Lifestyle Meets Market: Bohemian Entrepreneurs in Creative Industries

By linking lifestyle studies with creative industries research, this article opens a new perspective on creativity and innovation management. We argue that artists in the creative industries have to bridge the gap between artistic work and the economic need for self‐management, and that a bohemian lifestyle essentially supports them in doing so. The bohemian lifestyle, which is characterized by a devotion to art for art’s sake, is an essential source for work motivation of artists and an increasing number of other creative workers. The article draws upon an empirical study into artistic work and employment in German theatres. Enacting a bohemian lifestyle enables actors as ‘bohemian entrepreneurs’ to integrate intensive self‐management and self‐marketing as well as subordination of private life to work into their artistic work life. Analysing the link between lifestyle and creative work is crucial for understanding the way in which creative workers become artists and, at the same time, entrepreneurs of their creative talent.     

Entrepreneurial Orientation,Social Networks,and Creative Performance: Middle Managers as Corporate Entrepreneurs

Though previous research has highlighted how important it is for middle managers to contribute to corporate entrepreneurship, little work has been done to explore how they produce creative performance by examining the direct, curvilinear and moderating effects of their entrepreneurial orientation and social networks. A total of 337 middle managers conducting marketing, R&D and project management in Taiwan are studied. The results suggest that middle managers' disposition towards proactiveness and innovativeness is positively related to their creative performance, and their internal bonding networks and upper management networks are found to strengthen the effects of entrepreneurial orientation on creative performance. However, middle managers' external bridging networks are found to have an inverted U‐shaped curvilinear relationship with their creative performance, and to weaken the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on creative performance. These findings echo the interactionist perspective of creativity, implying that middle managers should manage their social networks more carefully, as social interaction with network actors may either facilitate or inhibit their creativity at work.     

‘Salesman? Hell no!’ Identity struggles of nascent design entrepreneurs

The present study offers new input to the discussion of how entrepreneurship education and training programmes can be tailored to suit design professionals. To a large extent, existing entrepreneurship teaching for creative people is based on a traditional administrative management logic that often results in a clash between entrepreneurial demands and creative identities. The paper is based on the following rationale: the better we understand designers' reasoning and their struggles concerning becoming entrepreneurs, the better we are able to design entrepreneurship learning experiences that meet their needs. Since designers' career‐making tends to be highly driven by their strong sense of identity, the paper takes an identity perspective. The empirical foundation of the research is based on observation studies and phenomenological interviews conducted during an eight‐week entrepreneurship training program. Twenty‐five nascent design entrepreneurs with a professional background as designers participated in the voluntary programme. The paper offers novel and critical insights into designers' experiences of the entrepreneurial identity and reasoning as they participate in entrepreneurship training.     

Creativity and Entrepreneurship

Creativity is defined as the balanced unfolding and converging of experience and entrepreneurship as the management of radical change. The entrepreneur is seen - in contrast to the view in mainstream economics - as a visionary activist, who is able to constructively handle the often conflicting demands of unplannable emerging situations. Visions, wholistic guiding images of future possibilities, are viewed as the main guiding forces in creativity and entrepreneurship and innovation as the creation of the future. Mainly concerned with the dynamic management of image and innovation, the successful entrepreneur excels in perceiving, opening up and exploiting new technological, marketing and organizational possibilities.     

How entrepreneurial practices balance art and business: Insights into creative entrepreneurship in the European film industry

Relying on the literature on tensions and contradictions and the theory of practice, coupled with the literature on creative industries, this study uncovers how creative entrepreneurs balance the tension between art and business and respond to other challenges of creative entrepreneurship. The multiple case studies method is adopted by examining founders, cofounders and main employees of European film production companies. We reveal the perception of creative entrepreneurs towards the relationship between art and business. We explore different organizational and industry-level challenges experienced by creative entrepreneurs and uncover the organizational practices they adopt to deal with the identified challenges. The research contributes to the phenomenon of creative entrepreneurship by introducing the practice perspective, to the literature on paradox and contradiction by exploring the micro-foundations of tensions and paradox responses in high-intensity situations and to practice-based studies by investigating a domain-specific practice theory and highlighting the agency of creative entrepreneurs in adapting practices necessary to deal with conflicting demands of creative entrepreneurship.     

The Postmodern Challenge – From Economic to Creative Management

This paper discusses economic and creative management, not as two different ways of understanding and managing the world, but as part of an integrated framework. This is done against the background of the creative process, where the early, more open and flexible stages basically reflect the requirements of postmodern theory, while the later, more closed and analytical stages, are similar to the modern world view of economic theory and related approaches to management. In a rapidly changing world, where we need to both develop and apply new knowledge, we should adopt a balanced modern and postmodern approach to theory generation and implementation, to better understand and evaluate both individual, organizational and societal action.     

Knowledge,meaning and identity: Key characteristics of entrepreneurship in cultural and creative industries

This article introduces the Special Issue, “Varieties of entrepreneurship: Exploring whether, how and why cultural and creative entrepreneurship differs from other varieties”. The aim of the Special Issue is to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of how this particular variety of entrepreneurship emerges, is affected and develops over time. We present the three broad topics addressed in the Special Issue—knowledge, meaning and identity—and position them in the wider academic context of understanding value realization through entrepreneurship in the cultural and creative industries. The six articles presented in the Special Issue come from and combine different streams of literatures, yet jointly they gradually develop their own, hopefully complementary, interpretations, which provide inspiration for a promising agenda for further research.     

Skills,scope and success: An empirical look at the start‐up process in creative industries in Germany

Creative industries comprise enterprises focusing on the creation, production and distribution of creative or cultural goods and services. Following an explorative empirical approach, we analyse start‐ups in creative industries regarding three issues along the start‐up process: (1) personal characteristics of creative entrepreneurs, (2) their use of labour and capital as input factors, and (3) start‐up success as measured by start‐up survival, degree of innovativeness and change in household income. Based on individual‐level data from the KfW Start‐up Monitor, a large‐scale survey on entrepreneurship in Germany, our regression results show that entrepreneurs in creative industries tend to be younger and better educated than entrepreneurs in other economic sectors. Businesses in creative industries are prevalently started on a small scale, as part‐time occupations, and with less financial resources. Yet they show a higher persistence and an above‐average degree of innovativeness.     

Where the Art is: Defining and Managing Creativity in New Media SMEs

This paper examines the definition and management of creativity in the ‘creative industries’. Initially the paper sets out the economic and cultural context for the emergence of the creative industries, before going on to argue that there are gaps in our understanding of the role of creativity and particularly the management of creativity within these industries. Based on research undertaken with new media SMEs in the North West of England, the paper then explores the ways in which creativity is defined and managed within this sub–sector. It is shown that the meanings attached to creativity are variable and contested and that the precise definition and management of creativity is strongly determined by the internal workplace culture, and the external social and economic conditions within which firms operate. It is further suggested that while creativity is often seen as a ‘must have’ attribute for new media firms it may also, conversely, be considered a barrier to commercial success. The paper concludes that if we are to understand work and production in the creative industries, and offer institutional support for firms to develop and sustain creativity for competitive advantage, it may be necessary to develop a more detailed understanding of the role of creativity and creative management as both a general and specific, socially embedded process.     

谈当代首饰艺术的风格与类型化

文章主要阐述了当代首饰艺术的风格与类型化创作手法之间的关系。风格是指艺术家在艺术创作中形成的具有一定稳固性的创作个性与艺术特色,而类型化的创作手法是一个动态的、具有生成性的概念,是一种先入为主的创作手段。风格与类型化需要在创作实践中区别对待,正确理解和处理风格问题以及类型化问题,是新时期首饰艺术创作者必须面对的首要任务。     

Knowledge-based approach to improving micromarketing decisions in a data-challenged environment

With the growing popularity of micromarketing strategies, more companies are tailoring their marketing efforts to meet individual consumer need based on analysis of consumer-level data. However, there are two major obstacles in the way to effective micromarketing strategies: (1) data limitation at the consumer-level making it difficult to construct robust and accurate promotional response function and (2) misplaced usage of a resource allocation approach effective in a data-rich environment to data-challenged environment. These obstacles lead to suboptimal marketing resource allocation decisions.This paper presents a knowledge-based approach specifically designed for effectively allocating marketing resources in the micromarketing environment. A team of domain experts provide knowledge in refining and imputing data to overcome data limitation issues, as well as identifying consumer-level constraints to strengthen the integer programming model’s performance.Results indicate that this approach is transparent to all levels of management, adaptable to changes in environment, and easy to implement. In addition, there is tremendous potential for improving not only profitability but also growing the company’s intellectual capital. When this approach is applied to a random sales territory, it outperforms the traditional method by more than 19% in profit.     

An Integrative Economic Optimization Approach to Systems Development Risk Management

Despite significant research progress on the problem of managing systems development risk, we are yet to see this problem addressed from an economic optimization perspective. Doing so entails answering the question: What mitigations should be planned and deployed throughout the life of a systems development project in order to control risk and maximize project value? We introduce an integrative economic optimization approach to solving this problem. The approach is integrative since it bridges two complementary research streams: one takes a traditional microlevel technical view on the software development endeavor alone, another takes a macrolevel business view on the entire life cycle of a systems project. Bridging these views requires recognizing explicitly that value-based risk management decisions pertaining to one level impact and can be impacted by decisions pertaining to the other level. The economic optimization orientation follows from reliance on real options theory in modeling risk management decisions within a dynamic stochastic optimization setting. Real options theory is well suited to formalizing the impacts of risk as well as the asymmetric and contingent economic benefits of mitigations, in a way that enables their optimal balancing. We also illustrate how the approach is applied in practice to a small realistic example.     

A User-Configurable Hypermedia-Based Interface Via the Functional Model of the Link

Hypermedia management systems often make use of database management systems for the persistent storage of links and of the linked information components. In this paper, we argue that a hypermedia management system with its support for reader-directed navigation provides an attractive type of database system interface in that it facilitates ease of database access or more specifically, of locating (‘discovering’) relevant information.

Furthermore, our approach to hypermedia management, based on the Functional Model of the link, provides for extensive user-configurability of that interface. This configurability particularly applies to fully dynamic links, which free the user from much of the link creation and maintenance duties.

A prototype system incorporating this approach is overviewed in this paper.     

The Need for Research into Creativity in Marketing

A convenience sample of 36 online journals was taken as the source of information for this study. Management and marketing journals at a major publishing house were analysed in order to find out what they had to say about creativity. A search over the period 1989–99 found 29 articles which included creativity as one of the keywords. The area of marketing revealed a range of applications for creativity thinking. It is suggested that marketing executives need to be creative in order to enable their organisations to match the activities of their competitors and meet the needs of a rapidly changing environment.     

Evaluating the influence of E-marketing on hotel performance by DEA and grey entropy

This study evaluated the hotels’ websites in Taiwan from an Internet marketing perspective. Content analysis was used to analyze and compare the marketing practice on Internet. DEA and grey entropy were used to analyze the impact of Internet marketing on hotel performance. The result showed that Internet marketing can affect the operating performance of tourist hotels. Hoteliers should adopt a more strategic Internet approach to increase business success.     

基于物联网技术的系统设计模式研究与实践——以商城系统营销策略实现为例

近几年共享经济飞速发展,“互联网+”时代开启的共享经济模式正在颠覆传统的商业模式,特别是微信生态圈的不断蚕食,极大冲击了现有商城营销模式。文章以“共享纸巾”营销推广的新视角出发,研究软件设计模式在系统开发中的具体应用。通过运用单例模式解决频繁创建机器对象时过度消耗系统资源减少内存开销问题等,建设一套基于共享经济模式,且有别于其他互联网思维延伸的商城管理系统。     

Management of Economic Processes and the Krasovskii Self-Organization Principle

The paper is concerned with problems of management of economic processes characterized by difficulties in modeling the processes, uncertainty and dynamism of the environment, insufficient a priori observability and controllability, activeness of human factor, indeterminacy of consumers' economic behavior, and inconsistency in production and economic structures. These problems are solved through a combination of market mechanisms and goal-oriented management, including those that are based on self-organization (of economic factors) and creative techniques. The Krasovskii self-organizing regulators for optimal control of dynamic processes is shown to be applicable in economics.     

Visual design of cultural and creative product based on microprocessing system and computer-human interaction

Culture is globally recognized as an important driving force for a sustainable creative economy. The importance of participation in the design and cultural creative industries is sufficient research, especially from the perspective of emerging economies. Therefore, designers need a framework to guide them on creating sustainable culture-appropriate products that reflect their users. From cultural memory, integrated design is a new design method to embed users, beliefs, and expectations based on computer Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), and Machine Learning (ML) provides products design and services with performance values. Gradually in the global market, the focus on local styles has become a trending style of the current economic development strategies of various countries promoting cultural and creative industries. The advent of creative design applications has changed the global competitive culture's creative product design advantage of the industry. Cultural creative product design emphasizes art, the humanization of creative life and aesthetics has gradually become the emerging economic force. Design technology products, cognitive psychology, information technology, and design a combination of computer application technology, object, and the standard model of the present invention have been designed and developed according to the product's characteristics.     

Participatory knowledge-management design: A semiotic approach

The aim of this paper is to present a design strategy for collaborative knowledge-management systems based on a semiotic approach. The contents and structure of experts' knowledge is highly dependent on professional or individual practice. Knowledge-management systems that support cooperation between experts from different (sub-)fields need to be situated and tailored to provide effective support even if the common aspects of the data need to be described by ontologies that are generic in respect to the sub-disciplines involved. To understand and approach this design problem, we apply a semiotic perspective to computer application and human–computer interaction. From a semiotic perspective, the computer application is both a message from the designer to the user about the structure of the problem domain, as well as about interaction with it, and a structured channel for the user's communication with herself, himself or other users of the software. Tailoring or “end-user development” – i.e. adapting the knowledge-management system to a specific (sub-)discipline, task or context – then refines both the message and adapts the structure of the interaction to the situated requirements.The essential idea of this paper is to define a new perspective for designing and developing interactive systems to support collaborative knowledge management. The key concept is to involve domain experts in participatory knowledge design for mapping and translating their professional models into the proper vocabularies, notations, and suitable visual structures for navigating among interface elements. To this end, the paper describes how our semiotic approach supports processes for representing, storing, accessing, and transferring knowledge through which the information architecture of an interactive system can be defined. Finally, the results of applying our approach to a real-world case in an archaeological context are presented.