锆合金摩擦磨损性能的研究进展

锆及其合金具有比强度高、密度小、吸收热中子面积小和耐腐蚀性能良好等优点,已被应用于航空航天、核工业和航海等特殊领域。然而由于锆合金通常作为结构部件应用于高温、高压、高强度等苛刻的服役环境中,因发生摩擦磨损而限制了其工业化应用。本文综述了近年来锆合金摩擦磨损性能优化的研究进展,介绍了锆合金的摩擦磨损行为及机制,总结了摩擦磨损实验中速度、载荷以及温度对锆合金摩擦磨损性能的影响,概括了表面处理、合金化以及热处理等可改善锆合金耐磨性能的有效方法。最后,对未来抗耐磨性锆合金的研究发展和应用进行了总结和展望。     

基于稀土调控的激光熔覆Ni60强化铝合金的高温摩擦磨损性能研究

目的 提高铝合金的综合使用性能。方法 采用激光熔覆技术对6063铝合金表面分别进行了Ni60、Ni60+4%CeO2、Ni60+5%Y2O3和Ni60+5%La2O3激光熔覆处理,然后进行了硬度和高温摩擦磨损实验,通过分析各试样的摩擦系数、磨痕轮廓、磨损量、物相、成分和磨损后微观形貌,进而分析各试样的耐磨性能和磨损机理,以及稀土对熔覆层耐磨性能和磨损机理的影响。结果 熔覆层的硬度呈梯度分布,加入稀土Ni60熔覆层的硬度明显提升。6063铝合金随着载荷和磨损温度的升高,磨损机制从二体磨粒磨损,到粘着磨损,再到严重的熔融磨损和氧化磨损,由轻微向严重磨损转变。Ni60熔覆层的磨损机制主要为剥层磨损、氧化磨损和轻微的犁削磨损,并随着载荷和磨损温度的升高,剥层磨损的程度越来越严重。添加最佳稀土含量的熔覆层随着载荷和磨损温度的升高,磨损机制逐渐由以犁削磨损为主过渡为以剥层磨损为主,并含有氧化磨损和犁削磨损。与Ni60熔覆层相比,加入最佳稀土含量的熔覆层的高温摩擦磨损性能均有明显提高。结论 对比三种稀土熔覆层,高温摩擦磨损性能由好到差的顺序为Ni60+4%CeO2熔覆层>Ni60+5%Y2O3熔覆层>Ni60+5%La2O3熔覆层。     

表面处理对镁合金摩擦磨损性能影响的研究进展

镁合金作为最轻的金属结构材料得到了广泛的关注和应用,但其摩擦磨损性能差制约镁合金的进一步发展.综述了近些年来开发的表面改性处理、表面形变强化、高能束表面强化和表面涂层处理等技术对镁合金摩擦磨损性能的影响以及其磨损机制;总结了镁合金表面处理技术在提高摩擦磨损性能方面的作用,并展望了其发展趋势.     

摩擦条件对Al-Mn共晶合金的摩擦磨损性能的影响

选取锰质量分数为2.15％的Al-Mn共晶合金作为试样,采用X射线衍射仪分析试样的相组成,称量摩擦试验前后试样的质量,并用扫描电镜观察所获得材料的磨痕形貌.结果表明,该Al-Mn共晶合金主要由锰在铝中的固溶体和铝锰化合物MnAl6及Al11Mn4相组成;在仅有腐蚀液情况下的摩擦磨损质量损失要比在腐蚀液加磨粒的情况下更大;从磨痕形貌上看,前者比后者有较多的凹坑和较深的犁沟.     

高铬钢摩擦磨损性能研究

对含碳1.4wt.％和含铬15wt.％的Fe-C-Cr合金进行退火处理.借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜、XRD对试样微观组织进行观察,通过MMU-5G型屏显式材料端面摩擦磨损试验机对其磨损性能进行研究.结果表明,在铸造条件下,基材高铬钢组织由初生奥氏体枝晶和(Fe,Cr)7C3、(Fe,Cr)23C6合金碳化物组成.在定转速情况下,随载荷逐渐增大,滑动摩擦系数均不断下降,在载荷较小时其下降幅度较明显,随载荷增大,下降幅度变化趋于平缓.     

ZM5镁合金微弧氧化膜的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用微弧氧化装置在硅酸盐体系中对ZM5镁合金进行了微弧氧化表面改性处理.采用XRD及SEM分析了ZM5镁合金微弧氧化陶瓷膜的形貌、组成和结构,并对微弧氧化陶瓷膜的硬度以及干式滑动摩擦磨损行为进行了研究.结果表明:微弧氧化膜由三层结构组成,主要由Mg2SiO4相和少量MgO相组成;可以显著提高镁合金基体的硬度和耐磨性,其室温滑动摩擦磨损机理为轻微犁削和粘附转移.     

合金元素对新型Co-Al-W合金摩擦磨损性能的影响

Co-Al-W合金是由γ′-Co3(Al,W)相沉淀强化的新型钴基高温合金。为了研究合金元素Mo、Nb、Ta和Ti对Co-Al-W合金摩擦磨损性能的影响,采用THT07-135型摩擦磨损试验机、SEM等方法研究合金化Co-Al-W合金的室温摩擦磨损性能,并与钴基Stellite6合金相比较。研究发现,9.8W合金的摩擦系数比钴基Stellite6的小。合金元素Mo、Nb、Ti可适度降低9.8W合金的磨损失重和摩擦系数,提高其耐磨性能。Mo、Ti和Nb元素对提高9.8W合金的耐磨性能效果较好;Ta的效果不明显。Co-Al-W合金主要发生氧化磨损和磨粒磨损,但Stellite6合金主要发生剥层和磨粒磨损。     

SiC_p/ZA27复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

探讨了不同含量、不同大小ＳｉＣｐ增强ＺＡ２７复合材料的摩擦磨损特性,并借助ＳＥＭ,ＥＤＡＸ对磨面及其剖面、磨屑进行了分析。结果表明：随着ＳｉＣｐ含量的增加,复合材料的磨损量急剧下降,摩擦系数也呈下降趋势,磨损机制将从粘着和剧烈切屑磨损转向微切削磨损;随着ＳｉＣｐ尺寸的增大,磨损量先急剧减小后趋于稳定,摩擦系数先减小后又升高,磨损机制将从粘着和剧烈切削转向微切削和因ＳｉＣｐ脱粘造成的磨料磨损;经ＸＲＤ分析复合材料的磨屑由Ｚｎ和Ａｌ的固溶体相及ＳｉＣｐ和对磨块４５＃钢的Ｆｅ相组成。     

搅拌摩擦焊接头区域的摩擦磨损性能

通过测定失重量和摩擦力矩的波动情况,得出在不同工艺参数条件下试样的抗磨损性和摩擦系数的变化规律。实验结果表明:搅拌摩擦焊接头的摩擦磨损性能明显优于母材,当正压力从50N增加到100N时,母材的失重量增加近6倍,母材的失重量在同等加载情况下是焊缝的10￣20倍。实验还表明搅拌摩擦焊接头的摩擦力矩较小并且波动平缓。     

搅拌摩擦焊接头区域的摩擦磨损性能

通过测定失重量和摩擦力矩的波动情况，得出在不同工艺参数条件下试样的抗磨损性和摩擦系数的变化规律。实验结果表明：搅拌摩擦焊接头的摩擦磨损性能明显优于母材，当正压力从50N增加到100N时．母材的失重量增加近6倍，母材的失重量在同等加载情况下是焊缝的10-20倍。实验还表明搅拌摩擦焊接头的摩擦力矩较小并且波动平缓。     

AZ91D薄板搅拌摩擦焊

实现了厚度为2.2 mm铸造镁合金AZ91D薄板的搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊,分析了搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对焊接接头成形的影响和接头组织变化,考察了搅拌摩擦焊接头的力学性能.在搅拌头旋转速度为1 380 r/min时得到了比较理想的焊接接头,而1 960 r/min的转速过大.接头不同区域所受的机械力和热量不同,显微组织明显不同.搅拌区晶粒细小,显微硬度和强度都有所提高.搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能与热输入有关;与氩弧焊接头相比,搅拌摩擦焊接接头的性能更好.     

Fretting wear behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy

The fretting behaviour of the AZ91D magnesium alloy was investigated. The influence of the number of cycles, normal load （contact pressure） and the amplitude of slip on the fretting behavior of the material were focused. Fretting tests were performed under various running conditions with regard to normal load levels and slip amplitudes. The friction coefficient between the surfaces at the fretting junction was continuously recorded. The freeing damage on the magnesium specimens was studied by SEM. The resultS show that the wear volume increases with the increase of slip amplitude, and linearly increases with the increase of normal load in the mixed and gross slip regime, but the normal load has no obvious effect on the wear volume in the partial slip regime. The predominant fretting wear mechanism of magnesium alloy in the slip regime is the oxidation wear, delaminated wear and abrasive wear.     

半固态AZ91D镁合金压铸过程的数值模拟

采用机械搅拌方式研究了半固态AZ91D合金的流变特性,并根据实验数据,拟合出剪切速率为238s-1时,半固态AZ91D合金的固相体积分数和表观粘度之间的关系式。从流体力学的角度,采用数值技术对半固态AZ91D镁合金的压铸过程进行了研究。数值模拟结果表明,半固态浆料温度为550℃、模具温度为300℃、压铸速度为1m/s时,该文所设计的压铸件的压铸过程能很好地进行。同时,该研究工作能为分析压铸成形过程提供有益的信息。     

超声处理半固态AZ91D组织分布规律研究

研究镁合金AZ91D在半固态下经超声处理后其微观组织的分布规律,进而研究半固态浆料形成细晶和非枝晶组织的机理。在不同的超声功率下,取一定的超声引入温度和超声持续时间,将镁合金AZ91D熔体试样在半固态状态下进行超声处理,获得了试样不同位置处的半固态微观组织。结果表明,在同一超声功率下,超声处理试样的不同位置所引起的晶粒形态和大小有很大差别,在不同功率下,相同取样位置的微观组织也有很大不同。     

Hot rolling characteristics of spray-formed AZ91 magnesium alloy

AZ91 magnesium alloy was prepared by spray forming. The spray-deposited alloy was subsequently hot-rolled with a 80% reduction at 350℃. The microstructural features of the as-spray-deposited and hot-rolled alloy were examined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The results show that the spray-formed AZ91 magnesium alloy has, compared with the as-cast ingot, a finer microstructure with less interrnetallic phase Mg17Al12 dispersed in the matrix due to fast cooling and solidification rates of spray forming process, and, therefore showing excellent workability. It can be hot-rolled with nearly 20% reduction for one pass at lower temperatures （330-360℃）, and the total reduction can reach 50% prior to annealing. After proper thermo-mechanical treatment, the spray-formed AZ91 magnesium alloy exhibits outstanding mechanical properties.     

Influence of rare earth element Ce and La addition on corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy

Two types of AZ91 magnesium alloys containing rare earth element Ce or La were fabricated. Hydrogen evolution and electrochemical tests were carried out to evaluate the corrosion behavior of new AZRE (RE = Ce or La) and AZ91 alloys in 3.5% NaCl solutions (pH 6.50). Various corrosion rate tests indicated that addition of RE obviously enhanced corrosion resistance of AZ91 magnesium alloy. The optimal content of RE was 0.92% for Ce and 0.66% for La. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and low‐angle X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the effect of RE addition on microstructure and corrosion product film of AZ91 magnesium alloy. The refined β phase and formation of γ phase in AZRE alloy were observed by SEM, which resulted in the improvement of corrosion resistance due to the depression of microgalvanic couples. Moreover, the enhanced protective effectiveness of corrosion products was another reason for the improved corrosion resistance.     

AZ91D镁合金板材电脉冲轧制工艺研究

利用自主研发的电脉冲轧制设备,对AZ91D镁合金板材进行了电脉冲轧制实验,证明了AZ91D镁合金具有一定的可轧性,并获得了合适的工艺参数。对高能电脉冲和轧制力共同作用下AZ91板材变形量、力学性能及微观组织的变化机理进行了分析,并与常规轧制进行了比较。结果表明,由于电塑性效应的影响,与常规轧制相比,道次累计变形量达到了40%,显微组织变化明显,晶粒明显细化,晶粒和晶界明显拉长,抗拉强度等力学性能有显著提高。     

炉料微观组织对AZ91D镁合金重熔行为的影响

通过重熔化学成分相同的AZ91D压铸件和铸锭,研究了炉料组织对镁合金AZ91D金相形貌、晶粒组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:与铸锭重熔后相比,压铸件重熔后共晶体的离异程度较大,平均晶粒尺寸较小;经过相同保温时间,压铸件重熔后的抗拉强度、屈服强度及断裂延伸率均较高;随保温时间的延长,两种炉料重熔后的力学性能均得到了提高。采用DTA分析了炉料重熔后的凝固过程,凝固过程中过冷度较小是压铸件重熔后晶粒尺寸小于铸锭重熔后晶粒尺寸的热力学原因。     

Friction stir processing of thixoformed AZ91D magnesium alloy and fabrication of Al-rich surface

The microstructural evolution characteristics of thermo-mechanically affected zone were investigated during friction stir processing (FSP) of the thixoformed AZ91D alloy. Simultaneously, an Al-rich surface layer was prepared by combination of Al powder using FSP method. The results indicate that the dynamic recrystallization and mechanical separation (including splitting and fracture of the primary grains) are the main mechanisms of grain refinement. For the thixoformed alloy, the operation efficiency of these mechanisms is less than that of the permanent mould casting AZ91D alloy, thus its microstructural evolution is relatively slow and the resulting grain size is relatively large. These are attributed to the differences in their original microstructures. The Al-rich surface layer can obviously improve the corrosion resistance in NaCl aqueous solution. A proper solution heat treatment (at 415 ℃ for 1 h) can further increase the corrosion resistance. In order to improve corrosion resistance, increasing the amount and improving the distribution uniformity of the Al-rich phase are more effective than increasing the Al solubility in the matrix.