不同温度下雨生红球藻优良藻株筛选

为获得适宜大规模培养的藻株,研究和比较了雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)3个不同品系分别在15、20、25、30℃中的生长和虾青素积累情况。结果表明,温度对雨生红球藻的生长和虾青素积累有显著的影响,并且与藻种品系有关。各培养温度下,雨生红球藻藻株H3的细胞密度、藻细胞干重、虾青素含量和产量具有明显优势。藻株H3的最适生长温度为15℃,其最终细胞密度和细胞干重分别为11.75×10~4 cell/mL和0.337 g/L,但该条件不利于虾青素的积累;虾青素积累在20℃培养时最高,其虾青素含量和产量分别为1.15%、3.41 mg/L;而在30℃时生物量和虾青素产量均最低。因此,优先选择H3作为大规模培养的藻种。     

雨生红球藻培养及虾青素累积条件探讨

探讨了雨生红球藻(Haematoccuspluvialis)712株的适宜培养条件及藻体诱导累积虾青素的培养基条件。重点研究了温度、pH和光照条件对雨生红球藻营养生长的影响,以及NaNO3、Fe2+盐和乙酸钠浓度对雨生红球藻诱导累积虾青素含量的影响。结果表明:24℃、1000～1500lx连续光照、pH8.0左右的生长条件适合雨生红球藻游动细胞增殖,使平均生长速率达到0.252/d。通过正交试验表明:缺氮培养基对于雨生红球藻细胞累积虾青素最为有利,虾青素含量达到6.72μg/mL,而FeSO4和乙酸钠浓度对虾青素的累积无显著性影响。     

外源乙烯利对雨生红球藻中虾青素积累的影响

本实验初步研究了一定浓度范围的乙烯利对雨生红球藻积累虾青素的影响。在对数生长期的藻液中分别加入一系列不同浓度的乙烯利溶液,然后转入胁迫培养(25℃,24h5000lux连续光照+营养盐饥饿),诱导细胞内虾青素的合成积累。在诱导过程中显微观察不同浓度乙烯利处理后细胞形态和色素积累的变化,并定期取样进行虾青素含量的测定。结果表明,添加0.05ml/L的乙烯利可以促进雨生红球藻积累虾青素,处理后的藻细胞比对照组的藻细胞提前17d完全变红,虾青素产量比对照提高了92.1%,达18.6mg/L藻液。另外还发现0.1ml/L的乙烯利对雨生红球藻积累虾青素有明显的抑制作用。高浓度的乙烯利(≥0.15ml/L)处理对雨生红球藻细胞存在致死作用。     

雨生红球藻虾青素积累条件优化研究

虾青素具有很强的抗氧化能力,雨生红球藻在目前已知生物中虾青素含量最高。该文采用响应面法研究温度、pH值、NaCl浓度、钨酸钠浓度对雨生红球藻虾青素积累的影响。结果表明,雨生红球藻虾青素积累的最佳工艺条件为温度27℃、pH 9.6、NaCl浓度1.7 g/L、钨酸钠浓度5.2 mmol/L。各因素对雨生红球藻虾青素积累影响的顺序为pH值＞温度＞钨酸钠浓度＞NaCl浓度。     

光照、氮素和高盐胁迫对雨生红球藻积累虾青素的影响研究

为摸索雨生红球藻积累虾青素的最优条件,研究光照强度、NaNO_3和NaCl浓度对雨生红球藻光合作用和积累虾青素的影响,结果表明:不同光照强度处理组最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)较对照组均显著降低(P 0.05);试验第24天,光照强度为236μmol/m~2/s的试验组微藻积累虾青素达最高值9.01 mg/L;NaCl浓度为10 g/L和12.5 g/L时雨生红球藻Fv/Fm和有效光能转化效率值(Yield)均低于对照组,而NaCl浓度为5 g/L时微藻Fv/Fm和Yield值均高于对照组,NaCl浓度为5、7.5、10 g/L时微藻积累虾青素水平显著高于其他试验组(P 0.05),试验第24天,NaCl浓度为7.5 g/L时,微藻积累虾青素含量达到最高,较对照组提高了34.4%;NaNO_3浓度为0、0.032、0.065 g/L时,雨生红球藻Fv/Fm整体呈先上升后缓慢降低的趋势,较对照组差异显著(P 0.05),在氮胁迫处理条件下雨生红球藻积累虾青素含量逐渐升高,试验第22天后细胞内虾青素水平渐趋稳定,当NaNO_3浓度为0时细胞内虾青素含量显著高于其他试验组(P 0.05)。     

茴香醚对雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis LUGU)虾青素积累的影响

利用不同诱导条件促进雨生红球藻Haematococcus pluvialis积累虾青素已成为虾青素生产和研究的热点。实验研究了不同质量浓度的茴香醚(BHA)对胁迫培养条件下雨生红球藻Haematococcus pluvialis LUGU生长和虾青素积累的影响。结果表明,2 mg/L的BHA能够显著提高虾青素的含量,最大含量可达29.03 mg/g,比对照组(14.30 mg/g)提高到2.03倍。而在相同的茴香醚诱导条件下,初始藻细胞的不同生长状态对细胞的生长及虾青素的合成也有很大的影响:处于对数生长期后期(14 d)的细胞更有利于虾青素的积累,其最大虾青素含量达到29.3 mg/g,分别比前期、中期和稳定期提高到2.9、1.01和1.72倍。实验表明茴香醚是虾青素诱导的有效诱导子,本研究也可为两阶段法诱导生产虾青素提供依据。     

胁迫条件下褪黑素诱导雨生红球藻虾青素合成

雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)在胁迫条件下可大量积累虾青素,已成为天然虾青素的主要来源。通过解析外源褪黑素(Melatonin,MLT)调控雨生红球藻在缺氮联合高光照胁迫条件下的防御效应,以期建立虾青素高效合成的技术体系。结果表明,胁迫条件下外源MLT的诱导显著促进了虾青素的积累,最高质量分数达到32.37 mg/g,较对照组增加了2.25倍。此外,外源MLT提高了胞内NO和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)的含量,同时上调了虾青素合成关键酶基因dxs和chy的表达水平。研究表明,外源MLT诱导高光缺氮胁迫下雨生红球藻中虾青素的高效合成可能与MLT调控藻细胞内的NO、MAPK含量和虾青素合成关键酶基因dxs和chy的表达水平相关。     

雨生红球藻等离子诱变及高产藻株的筛选

目的通过等离子体诱变筛选获得高产虾青素的雨生红球藻突变株。方法将常压室温等离子体应(atmospheric and room temperature plasma,ARTP)用于雨生红球藻的诱变育种处理。ARTP在常温下以输入功率100 W、处理距离2mm、气体流速10 L/min处理雨生红球藻40s,雨生红球藻的致死率达90%以上。在此条件下获得诱变株后,以虾青素合成抑制剂作为筛选剂,成功筛选获得一株虾青素高产藻株M45。结果该突变株的生物量和生长速率分别较出发株提高了6.45%和8.57%。突变株M45的虾青素含量达3.1%,较出发株提高了51.96%;虾青素产量为71.92 mg/L,相比于出发株提高了61.73%,且遗传稳定性实验表明,M45生产性能稳定。结论经等离子体诱变获得的突变株M45虾青素含量高,生产性能稳定,具有一定的工业应用前景,等离子体诱变方法适用于雨生红球藻的育种。     

黄腐酸对Haematococcus pluvialis LUGU虾青素积累和lcy基因表达量的影响

雨生红球藻是虾青素的主要来源,为探明黄腐酸(FA)对雨生红球藻Haematococcus pluvialis LUGU的影响,将不同质量浓度的FA添加至对数生长期的藻液中置于胁迫条件下培养,并分别对细胞生物量浓度、虾青素积累质量浓度以及番茄红素β-环化酶(lcy)基因表达量进行了测定。结果表明,黄腐酸质量浓度为10 mg/L,藻细胞的生物量产率达到最大80.28 mg/(L·d),比对照组提高5.44%;而虾青素最大质量浓度为20.82 mg/L,是在FA质量浓度为5 mg/L时测得,比对照组提高了86.89%。RT-PCR分析显示,虾青素合成的关键基因lcy的表达受FA的影响,当添加5 mg/L和10 mg/L的黄腐酸时lcy基因最大的表达量分别为对照的1.2倍和0.7倍。实验证明FA诱导下的雨生红球藻虾青素的积累含量和lcy基因表达量呈正相关。     

硝氮质量浓度和温度在不同培养模式下对雨生红球藻生长的影响

探究了自养和异养条件下,硝氮质量浓度和生长温度对雨生红球藻生长的影响,以及自养胁迫阶段不同胁迫温度(30,35,38℃)对虾青素积累的影响。研究结果表明:雨生红球藻在异养条件下的最高生物量(3.319 g/L)远高于自养条件下最高生物量(0.687 g/L),生物量提高了84%。自养条件下虾青素最高质量分数为2.264%,异养条件下虾青素最高质量分数为3.199%,比自养条件下虾青素最高质量分数提高41.29%。异养生长具有明显的生长优势,此条件下最适碳源为乙酸钠质量浓度1.5 g/L,最适硝氮质量浓度浓度为0.5 g/L,最适生长温度为22℃,最佳胁迫温度为30℃。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.