单基地MIMO雷达中基于改进传播算子的二维DOA估计算法

单基地多输入多输出（Multiple input multiple output,MIMO）雷达中,针对传播算子算法在低信噪比和小快拍数环境下进行二维波达方向（Direction of arrival,DOA）估计性能下降的实际问题,提出了一种基于改进传播算子（Propagator method, PM）的二维DOA估计算法。该方法将数据共轭重构的思想应用到传播算子的估计中,借助传播算子的线性变换得到方向矩阵,由方向矩阵还原出二维波达角信息,利用矩阵变换与结构特点实现了仰角和方位角的自动配对。复杂度分析和仿真结果表明,该算法具有较低复杂度的同时,改善了传播算子算法在快拍数有限、低信噪比条件下的估计性能,实现二维DOA的自动配对。      

一种自动匹配的分布式非圆信号二维DOA快速估计方法

在相干分布式非圆信号2维波达方向(DOA)估计中,针对利用非圆特性后维数扩展带来的较大复杂度问题,且现有的低复杂度算法均需要额外的参数匹配,该文提出一种基于互相关传播算子的自动匹配2维DOA快速估计算法。该算法考虑L型阵列,在建立相干分布式非圆信号扩展阵列模型的基础上,首先证明了L阵中两个子阵的广义方向矢量(GSV)均具有近似旋转不变特性,然后通过阵列输出信号的互相关运算消除了额外噪声,最终利用子阵GSV的近似旋转不变关系通过传播算子方法得到中心方位角与俯仰角估计。理论分析和仿真实验表明,所提算法无须谱峰搜索和协方差矩阵特征分解运算,具有较低的计算复杂度,并且能够实现2维DOA估计的自动匹配;同时,相比于现有的相干分布式非圆信号传播算子算法,所提算法以较小的复杂度代价获得了性能的较大提升。     

基于ANM的非均匀圆阵二维DOA估计

传统的基于原子范数最小化（Atomic Norm Minimization, ANM）的波达方向（Direction of Arrival, DOA）估计算法无法直接应用于不满足范德蒙德结构的非均匀圆阵,针对这一问题提出了一种基于虚拟阵列变换的改进方法。以某非均匀圆阵作原始阵列为例,首先通过虚拟阵列变换处理原始阵列接收的数据,使其转换为虚拟的均匀L阵接收数据,将非均匀圆阵上的DOA估计问题转化为两个均匀线阵上的DOA估计问题,再利用基于ANM的DOA估计算法与L型阵的二维角度关系还原出方位角和俯仰角。通过仿真与实测实验验证了所提算法应用于非均匀圆阵的可行性,并分析其DOA估计结果,证明其拥有较高的估计精度。     

基于极化敏感阵列均匀线阵的二维DOA估计

针对残缺电磁矢量传感器的极化敏感阵列多参数联合估计问题,该文提出一种基于正交偶极子的均匀线阵的2维波达方向(Direction-Of-Arrival, DOA)估计算法。首先,对极化敏感阵列的接收数据矢量的协方差矩阵进行特征分解,然后将信号子空间划分成4个子阵,根据旋转不变子空间(ESPRIT)算法分别求出其中1个子阵与其它3个子阵的相位差,再对不同子阵间的相位差进行配对,最后根据相位差求出信号的DOA估计和极化参数。由正交偶极子组成的均匀线阵使用极化MUSIC算法和传统ESPRIT算法无法进行2维DOA估计,该文提出的算法解决了这个问题,并且相较于极化MUISC算法降低了算法的复杂度。仿真结果验证了该文算法的有效性。     

基于互相关抽样分解的分布式非圆信号DOA快速估计

在非相干分布式非圆信号波达方向(DOA)估计中,针对利用信号非圆特性后输出矩阵维数扩展带来的较大运算量问题,该文提出一种基于互相关抽样分解的DOA快速估计算法。该算法仅需要从子阵间的扩展互相关矩阵中抽样出少量行元素和列元素,构成两个低维子矩阵,进而通过低秩近似分解便可快速地同时求出左右奇异矢量,即分别对应两个子阵的信号子空间,避免了计算整个互相关矩阵及其奇异值分解运算;最后利用两个子阵信号子空间的旋转不变性通过最小二乘得到DOA估计。仿真分析表明,当行列抽样数大于信源数的两倍时,所提算法与直接基于互相关矩阵奇异值分解的非相干分布式非圆信号DOA估计算法性能相近,但复杂度得到了大幅度降低;而相比于传统的低复杂度非相干分布源DOA估计算法,所提算法利用信号非圆特性具有更高的估计性能。     

基于L型和差嵌套阵的二维波达方向估计

针对传统L型均匀阵列二维波达方向（Direction of Arrival,DOA）估计中可估计信源数目受限于阵元数、分辨率低等问题,提出了一种新的L型和差嵌套阵列结构。该L型阵列的两个子阵布置相同,是非均匀的稀疏阵,通过阵元位置之间的差分、求和操作达到虚拟扩展阵元数目的效果,从而提升阵列的自由度。采用该阵列进行二维DOA估计时,两个子阵分别先进行一维的DOA估计,再采用PSCM（Pair-matching Signal Covariance Matrices）算法进行一维角度配对。每个子阵进行一维波达方向估计时,先采用VCAM（Vectorized Conjugate Augmented MUSIC）算法生成非均匀稀疏阵的求和求差协方差矩阵,再采用矩阵重构的方法恢复协方差矩阵的秩,最后对协方差矩阵采用MUSIC（Multiple Signal Classification）算法进行DOA估计。实验仿真表明,本阵列有着更高的自由度和估计精度。      

基于双平行线阵的相干分布源二维DOA估计

针对现有相干分布源二维波达方向(DOA)估计算法存在的一些问题,基于双平行均匀线阵提出了一种相干分布源二维DOA估计新算法。利用旋转不变的思想并结合传播算子法来估计相干分布源的二维中心DOA。无需谱搜索和对样本协方差矩阵做特征分解,和传统算法相比,其计算复杂度更低。此外,还给出了详细的参数配对过程,因而能够应用于多源场合。算法在小角度扩展条件下估计性能良好,其性能甚至接近于一维交替搜索算法。算法还是一种对角分布先验知识盲的估计。仿真结果证实了算法的有效性。     

一种适用于MIMO雷达的低复杂度二维DOA估计方法

 本文提出了一种适用于收、发共阵多发多收(MIMO)雷达的低复杂度二维波达方向(DOA)估计方法.该方法将MIMO雷达的虚拟二维阵列分解为多个构形相同但位置不同的虚拟子阵,通过一种基于预投影的ESPRIT算法得到同一目标二维DOA的多组估计值,极大地降低了运算量.并利用Kalman滤波器对这多组二维DOA估计值进行融合,提高了估计值的精度.同时,利用收、发对偶性对样本数据进行了重排,等效地将样本数加倍,进一步提高了二维DOA估计精度.数值仿真的结果证明了该方法的有效性.     

柱面共形阵列高性能低复杂度DOA估计算法

针对柱面共形阵列的波达方向(DOA)估计问题,从信号子空间的角度分析了在阵元遮挡下应用多重信号分类(MUSIC)算法的性能缺陷。在此基础上提出通过偏置常数的方法克服经典MUSIC算法的阵元遮挡问题。进一步提出一种基于数据自适应子阵分割的快速DOA估计算法,该方法先利用稀疏采样的偏置MUSIC算法进行DOA预估,依此确定所需要的子阵及二维搜索区域,确定MUSIC算法的搜索范围,进而得到高精确度的DOA估计。利用子阵分割的方法进行DOA估计,避免了经典MUSIC算法因阵元遮挡导致运算量大、精确度低等问题。仿真结果表明,该方法能大幅度降低运算复杂度,同时提高DOA估计精确度。     

采用降秩多级维纳滤波器的二维DOA估计快速算法

针对双平行线阵的二维波达方向(DOA)估计问题,为有效降低计算复杂度,提出了一种基于降秩多级维纳滤波器(MSWF)的快速算法。首先利用MSWF的前向递推实现信号子空间的快速估计,无需估计协方差矩阵和特征分解;然后,通过MUSIC算法对方位角和俯仰角的估计进行分维估计,使二维DOA估计退化为两个一维DOA估计问题,且方位角和俯仰角自动配对,进一步降低了运算量。仿真结果表明,该方法的估计精度优于同样基于双平行线阵提出的波达方向矩阵法(DOAM),俯仰角兼并时同样适用,计算复杂度低,适用于实时性要求高的应用背景。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.