Realization of uniform deformation of soil specimen under undrained plane strain condition based on soil–water coupled finite deformation analysis considering inertia forces

Based on a soil–water coupled finite deformation analysis, theoretical considerations and numerical calculations were carried out under the undrained plane strain condition in order to reproduce a uniform deformation field. Rather than the “quasi-static” equation of motion, which does not include inertia forces, a dynamic equation of motion which includes inertia forces was used. At first, a theoretical consideration was carried out to realize uniform deformation for a saturated soil that satisfied the element-wise undrained/constant-volume condition. This presents an “infinitely slow loading” case without ignoring the inertia term based on the u–p formulation. In other words, it can be seen that under general slow loading that is not infinitely slow, a gradient in the pore water pressure will always be produced, resulting in the migration of pore water and loss/collapse of uniformity. This first conclusion is useful for verifying numerical analysis code made in the finite deformation regime. Next, the uniform deformation of a plane strain rectangular soil specimen was measured under constant cell pressure and undrained boundary conditions using a dynamic soil–water coupled analysis in which the SYS Cam-clay model was employed as the elasto-plastic constitutive model for the soil skeleton. In addition, the effects of the loading rates as well as loading applications, with/without inertia forces, on the loss of uniformity in deformation were shown to have a significant influence on the inertia term even though the loss itself was extremely small.     

地面横向往返运动下可液化土层中桩基响应机理

通过非液化和液化土层中桩基础宏观震害现象以及等幅波与真实地震波振动台模型实验中桩和土层的加速度、位移、桩土相互作用力、桩动力p-y曲线、桩身弯矩与孔压发展过程对比,研究地震引起的地面横向往返运动下可液化土层中桩基响应机理.结果表明:非液化土层中上部结构惯性力控制着桩的反应性态,桩头加速度和桩身弯矩与土层加速度时程基本保持一致;液化过程中桩土相互作用力呈现明显增大现象,土体侧向刚度虽然衰减,但同时土层相对位移和桩土相对位移增大的影响更为强烈,即土层和桩土相对位移对桩土相互作用力增大的作用明显大于土体刚度衰减引起桩土相互作用力减小的作用;液化土层中桩土相互作用最大反应不是在土层加速度峰值时刻,而是土体相对位移达到最大时响应最大,此时土层孔压比为0.8左右;非液化土层中桩土相互关系为桩推土,惯性力是控制因素,液化土层中则为土推桩,土体位移起主要作用,而液化发展是这一转变决定性因素;常规仅考虑土体刚度衰减的拟静力方法不适合液化土层中桩基础地震响应计算分析.     

NONLINEAR VISCOSITY OF SUBGRADE SOILS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING

1 anODUCTIONBoth qualny and Haree of Pavment willlopIy depend on mechanical behavior of suWesoils, Wially the viscous mp of sUbgrade soilunder vehicle-induced dynaInic loading. However,little effort has bo mad in inveStigating soil viscousbehavior in both the laboratory and the field. In mostntnnerical and compute modeling inveStigations,poeters related to soil viscous behavior aretalitionally empintal. For example, cOmPLItr mode-ling wAn the finite elemen method (FEM) is one ofmoSt …     

循环荷载下土基的非线性剪切粘性（英文）

Experimental investigations of nonlinear shear viscosity of subgrade soils under periodic loading are conducted. Unsaturated subgrade soil samples are prepared to conduct triaxial shear tests under repeated loading that is used to simulate the cyclic stress induced by vehicles. Investigations included three aspects. First,a new nonlinear viscous model is introduced to describe the relation of shear stress and shear strain rate. This relation was reduced from the constitutive law of nonlinear poroviscosity suggested by the author before. Second,related constitutive parameters are investigated and calibrated with experimental results from triaxial shear tests. The nonlinear viscous parameters are assumed to be a function of deviatoric strain and loading repetitions. Third,both viscous and elastic behavior of soils associated with the deviatoric strain and the cyclic loading repetition is tudied. The correlation between shear viscosity and resilient modulus is discussed as well. This is the first attempt to find any correlation between soil viscosity and elasticity through laboratory investigations. In contrast,in traditional numerical computations (e.g.,the finite element method),the extra viscous term added to the governing equation is assumed to be related to system mass and rigidity.     

基于非线性运动硬化模型的饱和黏土桩基础竖向循环弱化数值分析

针对饱和黏土的循环弱化特性,在商用有限元软件的基础上,建立了基于非线性运动硬化准则的饱和黏土循环弱化模型,在各向同性的硬化准则中引入了以等效塑性变形为变量的弱化规律,采用非线性运动硬化准则描述土体的循环滞回特性,同时考虑土体刚度的弱化。通过与饱和黏土单向循环三轴试验结果对比,验证了该模型的有效性。应用本模型,对竖向循环荷载作用下的单桩进行了二维有限元数值模拟,研究了不同循环荷载水平、不同循环次数、在不同土体刚度指数的地基中单桩竖向承载力的弱化情况。最后通过对有关文献模型试验的模拟对比验证了该数值方法的有效性。     

Numerical analysis on seismic behavior of soil around pile group by 3D effective stress finite element method

The behavior of soil around a pile group was investigated based on a series of dynamic effective stress analyses through the three-dimensional finite element method, simulating centrifuge shaking table tests on soil-pile-structure systems with closely spaced piles reported in a previous study (Suzuki et al., 2006). The computed results show that the mechanism of subgrade reaction in a pile group in dry ground is different from that in saturated ground. The horizontal compression normal stress of the soil at the front side of the pile mainly contributes to the subgrade reaction in dry sand, while pore water pressure reduction at the back side of the pile is the main cause, rather than the normal stress in saturated sand. A series of computed results were found to support the presumed mechanisms of closely spaced pile groups described in a previous experimental study.     

小型桩基竖向循环加载模型试验系统研制与应用

介绍了一种小型桩基竖向循环加载模型试验系统,包括加载系统、压力室、起吊装置、模型桩、数据采集系统。该系统通过伺服电机驱动联轴器带动滚柱丝杠转动,进而带动加载板对模型桩施加竖向位移荷载;通过水压加载法对土样进行围压加载,模拟不同深度土层的应力状态及固结情况。可针对不同固结状态的地基土和多种桩基型式,开展不同荷载组合下桩基竖向循环加载模型试验研究,适用于饱和软土、一般黏性土、粉土、砂土等均质或非均质地基。应用该设备进行了单桩竖向循环加载模型试验,并与数值模拟进行对比。研究结果表明,动荷载幅值、地基土固结压力对桩基承载力特性影响很大;动荷载幅值较小时,桩基承载力几乎没有弱化;地基土固结压力升高时,桩基承载力提高显著,桩基承载力弱化速度减慢;随着振次及振幅的增加,桩顶轴力逐渐弱化至残余值;位移循环荷载作用下,桩周土的弱化导致桩基产生了负摩阻力,进一步降低了桩基承载力。模型试验结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好。通过初步应用,证明了该试验系统弥补了常规1g小比例尺模型试验中低围压的不足,可以较好地反应出桩顶荷载和位移的非线性关系和承载力循环弱化现象。同时该系统输出荷载波形精确,量测系统灵敏度高、稳定性好...     

Frequency- and intensity-dependent impedance functions of laterally loaded single piles in cohesionless soil

This paper investigates the frequency-dependent pile-head impedance characteristics of a model soil-pile foundation system under large amplitude loads, inducing soil yielding. Testing was conducted on a scaled single pile embedded in sand under a 1g condition. A laminar shear box mounted on a unidirectional shaking table was used to house the soil-pile foundation system. Quasi-static loads and dynamic loads were applied to obtain the force–displacement relationships and pile-head impedance functions, respectively, through the pile head connected to a loading actuator providing fixity to the pile head in all directions, except horizontal. In the quasi-static case, loads with three different velocities were applied to study the rate-dependent characteristics of the lateral bearing capacity of the pile. The Stereo-PIV system was employed to measure the surface soil displacement around the pile. The lateral bearing capacity changed with the loading velocity, but the soil near the pile showed a consistent failure pattern despite a significant change in velocity. Lateral pile-head dynamic impedance functions were obtained for low-to-high amplitude harmonic loading for a wide range of frequencies. The dynamic stiffness was seen to converge to that of the secant static stiffness with an increase in the amplitude of the dynamic loading for all the excitation frequencies.     

Numerical evaluation of effects of nonlinear lateral pile vibrations on nonlinear axial response of pile shaft

Axial and lateral dynamic pile analyses are generally handled separately; and consequently, dynamic soil reactions are assumed to be uncoupled. However, pure loading is rarely encountered as combined loading occurs in many situations (offshore piles, pile driving as well as pile groups and pile rafts). In this study, the effects of nonlinear lateral pile vibrations on the in-phase nonlinear axial pile response of a pile shaft are studied. New approximate nonlinear solutions for both axial and lateral pile behavior, developed from general elastodynamic equations, are presented. The solutions are obtained by extending the elastodynamic solution for plane strain cases with a view to model soil nonlinearity. Since axial soil resistance depends on the confining stress around the pile shaft, the effect of the lateral soil behavior on the confining pressure of the pile circumference is investigated and the axial soil reaction from coupled in-phase vibrations is derived. It is concluded that the axial unit shear strength significantly increases when lateral soil vibrations involve plasticity, which in turn results in an increase in the axial dynamic resistance of the pile shaft.     

Centrifuge model tests on large-diameter monopiles in dense sand subjected to two-way lateral cyclic loading in short-term

To evaluate the lateral resistance of rigid monopiles for wind turbines in dense sand under lateral cyclic loading, centrifuge model tests are performed, focusing on the base resistance and degradation of the soil resistance under two-way lateral cyclic loading in the short-term. The slenderness ratio (embedded pile length to diameter) is varied from 3.75 to 8 and the loading frequency is in the range of 0.002 to 0.4 Hz in the prototype scale. Under cyclic loading with a maximum horizontal displacement of 5% of the pile diameter, the build-up of excess pore water pressure is observed, but the maximum value of the average excess pore water pressure ratio is around 50% in the steady-state for dense sand whose relative density is 80%. A simple analytical model for the rigid piles, considering the base resistance, is derived and then used to quantify the significance of the resistance at the pile base and the degradation of the soil resistance under cyclic loading. When the slenderness ratio is less than 5, a significant contribution of the moment resistance at the base is confirmed. The estimation of the degradation of the horizontal subgrade reaction coefficient using the simple analytical model suggests that, through cyclic shear tests for the determination of the deformation properties of the soil in a laboratory, it is possible to estimate the degradation of the soil stiffness and the parameters for the reduced sway-rocking type of foundation model.     

Mechanical Behavior of Pile Foundation Constructed in Composite Ground and its Evaluation

This paper describes a foundation design method in which the ground is improved around the heads of pile foundations in soft ground or loose sandy ground and its practical effectiveness. The shear strength increased due to ground improvement is reflected in the horizontal resistance of piles. In this design method, the influence range of the horizontal resistance of piles and the necessary range of ground improvement are determined by taking account of three-dimensional domain formed with the gradient of the surface of passive failure. The horizontal subgrade reaction of piles is evaluated by converting the shear strength of improved ground to the modulus of deformation. In this study, the validity of design method for the pile foundation with ground improvement was confirmed through an in-situ horizontal loading test. The dynamic behavior of pile foundation constructed in improved ground was also investigated through a series of centrifuge model tests and numerical analyses. The influence of the difference in strength between the original and improved grounds on piles during an earthquake was also confirmed based on the numerical analyses. The cost performance of the proposed method was discussed by comparing with the case without ground improvement.     

Monopilegründungen von Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen – Zum Ansatz der Bettung

Monopile foundations for Offshore‐Wind Power Plants – approach of subgrade reaction. The large moments and horizontal forces and their cyclic occurrence represent a special challenge to the prognosis of the deformations of Monopiles as a foundation of offshore wind energy plants. The conventional procedures for the computation of the horizontal pile bearing capacity and deformation, subgrade reaction procedure and API procedure, are compared with the results of a 3D‐FE analysis for a system with exemplary dimensions, soil conditions and loads. It is shown that the conventional procedures for the prognosis of the deformations in the serviceability limit state, thus clearly underneath the maximum load, for this example are insufficient. The distribution of the subgrade reaction modulus over the depth is sufficiently approximated with none of these procedures. Moreover the change of the subgrade reaction modulus is investigated for several cycles swelling and alternated loads. The modulus of subgrade reaction, referred to the initial pile position, changes especially under swelling loads for each loading cycle. The displacement of the pilehead still increases after 20 cycles. The modulus of subgrade reaction derived from the oedometric soil stiffness does not produce an accurate prognosis of the pile deformation particularly for cyclic loads. For this purpose further investigations are necessary.     

Acceleration generation due to strain localization of saturated clay specimen based on dynamic soil–water coupled finite deformation analysis

In the conventional bifurcation and strain localization analyses of geomaterials, the inertia forces are generally ignored, based on the quasi-static equilibrium equation. Even though a great deal of literature exists on dynamic strain localization analyses, information on acceleration generation during the formation of shear bands has not been emphasized. Inspired by the acoustic emission phenomenon in laboratory tests and the seismic acceleration related to the slippage of faults, a dynamic soil–water coupled strain localization analysis is performed in the present paper on a saturated rectangular clay specimen subjected to constant cell pressure under plane strain conditions, employing the SYS Cam–clay model as the elasto-plastic constitutive model for the soil skeleton. An initial geometrical imperfection was introduced to the specimen to trigger one single shear band, and the following results were found: (1) Two types of oscillation occurred within the specimen during acceleration when the specimen was subjected to compression deformation at a constant rate, namely, (a) one caused by the sudden external compression and (b) the second induced by the formation of strain localization/a shear band. With the occurrence of the shear band, if, for example, the vertical rate was equivalent to about 10 cm/s, the accelerations that occurred within the specimen were in the order of several thousand gal, which is similar to those measured during earthquakes; (2) The effects of the time increment, the mesh division, the initial confining pressure, the OCR and the stress-control loading on the generated acceleration in (b) were investigated in detail. It was found that under stress control, even though the formation of the shear band was similar to that under displacement control, the induced acceleration behaved quite differently.     

高铁桩网复合结构路基长期运营沉降模型试验研究

高铁路基沉降控制是保证列车安全性和舒适性的重要因素。随着高铁运营时间增长,软土地区高铁路基长期沉降问题越来越引起关注。针对京沪高速铁路徐沪段某试验段,开展了桩网复合结构路基长期循环动态加载物理模型试验,获得了路基沉降、桩土应力分担及桩身轴力分布的变化规律。试验结果表明:在初始1000次加载时,路基沉降随加载次数增加明显,之后达到稳定;桩上部位置土体变形大于桩身变形,桩侧呈现负摩阻力,中性点位于距桩顶约2/3桩长位置;桩身轴力随加载次数增加而增大,说明桩分担荷载增加,当达到4万次加载后,轴力随加载次数增加不再明显。     

Dynamic stress accumulation effects on soil strength under cyclic loading

To further understand the influence of dynamic stress accumulation effects on soil strength under cyclic loading, a series of dynamic–static coupling tests and stepwise cyclic loading tests were carried out using typical granite residual soil. The mechanism of dynamic stress accumulation was analyzed from the macro and micro perspectives, and the effect thereof on soil strength was discussed from the perspectives of energy and mechanics. The test results showed that a dynamic stress accumulation effect would occur in the soil under cyclic loading, which was one of the main reasons for the failure of the soil structure and the change of the strength. When the accumulation degree was small, the effect facilitated the compaction of soil, and improved the static load strength of the soil. When the accumulation degree exceeded a certain threshold, the effect resulted in rapid the soil damage. The greater the dynamic stress accumulation in the soil, the more obvious the weakening degree of the progressive cyclic loading strength. At the same time, the more prone the soil to dynamic stress accumulation, the greater the internal accumulation of variable situation energy. Failure occurred when the dynamic stress accumulation in the soil exceeded the bearing capacity of the structure, providing further insight for solving the negative impact of dynamic stress accumulation on subgrade soil.     

黄河三角洲细粒土微振液化分析

在黄河口潮坪选择典型研究区,利用现场原位对其循环荷载试验,通过实时孔压监测、静力触探试验、十字板剪切试验及原状样土工试验对比,研究了在循环荷载作用下黄河三角洲地区饱和细粒土的动力响应过程、土体比贯入阻力、峰值强度、残余强度和灵敏度的变化以及孔隙水压力和液化发生层的变化对黄河口粉质土液化过程的影响。研究结果表明:循环荷载作用使土体对能量吸收特性的变化、孔压的响应与振动导致的土体结构性变化有密切的关系;循环荷载作用导致黄河三角洲地区粉质土液化主要发生在硬壳层;随着荷载循环次数增加,液化发生层的深度向深部扩展;循环荷载作用使土体的物性指标变化趋势因深度的不同而具明显的差异性。     

高速铁路桥桩在轴向循环荷载长期作用下的承载和变形特性试验研究

针对高速列车通过小跨度桥梁时列车活载对桥桩的影响分析来获得动力加载参数,进而对位于软粘土地层中的钻孔灌注桩进行了轴向循环荷载长期作用下的动力试验,测试和研究了循环荷载长期作用下桩的动位移幅值、桩顶沉降、桩身轴力、桩侧动摩阻力和单桩极限承载力等参数的发挥和变化情况。试验结果表明:列车循环荷载长期作用下,灌注桩的桩身轴力发生了局部调整,砂性土层的桩侧摩阻力具有增强效应,淤泥质粘性土的桩侧摩阻力具有退化效应;列车循环荷载对软土地区单桩的承载能力和桩基的工后沉降影响甚微,但会使单桩竖向刚度降低。     

循环荷载作用下结构钢材本构关系试验研究

为准确模拟结构的地震响应,寻找在循环荷载下钢材的本构关系,采用工程常用Q235B及Q345B钢材共50个试件,施加多种加载制度,分析其单调性能、滞回性能、宏观微观破坏形态、延性特征以及损伤退化特性,并采用Ramberg-Osgood模型对循环加载骨架曲线进行拟合,进而得到Q235B及Q345B钢材在循环荷载下的一维应力应变关系骨架曲线;在Chaboche钢材塑性本构模型的基础上,通过试验标定,确定了两种等级钢材本构模型的关键材料参数,并结合通用有限元程序ABAQUS对试验结果进行有效模拟,为今后准确计算结构在地震荷载下的反应提供重要依据.结果表明:钢材在循环荷载下的反应与在单调荷载下的本构关系有很大差别,循环荷载下的骨架曲线对于准确的数值模拟起到重要作用;循环的圈数以及幅值会严重影响构件的断裂延性,钢材在循环荷载下的破坏应变不能按照单调荷载来确定.     

Mehrlagig mit Geogittern bewehrte Erdkörper über pfahlartigen Gründungselementen – Numerische Simulation des Verformungsverhaltens unter statischer und zyklischer Einwirkung

Numerical simulation of the deformation behaviour of multi‐layered geogrid‐reinforced embankments on pile foundations under static and cyclic loading. Embankments for traffic constructions above soft soil are often founded on piles and geogrids are inserted at the bottom of the embankment. In the framework of present design procedures the cyclic (dynamic) traffic loads are considered in a very simplified manner. They are replaced by a static load with a magnification factor. The established model perception for static loading is a redistribution of stress due to arches in the embankment and tensile stress in the geogrids. However it has to be expected that the load bearing and deformation behaviour of such soil structures will change during the life time of the structure (millions of cycles). The cycles cause an accumulation of deformations and changes of stresses in the soil. This may cause a large destruction of the arches and may lead to unexpected settlements. Numerical strategies and constitutive models for the investigation of the behaviour of soils under high‐cyclic loading using finite element method were recently developed. This paper presents the results of such calculations of multi‐layered geogrid‐reinforced embankments on soft soil for the 2D case. The results show that, depending on the position of the geogrids in the embankment, their contribution is unequally to the bearing behaviour and that the stress arches will actually be destroyed under cyclic loading.     

复合地基中桩体变形模量的分析与计算

论述了散体材料复合地基中桩体变形模量与综合应力（竖向应力与侧限阻力之差）及竖向应变的关系,指出桩周土对桩体的侧限阻力与桩周土的性质及应力状态相关并依据桩土共同作用关系,对群桩复合地基、单桩复合地基及单桩载荷试验３种情况分别作出分析,建立了相应的桩体变形模量计算公式。