桩-土作用机理与数值模拟

桩-土间相互作用机理的研究是保证桩基础在建筑荷载作用下安全稳定的关键。在分析桩-土间相互作用的基础上,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS中的Structural模块先进的非线性功能,进行桩的有限元分析,对桩-土间相互作用方式进行了数值模拟研究。建立了完整的桩模型,并建立弹簧单元以及表面效应单元以模拟土层对桩的作用力,得到了在建筑荷载和土层作用力下桩的位移量及其轴向应力分布,为建筑基础设计提供理论依据。     

桩基负摩擦力浅析

桩基负摩擦力问题是桩基工程中热点和难点问题之一。分析了负摩擦力产生的原因,总结了桩侧负摩擦强度和中性点位置的确定办法;对比分析了竖向受压桩和堆载作用下桩基负摩擦力的性状,并通过有限单元法建立简单模型,定量地比较了竖向受压桩桩侧极限摩阻力与堆载作用下桩侧负摩擦力的大小。     

压桩过程中静压桩挤土位移的动态模拟和 实测对比研究

 圆孔扩张法及应变路径法由于土体的大变形和桩土界面摩擦接触问题而难以模拟动态的压桩过程,数值模拟法能够考虑到土体的本构关系、大变形和桩土的相互作用等诸多因素的影响,因而在静压桩挤土效应方面得到了广泛的应用。采用合适的土体屈服准则及有限变形理论,通过在桩土界面设置接触以及在桩顶施加位移荷载建立了能够实现动态压桩过程的有限元模型。利用得到的有限元模型模拟了沉桩产生的水平及竖向挤土位移场,讨论了动态压桩过程对沉桩挤土位移场的影响,并和现场实测进行了对比。研究结果表明,挤土位移场动态模拟结果与实测值相一致,且能反映土性的变化情况;在动态压桩过程中,水平向的挤土位移随着压桩深度的增加而增大,竖向挤土位移随着压桩深度的增加浅层土体表现为隆起增加,而深层土体表现为下沉量增加。挤土位移的最大值与压桩深度存在滞后效应,因此在压桩过程中要给以足够的重视。     

Effect of loading eccentricity on the ultimate lateral resistance of twin-piles in clay

This paper studies the effect of loading eccentricity and pile spacing on the ultimate lateral soil resistance of twin-piles using finite element limit analysis and analytical upper bound plasticity methods. Two kinematic mechanisms corresponding to the failure modes produced by the advanced finite element simulations are postulated with different eccentricity and pile spacing cases. Comparisons have shown excellent agreements between the two approaches. A series of parametric studies are then subsequently performed. Numerical results have shown that loading eccentricity considerably affects ultimate lateral soil resistance, leading to a maximum reduction of 50%. In addition, the curve of normalised pile resistance versus pile spacing ratio is dissimilar to that without considering the effect of loading eccentricity. The proposed solutions and failure mechanisms in this study will provide a deepened insight on the performance of twin-pile group under eccentric loads.     

Hybrid Type Rigid Plastic Finite Element Analysis for Bearing Capacity Characteristics of Surface Uniform Loading

In the geotechnical engineering design, rigid plastic analysis is usually used to estimate a factor of safety or an ultimate capacity. Although based on a simple assumption of rigid-plastic material behaviour, limit analysis has a rigorous theoretical background called limit theorems. The implementation of limit analysis to finite element method is recognised as rigid-plastic finite element method. The author recently proposed a new formulation of hybrid type rigid-plastic finite element method based on the interior point method, named primal-dual rigid-plastic finite element method (PDRPFEM). In this paper, characteristics of primal-dual rigid-plastic finite element method are illustrated in contrast to the ordinary rigid-plastic finite element method based on the upper bound theorem. Advantages of the primal-dual rigid-plastic finite element method in the numerical calculations are also explained. In addition to this, as a real rigid-plastic boundary value problem, bearing capacity problems of surface uniform loading on weightless Tresca material (c, φ = 0) are solved by the primal-dual rigid-plastic finite element method. Numerical solutions are compared to the analytical solutions to investigate numerical accuracies of the primal-dual rigid-plastic finite element method.     

分层土中水平受荷超长桩侧移修正法

为研究超长桩在水平荷载下的侧移,引入水平集中荷载作用下双层弹性体系的基本解答,利用数值积分得到双层土的侧移解,基于数值模拟建立位移修正函数,提出分层土中水平受荷超长桩侧移修正计算方法。通过算例对分层土中超长桩侧移性状进行了分析并对该方法的正确性和可行性进行了验证。结果表明:利用侧移修正法计算超长桩在水平荷载下的侧移解,能较好地反映土的分层情况、土层刚度的影响、桩的基本特性及水平荷载的变化。在分层土中,桩身侧移量随着土层的相对弹性模量比E₂/E₁的增大而减小;随着浅层土厚增大而增大,但弹性模量比对侧移的影响程度大于浅层土厚的改变。该方法方便实用,可避免数值模拟带来的时间消耗和不易收敛问题。     

循环荷载作用下饱和黏性土的弹塑性双面模型

基于作者新近提出的一种混合塑性硬化准则和临界状态土力学理论建立了一个三维形式表述的适于饱和黏性土的弹塑性双面模型,此硬化准则是著名的M asing方法在三维应力空间中的推广。该模型的二维形式已采用饱和黏性土样室内动态三轴不排水剪切试验的结果进行了验证并已在另文发表。本文所建的三维弹塑性动本构模型与一个半经验的孔隙水压力增长模式相结合,通过有限元程序ABAQUS*对一个循环荷载作用下的条形基础下部地基土层内的位移、应力分布和超孔隙水压力随时间的变化进行了分析,计算结果表明模型预测的地基土的力学响应是符合实际的。     

减沉桩基变形控制机理的案例分析

桩数沉降关系是按变形控制设计桩基础(减少沉降桩基础设计)的重要依据,受荷载大小、桩位布置和场地类别等多个因素共同影响。结合某工程现场实测数据,运用近似数值方法和平面应变有限元方法对2幢采用不同桩数的多层住宅桩筏基础进行计算分析,研究不同桩间距对地基压缩变形、基础内力和土体应力应变分布的影响,对桩数减少一半时基础沉降几乎没有变化这一问题给出合理解释。结果表明,作用于基础顶面的荷载水平越低,桩侧与桩端土层可压缩性差异越小,基础沉降量对桩数变化越不敏感。对于深厚软土地基中的低承台群桩基础,按变形控制进行桩基设计,能最大程度地节约基础用桩量,可获得十分显著的经济效益。     

Monopilegründungen von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen – Zum Einfluss einer veränderlichen zyklischen Lastangriffsrichtung

Monopile foundations for offshore-wind power plants – On the influence of multidirectional cyclic loading. The design of offshore-monopile foundations for wind power plants with focus on cyclic lateral loads poses a great challenge to designers and consultants as recently there are no verified design rules. As a first approach methods used in research and development, like finite element analysis or small scale tests, concentrate on unidirectional swelling loads. However small scale tests described herein demonstrate that minor changes of loading direction provide pile head displacements that exceed those of an unidirectionally loaded pile by far. The pile follows a path of minimum soil resistance. It drifts off main loading direction.     

桩-土界面摩擦对静压桩挤土效应的影响分析

采用合适的土体屈服准则及有限变形理论，通过在桩-土界面设置接触以及在桩顶施加位移荷载建立了符合压桩实际的有限元模型。利用得到的有限元模型模拟了沉桩产生的挤土位移场，讨论了桩-土界面不同摩擦情况对沉桩产生位移场的影响。并对桩-土相互作用及水平向孔扩张的2种有限元模型进行了对比，结果表明，考虑桩-土相互作用及其摩擦情况是正确模拟静压桩挤土效应的关键。     

静压桩残余应力数值模拟及其对桩承载性状影响分析

利用有限元方法建立了符合静压桩实际的有限元模型。该模型采用有限变形理论和自适应网格技术,并通过桩土界面的接触和施加位移荷载来实现压桩过程。运用计算得到的静压桩残余应力分析了其对桩承载性状的影响。结果表明,忽略残余应力的影响会导致量测的桩身极限承载力偏高,而桩端极限承载力偏低。     

被动方桩土拱效应三维有限元分析

基于大型有限元软件包ADINA,建立模拟被动方桩的三维有限元模型,对在桩顶边界条件和桩土接触变化时桩基的不同性状进行分析:包括土拱效应机理,桩土间的成拱效应,桩身挠度与表面荷载的变化规律以及桩侧土压力、桩身轴力的变化规律。分析结果表明,黏性土地基在邻近堆载作用下,桩身挠度与表面荷载呈非线性关系,可以用三折线模型来模拟;桩顶自由时,桩前土压力介于朗肯主动土压力与被动土压力间,呈非线性分布;在同种土中,桩侧极限土压力沿桩身呈线性分布,但比Ito理论和沈珠江理论都小。     

Analysis of plate girders with perforated webs

A simple finite element formulation is proposed for studying the pattern of the membrane tension bands developed in the post-critical stages, when a plate girder with web openings is subjected to predominant shear loading. A modified version of Von Mises' criterion is used to simplify the computational process. These studies validate the equilibrium solutions proposed earlier by the authors. Comparisons of predicted ultimate loads by this theoretical treatment with the corresponding experimentally observed loads show that the predictions are marginally conservative and are therefore safe.     

水平荷载单桩计算的综合刚度和双参数法杆系有限元数值解

 为提高水平荷载单桩设计计算的准确度和效率,建立基于综合刚度和双参数法原理的杆系有限元数值解。同时,从理论和对静载试验实例的分析上,指出我国现行规范建议的水平荷载桩设计计算m法存在的缺陷,建议改进方法。本文建立的杆系有限元法不像解析法那样存在参数取值的限制,避免了烦琐的查表计算,且无需对桩端约束条件进行假定及区分长桩、短桩和中长桩。实例计算比较表明,当采用与解析法相同的综合刚度和双参数时,杆系有限元解与解析解结果吻合很好,能保证桩顶位移和转角、桩身最大弯矩和及其作用位置与实测结果基本一致;当根据桩长范围内土层变化确定各土层比例系数m,通过若干次试算调整幂指数n和综合刚度EI可获得较解析法更好的计算结果。     

General analysis and application to redundant arches under static loading

The aim of this paper is to define an exact formulation of a curved beam finite element for static analysis. The basic equations are combined in the coupled fundamental system in terms of radial displacement v, tangential displacement u and rotation ϕ. An original procedure for solving the fundamental system of equations is used. A finite element formulation based on shape functions that satisfy the homogeneous form of the fundamental system of differential equations is developed. The effects of bending moment, axial extension and transverse shear are taken into account. The exact elastic solution renders the element obtained free of shear and membrane locking.An efficient numerical procedure is presented for determining the pressure curve in the case of circular arches under static loading and arbitrary bonding conditions. The solution obtained is applicable to the analysis of both thin and thick curved beams.Several examples of arches with various loading and boundary conditions are investigated to illustrate the validity and the accuracy of the method. Finally, the effect of the arch rise on the structural response is pointed out.     

挤扩支盘桩受力性状的研究

通过载荷试验证明，挤扩支盘桩由于桩身不同位置设置了多个支或盘，使其荷载传递性状发生了根本的改变，因而它的承载力及沉降等方面也发生了变化。基于静载试验，研究和分析了挤扩支盘桩的荷载传递性状，提出了用经验公式计算极限承载力时采用的修正系数，并应用于本次试验，计算值与实测值较吻合，同时，还分析了挤扩支盘桩承载力的影响因素。     

Generic nonlinear modelling of restrained steel beams at elevated temperatures

This paper presents a novel numerical method to describe the nonlinear behaviour of a restrained steel beam at elevated temperatures, which is based on a non-discretisation semi-analytical formulation of a generic steel cross-section with elastic and plastic parts. The model incorporates moderately large displacement effects as well as material nonlinearity to assess the performance of steel beams exposed to thermal loading in a compartment fire, and it considers the yielding and development of catenary action affects with an increase in the temperature. The effects of the thermal gradient along the length of the beam are considered in the formulation, in which the cross-section is subjected to an arbitrary thermal profile. Degradation of the stiffness and yield strength with increasing temperature is simulated using empirical retention functions given elsewhere, and the technique is shown to be part of the class of boundary value problems in engineering mechanics. The generic technique developed in the paper is shown to agree with solutions given by ABAQUS finite element modelling, and it provides a computationally superior formulation to that of commercial finite element packages, and provides a formulation which may be used as a platform for structural design and evaluation.     

Beam-column element for non-linear dynamic analysis of steel members subjected to blast loading

This paper addresses an innovative semi-analytical non-discretisation numerical methodology for the non-linear dynamic analysis of steel beam-column elements subjected to loading produced by an explosion. For the mechanical-based formulation, the steel beam-column member is modelled as being restrained at its ends by translational and counterpart rotational springs which simulate semi-rigid joints in a frame. The modelling of the cross-section as comprising of elastic and inelastic domains allows for the spread of yielding to be modelled accurately, whilst the effects of large displacements and the rate-dependent effect of steel material due to rapid dynamic loading is taken into account. The generic steel beam-column element that is developed is shown to agree well with solutions given by finite element modelling using ABAQUS, while providing a computationally superior formulation to that of commercial finite element packages. In addition, it provides a more efficacious formulation to those of conventional plastic zone and plastic hinge methods, while it has the potential to be used as a platform for structural analysis and design in which scenarios of progressive collapse are important.     

冲击波作用下桩基础高层剪力墙结构附建人防地下室倾覆机理分析

利用大型通用有限元软件MSC.MARC和基于MARC平台开发的钢筋混凝土杆系纤维模型、土的修正D-P模型和桩土相互作用弹簧模型子程序,建立上部结构-地下室-桩-土系统整体计算模型,对核爆冲击波作用下高层剪力墙结构附建人防地下室的倾覆进行了数值计算,在此基础上分析了桩长、桩距和桩径等参数的影响。结果表明:桩基础大大提高了地下室的竖向约束和转动约束刚度,显著降低了地下室的倾覆反应,有利于高层建筑附建人防地下室的抗倾覆,可作为高层建筑附建人防地下室抗倾覆的主要措施。在满足正常设计要求基础上,桩长、桩距和桩径在一定范围内变化对地下室倾覆反应影响不大,可以忽略。     

用荷载传递函数法计算单桩承载力

根据位移协调理论 ,采用荷载传递函数法分析了竖向受荷下单桩的承载特性。桩侧传递函数采用双曲线模型 ,然后用剪切变形传递理论对该双曲线参数a ,b进行修正 ,根据桩身各单元体位移与内力的协调关系 ,确定桩顶荷载与位移的关系曲线。利用已知土力学参数 ,对工程实例进行了数值计算 ,计算得到的桩极限承载力为4 4 5 8kN ,与工程实测值 4 6 5 4kN相吻合 ,相对差值仅为 4 % ,验证了用剪切变形传递理论修正双曲线参数的正确性。此外 ,还在不同土力学参数条件下 ,研究了单桩荷载传递的一些基本特性。研究表明 :桩的沉降量随混凝土强度的增加而减小 ;承载力和桩侧摩阻力随长径比的增大而增大 ;桩侧摩阻力还随土弹性模量Es 值的增加而增大。该研究结果对桩的设计和承载力计算具有重要意义