed in the VIM ingot was found. Additionally, some tiny TiC precipitates with nano-scale were observed in the microstructure of the TiC reinforced steel after ESR process. Introduction of in situ TiC particles into the 304 stainless steel caused a significant increase of tensile properties, creep properties and wear resistance, but a decrease in ductility. Moreover, further improvement on tensile properties, creep properties, wear resistance as well as the ductility of the steel were obtained by using ESR process successfully.