Dyestuff–fibre interactions

An attempt was made to enhance the effectiveness of two commercial cationic fixing agents in improving the wash fastness of three commercial direct dyes on cotton. A syntan was subsequently applied to the aftertreated dyeings and the possible beneficial effect of this additional treatment on the fastness of the dyeings to the ISO C06/C2 wash test was assessed. Use of the syntan marginally enhanced the effectiveness of the cationic fixing agents but the effect of the syntan was both dye- and fixing agent-specific.     

Aftertreatment of acid dyes on conventional nylon 6.6 with a commercial syntan/cation system. Part 3: Improvements to the Fixogene AC system

Dyeings (1% owf) were produced on conventional nylon 6.6 fabric using two commercial nonmetallised acid dyes. The fastness of the dyeings to the ISO 105:CO6/C2 wash test over five repetitions was determined. Aftertreatment of the dyeings using a commercial syntan alone improved the wash fastness after five washes, with respect to the non-aftertreated sample, whereas the sequential application of a cationic compound to the syntanned dyeings imparted a further improvement in wash fastness. Yet further improvements to the system could be achieved by varying the cationic agent, the amount of cationic agent applied and the pH of the application system.     

A custom ink‐jet printing system using a novel pretreatment method

A low‐cost and environmental‐friendly direct dye‐based ink‐jet printing system was developed. A novel ink‐jet pretreatment method was employed, in which the cationic fixing agent, Matexil FC‐ER, was applied as the colourless fixing ink and applied only on image areas of the fabric by ink‐jet printer. It was found that this new pretreatment method could more effectively enhance the colour strength and improve the wash fastness (greyscale ≥ 3) when compared with traditional exhaust application. The cross‐staining of non‐image areas of fabric was also apparently decreased using this new method. The light fastness of ink‐jet pretreated samples was slightly reduced as the presence of Matexil FC‐ER made dyes more sensitive to light.     

Modification of silk with aminated polyepichlorohydrin to improve dyeability with reactive dyes

Reactive dyes have almost complete exhaustion and ideal fixation on aminated polyepichlorohydrin pretreated silk without addition of salt or alkali. The effects of varying pretreatments and dyeing conditions were studied. The dyeing behaviour of CI Reactive Red 15 on modified silk under pH 6 was investigated. Dyeings of modified silk showed good wash fastness, dry and wet rub fastnesses as well as light fastness. The quality of the dyed silks obtained after pretreatment was shown to be satisfactory and the dyeing effluent was less polluted.     

Synthesis and application of a novel,triphendioxazine‐based,phosphorus‐containing acid dye for wool

A novel phosphorus‐containing acid dye based on triphendioxazine was designed and synthesised from diphenylamine through a series of reactions. The dye has a navy‐blue colour, high molar extinction coefficient of 5.32 × 10⁴ l/mol·cm, and high substantivity for dyeing wool in a salt‐free, aqueous dyebath. A high exhaustion value of 98.2% on wool fabrics was recorded at 3% omf and a liquor ratio of 1:20. The wash fastness values of the acid dye, including colour change and staining on cotton and wool, were grades 5, 4 and 4–5, respectively. The dry and wet fastness are grades 4–5 and 4, respectively. In addition, light fastness reaches grades 6–7 at 3% omf dye concentration. These dye properties are better than those of commercial triphendioxazine dyes, for example, CI Direct Blue 106 and CI Reactive Blue 198, under analogous dyeing conditions.     

Ink‐jet printing of nylon fabric using reactive dyestuff

This study discusses ink‐jet printing of nylon fabric with reactive dyestuff. Specifically, this paper investigates the impact of the concentration levels of pretreatment paste on fabric permeability, and examines the influence of various acid agents, hygroscopic agents and different processing conditions on colour yield. Results show that ink‐jet printing displayed excellent wet fastness in repeated wash testing. This study used four reactive dyestuffs, cyan, magenta, yellow and black, all of which achieved both wash fastness and crock fastness of grade 4.     

Aftertreatment of 1:2 metal complex acid dyes on conventional and microtibre nylon 6. 6 with a commercial syntan/cation system

Dyeings (2% owf) were produced on conventional and microfibre nylon 6. 6 fabrics using unsulphonated, monosulphonated and disulphonated 1:2 metal complex acid dyes. When subjected to the ISO 105:C06/C2 wash test, the wash fastness behaviour of the dyeings was related to the degree of sulphonation of the dyes. Aftertreatment of the dyeings using a commercial syntan improved the wash fastness of the dyeings whereas the sequential application of a cationic compound to the syntanned dyeings caused a further improvement in wash fastness.     

Role of quaternary ammonium salts in improving the fastness properties of anionic dyes on cellulose fibres

The object of this study was to review the developments taking place during 1990–2005 regarding the use of quaternary ammonium salts as dye fixing agents for improving the fastness properties of anionic dyes on cellulose fibres. As far as fastness properties are concerned, this review is restricted only to fastness to light, washing and water treatments.     

疏水性葸醌染料在聚乳酸织物上的染色性能

The dyeability of polylactide fabric has been investigated with the substituted aminoanthraquinone hydrophobic dyes.Their application to the polylactide fabric led to good exhaustion values and good wash fastness between 4 and 5.Microscopic assessment of cross-sections of the dyed polylactide fibres confirmed that these dyes could penetrate into the fibres.The nature of the substituted amino groups showed little influence on the wash fastness,but clearly influenced the exhaustion and light fastness.     

Aftertreatment of 1:2 metal-complex acid dyes on conventional and microfibre nylon 6.6 with a commercial syntan/cation system. Part 2: Repeated washing

Dyeings (2% owf) were produced on conventional nylon 6.6 fabric using 1:2 metal-complex acid dyes. The fastness to the ISO 105:C06/C2 wash test over ten repetitions was determined. Aftertreatment of the dyeings using a commercial syntan improved the wash fastness over ten washes, and the sequential application of a cationic compound to the syntanned dyeings caused a further improvement.     

Investigation into the flame retardant properties of soybean fabric treated with sulphamic acid

The effect of sulfamic acid and urea treatments on the flame retardant properties of soybean fabric has been investigated by Limiting Oxygen Index (L.O.I.), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) in order to characterize both the bulk and surface properties. The sulfamic acid finish significantly reduced the soybean fabric flammability and appeared to function in the solid phase with increased char formation. Incorporation of urea into the formulation increased the level of reaction and associated weight gain. However, the wash durability of the sulfamic acid modification of the soybean fabric was limited, but after treatment with a cationic fixing agent, Matexil FC‐ER significantly increased the wash fastness and related flame retardant effect. XPS analysis demonstrated the substantivity of the cationic fixing agent to soybean fiber surface and its binding effect on the sulfamate at the fiber surface. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

阳离子无醛固色剂的合成与应用

以二乙烯三胺和双氰胺为主要原料合成了一种符合环保要求的无甲醛固色剂,应用到直接染料的固色实验中。实验表明,二乙烯三胺和氯化铵合成的仲胺盐与等物质量的双氰胺在130℃下的缩合产物具有优良的固色性能。其最佳的固色条件是:固色剂浓度为1 g/L,固色温度为60℃,浴比为20,固色pH值为9,处理后的纺织物耐皂洗牢度(白布沾色)达4级,湿摩擦色牢度达3~4级,与固色剂Y相比,可使直接染料的各项色牢度提高0.5~1.5级。     

Wash fastness of dyed fabric treated by the sol–gel process

This paper discusses the wash fastness of dyed fabrics treated with silica sols prepared from different precursors. According to the results obtained, as a fixing agent, a sol from an epoxy-containing precursor exhibited the best results on dyed cotton. The most suitable precursors for silk and nylon 6 were found to be amide- and vinyl-containing sols, respectively. The possible fixing mechanism of the sol–gel process was also investigated. It is concluded that a gel made from sol, consisting of a thin layer with nanoparticles and nanopores can, by interaction of hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals forces and covalent bonding, fix dyes through caging and hydrogen bonding.     

Enhancing the wash fastness of disperse dyes on wool with oxidants

Disperse dyes are not currently applied to wool commercially, in large part because of inadequate wash fastness, but they do have potential, especially for wool‐polyester blends. In this study, for the first time hydrogen peroxide was investigated to increase the wash fastness of disperse dyes on wool. In the absence of oxidants, 10 disperse dyes from seven classes imparted colours with a range of depths (K/S 2‐26) with wash fastness (grey scale ratings for colour change) grades of 3 to 4‐5. Hydrogen peroxide had only small effects on colours and gave only small enhancements to wash fastness, which were limited to anthraquinone, nitrodiphenylamine, disazo and coumarin dyes. The bleach activators Prestogen W and citric acid enhanced the bleaching effect of hydrogen peroxide but did not assist with raising wash fastness. Hydrogen peroxide in post‐dyeing scouring made the dyeings brighter but did not significantly enhance wash fastness. Ammonium persulphate, which was included for benchmarking with earlier studies, yellowed the wool and decomposed some dyes. This study extends the range of dye classes whose wash fastness on wool can be improved by ammonium persulphate to now include diazo, coumarin and methine, and confirms that oxidants/free radical initiators have potential for enabling the disperse dyeing of wool.     

阳离子固色剂PDMDAAC的合成及应用

合成了一种高效的阳离子固色剂,并进一步运用正交试验确定了该固色剂的最佳合成工艺。结果表明,固色剂PDMDAAC对织物湿摩擦牢度的提高明显优于纯碱,而且在皂洗牢度和汗渍牢度上也有所提高。经过对织物固色后K/S值和色差值的分析,固色剂PDMDAAC对染物色光影响也很小。     

Modification of cotton to improve its dyeability. Part 3 – polyamide–epichlorohydrin resins and their ethylenediamine reaction products

The effect of pretreating cotton with a polyamide–epichlorohydrin resin and ethylenediamine is described. The treated substrate has enhanced substantivity for reactive dyes, which may be applied without electrolyte simply by setting the dyebath to pH 5 and raising the temperature to the boil. Dyed samples exhibit good brightness and very high wash fastness, but in many cases the light fastness is impaired.     

Quaternary reactive dyes containing a thioether‐ethylsulphone group. Part 2; Application methods for the dyeing of nylon†

A member of the new series of cationic reactive dyes containing a thioether‐ethylsulphone grouping referred to in Part 1 of this series has been applied to nylon at pH 3–10. The dye is water soluble and shows excellent substantivity for nylon 6.6 when dyed at the boil at pH 8–10. Under alkaline conditions, gradual β‐elimination back to the vinylsulphone dye occurs and covalent bond formation quickly takes place with the fibre; the higher the pH the more rapidly this occurs. Dyeings carried out at pH 10 showed very good brightness and levelling, together with good wash fastness. The light fastness of dyeings at moderate depth was 4–5 on the Blue Wool scale.     

高效环保固色剂的制备及影响因素

以二甲胺、环氧氯丙烷、二乙烯三胺、DOA和DMDAAC等原料通过聚合、缩合反应,制备高效环保固色剂.通过正交实验对中间体P2的合成工艺进行了优化,最佳工艺条件为:DMDAAC:DOA=100:45,pH为4.5,0.15%的偶氮二异丁腈反应6 h;对比选定了P1:P2=70:30,环氧氯丙烷的滴加时间为2 h,得到了金...     

染发剂染色后牢固度的测试方法的研究

本文针对染发剂染色后牢固程度的测试方法进行了全面的探讨。采用分光光度法,测出不同颜色染发剂溶液的最大吸收波长,根据吸光度和浓度的线性关系做出标准曲线和回归方程,结果符合比尔定律。用表面活性剂溶液洗涤染色后的头发,测出最大波长处的吸光度,据回归方程计算出各次洗涤液中所含染发剂的浓度,推知其含量,从而预测牢固程度。本方法简便,方法精密度和回收率高。     

Investigation into the effect of a plant‐derived stabiliser on the light and wash fastness of sulphur‐dyed cotton and nylon fabrics

In this study, cotton fabric and nylon fabric were dyed with a range of commercial sulphur dyes and the light and wash fastness of the coloured fabrics was investigated. The effect of after‐treating the coloured cotton and nylon fabrics with a tannin‐based commercial product, Bayprotect Cl, in the presence or absence of sodium sulphate in the treatment bath, was found to significantly improve the light fastness of the sulphur‐dyed cotton, and the photoprotective effect was partially stable to ISO 105‐C06 washing. In addition, the tannin‐based after‐treatment also improved the colour stability of the dyed fabrics to the perborate‐based ISO 105‐C06 washing. The possible mechanisms for the improved fastness properties are also discussed. The application of sulphur dyes to nylon is potentially commercially useful but has been limited because of the reported poor light fastness of the dyeings. The photoprotective effect of the tannin‐based after‐treatment was investigated with a view to providing the necessary commercial performance. However, it was established that on this fibre, the light fastness improvement was marginal, and the associated wash fastness to oxidative bleach‐based ISO 105‐C06 washing was limited.