射流间距对高温空气燃烧影响的数值研究

以高温空气燃烧技术为应用背景,对多股射流燃烧器的燃烧特性进行了数值模拟,讨论了燃料与空气射流喷口间距对燃烧特性的影响.采用标准的k-ε双方程模型计算流场,采用β函数的PDF燃烧模型计算气体燃料的燃烧,采用离散坐标法模拟辐射换热过程.NOx模型为热力型NOx,炉膛尺寸为800mm×800mm×1400mm,燃料喷口为圆形,直径为10mm,位于中心.空气喷口设计为5个等面积的圆形置于燃气喷口周围.计算结果表明,由于射流之间的相互作用,在炉膛后面存在回流区.烟气的回流一方面加强了燃料和空气的混合,使温度分布更为均匀,同时改变了炉膛空间内的燃料和氧的浓度分布,从而影响燃烧强度和NOx的局部生成.当燃料射流喷口与空气射流喷口的间距增大时,能有效地延缓燃料和空气的混合,烟气回流将会增加燃烧室内气体的混合程度,降低燃烧室内局部氧浓度,有利于扩大低氧区域,扩大燃烧区域,并且使炉膛温度变得均匀,减少局部高温区,降低NOx的生成.I=2.5时的NOx排放浓度为45×10-6.     

配风比对微型燃气轮机燃烧室燃烧性能影响的数值模拟

以采用燃料和空气预混燃烧方式的微型燃气轮机燃烧室为研究对象,根据设计参数对燃烧室进行建模和模拟计算,模拟不同工况下预混燃料在燃烧室内经过湍流流动并发生燃烧化学反应的过程,进而得到燃烧室内的热态流场、温度分布以及出口烟气中污染物的排放量.结果 表明:在总过量空气系数为3.01的情况下,随着旋流器进口当量比的增大以及助燃风质量流量比例的升高,预混火焰的锋面温度有所升高,出口NOx质量浓度与出口温度分布因子呈正相关.     

旋流对天然气高温空气燃烧特性影响的数值模拟

以工业炉的高温空气燃烧技术应用为背景,对一个新型轴向旋流式单烧嘴燃烧室内天然气的高温空气燃烧特性进行了数值研究。采用数值模拟的方法研究了同心式轴向旋流燃烧器（HCASbumer）中螺旋肋片的旋转角度对燃烧特性的影响,其中湍流采用Reynolds应力模型,气相燃烧模拟采用β函数形式的PDF燃烧模型,采用离散坐标法模拟辐射换热过程,NOx模型为热力型与快速型。计算结果表明,对预热空气采用旋转射流时,能明显降低NOx生成量。对于HCAS型燃烧器,随着空气射流旋转角度的增大,燃烧室内的回流区域增大增强,降低了局部的氧体积分数分布,燃烧室中平均温度和最高温度都有所增加,且燃烬程度大幅度提高,而局部高温区缩小,只在靠近入口处出现。总的NOx排放量随着空气射流旋转角度的增大先减小,后增大。因此,适当调整肋片的旋转角度可以降低NOx生成量。     

新型低NOx排放高温空气燃烧的数值研究

通过数值模拟对燃料射流环绕空气射流的五喷口高温空气燃烧的燃烧特性进行了研究.详细阐述了燃烧室内燃烧温度和燃烧组分的分布情况,并对NOx生成及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明:燃烧室出口可燃物浓度低于0.1%,燃烧反应完全;燃烧反应主要发生在燃料射流包围的圆柱体内,沿射流方向,燃烧逐渐向空气射流方向扩大,燃烧过程缓慢,并在燃烧室后半段稳定燃烧;NOx主要在燃烧室的高温区域形成,降低燃烧室内高温区域的氧气浓度是抑制燃烧过程NOx生成的关键,在燃烧室入口附近,NOx的生成受燃料射流的入口温度影响较大.     

过量空气系数及旋流数对天然气燃烧特性的影响研究

针对天然气在O2/N2氛围下扩散燃烧时,过量空气系数和旋流数对WNS型燃气锅炉燃烧室内的温度分布、速度分布及NOx生成的影响,利用CFD软件,采用标准k-ε湍流模型、P-1辐射模型和涡耗散模型进行数值模拟。基于旋流对流动特性的影响,采用旋流数S来表示入口空气的旋流强度。结果表明：在过量空气系数α从1.0增大到1.3的过程中,火焰直径逐渐变小,排烟温度降低,燃烧室出口处NOx的质量分数逐渐减小;在空气旋流数从0提高到0.8的过程中,燃烧室内形成了中心回流区,火焰的径向流动分布逐渐改善,燃烧室内的温度分布更加均匀;旋流燃烧的火焰中心轴线温度分布高于直流射流燃烧,提高空气旋流数可以有效降低NOx的质量分数。     

湍流燃烧模型在燃气轮机燃烧室模拟中的运用与对比

利用Fluent商业软件,对燃气轮机燃烧室C16H29非预混燃烧流场进行数值模拟。针对燃烧室的额定工况,分别采用简单概率密度函数模型、涡耗散模型、涡耗散概念模型的2步反应和5步反应过程,对湍流燃烧流场进行对比数值分析,同时,考察燃烧室Thermal和Prompt NOx排放性能。通过比较发现,有吸热反应过程的EDC-5步模型所得流域内燃烧区温度较低;出口温度均匀性最好,最大不均匀度28%;NOx排放量最少。结果表明,该模型能够更合理地预测燃烧室的流场分布。     

空气旋流数对甲烷燃烧NOx生成影响数值模拟研究

为研究甲烷-空气非预混燃烧下空气旋流数对流动特性、温度分布及其对污染物NOx生成的影响,利用CFD软件,采用标准的k-ε湍流模型、P-1辐射模型和涡流耗散模型进行数值模拟。结果表明：空气旋流数从0提高到0.8的过程中,形成的中心内回流区会强化燃料和空气混合,中心火焰向燃烧室两侧逐渐扩散,火焰长度变短,且高温区移动到燃烧室的前端,局部高温的产生得到了抑制,燃烧室内的温度场更加均匀,进而导致NOx生成量的下降。同时研究燃烧器几何尺寸对气体停留时间及NOx排放浓度的影响,发现缩小空气入口孔隙半径r和燃空径向隔板间距L会导致气流速度增大,促进反应更快地弥散到整个空间,能够进一步抑制NOx的产生。     

空气分级燃烧降低NOx排放技术的研究

利用Fluent数值模拟软件分析了空气分级对高温低氧空气燃烧污染物排放的影响.应用空气分级燃烧技术的燃烧器不仅使燃烧室内具有较高的温度水平,温度场均匀,燃烧效率高,而且NOx的生成量也较低,可以达到节约燃料和降低污染物的综合效果.计算结果分析表明:分级燃烧的二次空气配比对燃烧室内的NOx排放有较大影响.当一次空气占40%左右时,NOx排放最少.     

燃气轮机环形燃烧室内燃烧流动的数值模拟

对一个复杂的GE—F101型工业燃气轮机环形燃烧室，采用Reynolds应力湍流模型(RSM)、EBU—Arrhenius湍流燃烧模型和六通量热辐射模型描述其燃烧流动，应用FLUENT软件进行了三维化学反应流场的数值模拟研究。研究结果表明：旋流和燃料进口射流对燃烧室流内温度和流场分布有着重要的影响；利用数值手段得到燃烧室出口的温度分布以判断其能否满足透平叶片进口温度的要求是可行的；燃烧室工作压强对出口的NO分布有着重要影响。在燃用气体燃料时，燃气轮机的NO排放主要来自于热NO，瞬时NO只占很小一部分。图11参6     

利用特征时间燃烧模型研究燃料分层对柴油PCCI燃烧过程的影响

针对柴油可控的预混燃烧方式,提出了一种基于化学动力学反应和湍流混合特征时间尺度的改进燃烧模型.介绍了一个燃料混合不均匀性程度函数H(φ),由此导出了模型中的湍流混合时间尺度系数f,用来表征燃料混合不均匀性程度与湍流混合时间尺度的关系.利用该模型对调制多脉冲喷油模式下柴油可控预混充量压燃PCCI燃烧进行了数值模拟,计算结果与试验数据符合良好.调制多脉冲喷油模式下柴油可控预混充量压燃PCCI燃烧的着火过程是分步容积式的,并受燃料分层的强烈影响.由于缸内存在浓度与温度的分层,降低了高浓度区域的温度,有助于减少NOx,此外"V"型当量比分布有利于推迟高温反应.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.