不同热泵干燥温度对高良姜干燥品质的对比分析

采用不同的热泵干燥温度(45℃、50℃、55℃、60℃、65℃),并以日晒为对照,对高良姜干燥至水分含量8%±0.5%,分析不同热泵干燥温度对高良姜的色泽、活性物质和挥发性成分的影响。结果表明:50℃干燥的高良姜与日晒干燥的高良姜色泽最为相近,△E为2.16±0.2;50℃干燥的高良姜复水率最高,为2.39±0.03,且复水比随着热泵干燥温度升高而降低的趋势;50℃热泵干燥得到的高良姜总酚和黄酮含量最高,分别为19.33±0.21 mg/g和8.44±0.19 mg/g,热泵温度超过50℃时,总酚和总黄酮的含量随着热泵温度的升高而降低。热泵干燥温度对高良姜素含量的影响不显著,50℃干燥的高良姜素含量为6.29±0.07 mg/g,且热泵干燥的高良姜素含量均大于日晒干燥,日晒干燥高良姜素含量为5.54±0.1 mg/g。日晒、45、50、55、60、65℃干燥高良姜挥发性物质种类分别为81、69、74、78、82和85,烯烃类物质分别为42、39、37、32、34和31,45℃热泵干燥,桉叶油醇的含量最高,为37.41%,且随着热泵温度的升高而降低。综合色泽、品质、风味等比较,50℃是热泵干燥高良姜的最佳温度参数。本文的研究结果为热泵干燥在高良姜干燥条件的控制提供了理论依据。     

热泵温度对白萝卜干燥速率及品质的影响

分别以热泵温度50,55,60,65℃对白萝卜进行干燥,比较不同热泵温度下的白萝卜干燥速率、色泽、营养成分、复水率、微观组织结构等。结果表明:热泵温度50,55,60,65℃下,白萝卜含水量降至(8±1)%分别需12,11,10,9h;热泵温度55,60℃对白萝卜色泽保持较好;影响白萝卜干复水率的热泵温度依次为55℃>60℃>50℃>65℃,其中55,60℃下差异不显著(P>0.05);白萝卜干总糖、蛋白质和VC含量以热泵温度50℃干燥的较高,且随热泵温度的升高而降低;而热泵温度过低或过高都会对产品品质产生不利影响。综合考虑,热泵温度55℃可作为白萝卜热泵干燥的最佳干燥温度,此条件下获得的白萝卜干具有最佳的综合品质。     

基于Weibull分布函数的杏鲍菇干燥过程模拟及理化性质分析

研究了不同温度(40,50,60℃)、不同切片厚度(4、7、10 mm)对杏鲍菇热泵干燥动力学、体积收缩率、复水动力学、干制品色泽和氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明,Weibull分布函数能很好模拟杏鲍菇的热泵干燥过程,尺度参数α随温度升高而减小,随切片厚度增加而增大,形状参数β均小于1。干燥初期,体积收缩率与水分含量的降低呈线性关系,水分含量降低到60%时,体积收缩至原体积的70%且变化不再明显。Page模型能很好模拟杏鲍菇的复水动力学。干燥温度50℃、切片厚度4、7 mm条件下的干制品色泽较好,较长的干燥时间和高温会使杏鲍菇色泽变差。低温条件下能够保留较高的氨基酸含量。研究结果可为热泵干燥技术在杏鲍菇干燥工业生产中的应用提供借鉴。     

干燥条件对茶枝柑果皮黄酮和精油成分的影响

采用HPLC对日晒和不同温度热风干燥下的茶枝柑果皮中的黄酮进行定性和定量分析,同时利用GC-MS检测分析了其精油成分及相对含量。结果表明,36、40、45和50℃干燥条件下的茶枝柑果皮的主要黄酮类化合物的含量与日晒相比有显著差异,42℃热风干燥与日晒相比则无显著差异。不同热风干燥条件下茶枝柑果皮精油的总离子流图基本一致,但是精油成分的总含量均显著高于日晒,此外精油成分的种类、数目、相对含量也存在一定的差异性,42℃热风干燥下的精油成分与日晒最为接近。结论:从保证茶枝柑果皮品质和节约能源提高生产效率的角度出发,42℃热风干燥是有利于保存茶枝柑果皮黄酮和精油成分的较佳干燥方式。     

热泵干燥对生咖啡豆活性物质和挥发性成分的影响研究

本文以日晒干燥为对比,研究了热泵干燥对生咖啡豆活性物质和挥发性成分的影响,探索不同干燥温度(40℃、45℃、50℃、55℃和60℃)下生咖啡豆色泽、脂肪、主要活性成分咖啡因、葫芦巴碱及挥发性成分的变化规律,并采用一元方差分析(ANOVA)对不同处理下生咖啡豆的风味成分进行统计学分析。结果表明:色泽明亮度随温度升高逐渐增大;温度为55℃时样品脂肪含量最高为9.21 g/100 g DW;咖啡因含量随温度的升高略有增大,而葫芦巴碱含量基本保持不变(0.81~0.89 g/100 g DW);采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用(HS-SPME/GC-MS)共定性出61种挥发性化合物,酸类、醛类和醇类为生咖啡豆中三类主要的挥发性化合物,其它类别化合物含量相对较低;其中在40℃处理下样品中酸类化合物含量最高为41.85%,醛类化合物在日晒干燥处理下含量最高为35.21%,而醇类化合物在60℃时样品含量最高为34.52%。     

不同高温热泵干燥条件对龙眼干品质的影响

以龙眼为研究对象,考察了不同热泵干燥温度和干燥风速对龙眼干一般理化特性、色泽、质构和活性成分等品质的影响。结果表明：采用高温热泵干燥时,干燥温度越高,龙眼干的总酸含量越高,复水率越低;干燥风速相同时,龙眼干的pH值随着温度的升高而降低;龙眼干燥后总体色泽的变化主要在色泽的变暗及变黄,干燥温度的升高和干燥风速的增加都会导致龙眼色泽变化的增加;总体来说,不同高温热泵干燥条件下,龙眼干的弹性、回复性、硬度以及耐咀性的变化均不显著,干燥风速较低,龙眼干的黏性较大;当干燥温度为60 ℃时,龙眼干中保留的游离酚含量最高,不同干燥条件下,结合酚含量、多糖含量的差异不显著。     

中短波红外干燥白果的色泽变化预测及品质研究

为预测白果在干燥过程中色泽变化,提高干燥品质,该研究将中短波红外干燥技术应用于白果干燥,研究白果在不同干燥温度(60、70、80和90 ℃)下干燥动力学和色泽变化,利用人工神经网络建立其色泽预测模型,并探究白果的复水率、总黄酮含量、抗氧化性以及微观结构等相关品质参数。结果表明:白果整个干燥过程只有一个降速干燥阶段;干燥温度从60 ℃升高到80 ℃,干燥时间显著减少(P<0.05);干燥温度从80 ℃升高到90 ℃,白果干燥时间没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。随着干燥进行,白果色泽L*值逐渐降低,a*值和b*值均呈现先增加而后降低的趋势,总色差值ΔE呈现两段式的增加趋势;本研究建立的人工神经网络模型能够很好的预测干燥过程中色泽参数的变化。综合白果品质参数,白果在干燥温度70 ℃条件下会获得最优的复水比(1.580),最好的抗氧化活性(175.70 μmol trolox/100 g)以及较优的总黄酮含量(198.40 mg/100 g)。通过对白果微观结构分析,干燥温度低于70 ℃时,白果淀粉颗粒结构保持完好,而干燥温度高于80 ℃时,其淀粉颗粒结构会发生明显的破坏。     

怀山药片热泵-热风联合干燥研究

以提高怀山药片干燥效率和产品品质为目标,利用热泵-热风联合干燥方法,研究了热泵温度、热泵风速、切片厚度、热风温度以及联合干燥含水率转换点对怀山药片干燥速率、L值、复水率的影响。为避免怀山药片营养成分的损失以及色泽和质地变差,在前期的低温热泵干燥阶段,采用干燥温度为40℃,热泵风速为1.5 m/s;同时为了避免怀山药片表面结壳和焦化断裂现象,采用物料厚度为5 mm。在后期的热风干燥中,为提高干燥速率和保持较好色泽,将热风温度设置为60℃。试验结果表明:热泵-热风联合干燥的最佳参数为热泵温度40℃,热泵风速1.5 m/s,切片厚度5 mm,热风温度60℃,转换点干基含水率为1.00。     

干燥条件对橘皮颜色与结构性能的影响

柑橘皮富含经济和药用价值,为寻求更优的干燥方式以实现资源全利用,本文对比研究了真空冷冻、热风、中短波红外干燥橘皮的颜色和结构性能。结果表明:不同干燥条件对橘皮色泽和结构性能影响显著(p0.05)。褐变引起橘皮总色差值变化,而类胡萝卜素降解导致b值降低;在干燥温度60℃~90℃范围内,干燥橘皮L值,a值,b值和类胡萝卜素含量随干燥温度升高而降低,ΔE值和褐变度随干燥温度升高而升高。微观结构的改变则为干燥橘皮粗纤维含量、质构参数和干燥效率、复水性等性质研究提供了参考方法,微观结构疏松且未受损伤,孔隙大,分布均匀,则粗纤维含量较高,硬脆度适中,复水性好,反之结构性能较差;较真空冷冻和热风干燥,中短波红外低温干燥(60℃~70℃)对橘皮的颜色和结构保持最好。本文为橘皮的干燥产业化生产提供了重要理论依据。     

热泵干燥温度对柿子片干燥特性及品质的影响

目的:探明热泵干燥温度对柿子片干燥特性和品质的影响。方法:以柿子为原料,研究干燥温度对柿子片干燥时间、干燥速率,以及干制品色泽、硬度、复水率、单宁、总糖、维生素C和总酸的影响。结果:当热泵干燥温度为65℃时,柿子片干燥速度快,干燥时间短,此时干燥产品色泽鲜艳,与鲜果色泽相近,复水性能好,硬度最低,口感最好,总酸和维生素C含量最高,总糖等营养成分含量适中。结论:柿子片的最适热泵干燥温度为65℃。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the