用改进ECT技术测定油气两相流中空泡分数的测量研究

To measure the void fraction online in oil-gas pipeline, an improved electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) system has been designed. The capacitance sensor with new structure has twelve internal electrodes and overcomes the influence of the pipe wall. The data collection system is improved by using high performance IC (integrated circuit). Static tests of bubble flow, stratified flow and annular flow regime are carried out. Measurements are taken on bubble flow, stratified flow and slug flow. Results show that the new ECT system performs well on void fraction measurement of bubble flow and stratified flow, but the error of measurement for slug flow is more than 10%.     

介观尺度多孔介质燃烧室内火焰分布的电容层析成像(英文)

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of meso-scale combustion.The technique of electrical capacitance tomography(ECT) was used to locate flame position and monitor the effect corresponding to varied air/fuel ratio in a meso-scale combustor.Combustion phenomena including igniting,quenching and unsteady combustion have been visualized using ECT.The method of metallization protecting ECT sensor from high temperature damage and the novel calibration method adapted to ECT monitoring of unknown permittivity flame have been shown to be successful.At the same time,electrical nature of combustion and dielectric characteristics of hy-drocarbon flame were studied.The relationship between flame permittivity and state parameters of combustion gas was demonstrated preliminarily.     

基于改进的RBF网络和自适应小波图像增强的ECT两相流测量系统(英文)

Electrical capacitance tomography(ECT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that aims at visualizing the cross-sectional permittivity distribution and phase distribution of solid/gas two-phase flow based on the measured capacitance.To solve the nonlinear and ill-posed inverse problem:image reconstruction of ECT system,this paper proposed a new image reconstruction method based on improved radial basis function(RBF) neural network combined with adaptive wavelet image enhancement.Firstly,an improved RBF network was applied to establish the mapping model between the reconstruction image pixels and the capacitance values measured.Then,for better image quality,adaptive wavelet image enhancement technique was emphatically analyzed and studied,which belongs to a space-frequency analysis method and is suitable for image feature-enhanced.Through multi-level wavelet decomposition,edge points of the image produced from RBF network can be determined based on the neighborhood property of each sub-band;noise distribution in the space-frequency domain can be estimated based on statistical characteristics;after that a self-adaptive edge enhancement gain can be constructed.Finally,the image is reconstructed with adjusting wavelet coefficients.In this paper,a 12-electrode ECT system and a pneumatic conveying platform were built up to verify this image reconstruction algorithm.Experimental results demonstrated that adaptive wavelet image enhancement technique effectively implemented edge detection and image enhancement,and the improved RBF network and adaptive wavelet image enhancement hybrid algorithm greatly improved the quality of reconstructed image of solid/gas two-phase flow [pulverized coal(PC)/air].     

电容层析成像技术在分离器料腿浓度测量中的应用

Accurate solid concentration measurement plays a key role in the process industry. Measurements analyzed offline can be used to estimate process efficiencies, to identify problems in a flow, and to validate computational models. Online measurements can be used for active control. Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a unique measuring technique with great potential in multiphase flow measurement. Experimental studies are carried out on a solid concentration measurement in a cyclone separator dipleg, using ECT. In this experiment eight electrodes are selected for the ECT sensor that is placed on the straight tube of the dipleg. The fluctuating characteristics according to the screw feeder and the effect of the airflow rate from the top of the cyclone are analyzed. The feasibility and reliability of the method are verified by the experimental results.     

水平气液混输管道清管操作实验与数值模拟技术

A pigging model incorporating three different regions was developed for predicting the dynamics of the pigging operation in two-phase flow pipelines. The model incorporates a transient two-fluid model. The mixed Eulerean-Lagrangian approach was used to couple the transient model and the pigging model which can predict the pigging time, velocity and the change of pigging parameters. An experimental study was carried out to acquire two-phase transient flow and pigging data on a 380 m long, 81 mm diameter horizontal pipeline. A computer-based data acquisition system was used to obtain detailed information of the flow behavior during experimental runs. The data include pigging time, inlet pressure, accumulated liquid in pipeline, pressure and pigging velocity distribution. The predicted results compared fairy well with the experimental data.     

垂直稀相气力输送实验研究

An experimental study of vertical gas conveying of Geldart-D powder as a dilute phase is performed in a pipe of length 22m and internal diameter 0.05m using a fluidized blow tank at gas velocity ranging from 5m.S-1 to 13m.s-1 and loading ratio up to about 30. The characteristics of gas conveying, such as pressure drop, the choking velocity and the minimum primary velocity of the fluidized blow tank, are discussed in detail.     

Influence of the operating parameters over the current efficiency and corrosion rate in the Hall-Heroult aluminum cell with tin oxide anode substrate material

A systematic laboratory study was conducted on current efficiency and corrosion obtalned in cryolite–alumina melts with SnO2–Sb2O3–CuO ceramic inert anodes. The current efficiency (CE) was determined by measuring the total amount of oxygen evolved at the anode and was found to be~95%. The influence of operating parameters (inter-elec-trode distance, temperature and current density) was evaluated. The quantitative interdependencies as wel as the ranges of CE optimal values were established (2–3 cm, 940–960 °C and 0.7–0.8 A·cm?2). The corrosion process of these anodes was evaluated by the mass loss method. The evaluation also took care of the corrosion data, as the prob-lem of the anode corrosion appeared to be the maln obstacle for the use of those anodes in the commercial cel s. Low-ering of the ACD up to 2 cm did not aggravate anode corrosion.     

EFFECTS OF ENTRAINERS ON THE PHASE EQUILIBRIUM OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION PROCESS

A flow apparatus was set up for measuring the solubility of a solid solute in a supercritical fluid withthe presence of a small amount of entrainer.The solubilities of biphenyl,diphenylamine and benzoic acid insupercritical carbon dioxide with one of the selected entrainers which were ethanol,acetone and n-hexanerespectively,were obtained in the pressure range of 10—32 MPa and the temperature range of 308—318K.Asolvolytic association theory has been proposed to explain the mechanism of entrainer effect,and theexperimental results were reasonably analysed.According to the solvolytic association theory,the association equa-tion of state was adopted to correlate the experimental data with good accuracy.     

ECT图像分析法用于贮料仓卸料过程中剪切区域测量(英文)

The paper covers the electrical capacitance tomography(ECT) data analysis on shear zones formed during silo discharging process.This is due to the ECT aptitude for detection of slight changes of material concentration.On the basis of ECT visualisations,wall-adjacent shear zone profiles are analysed for different wall roughness parameters.The analysis on changes of material concentration,based on ECT images,enables the calculation for the characteristic parameters of shear zones-size and material concentration inside the shear zone in a dynamic process of silo discharging.In order to verify the methodology a series of experiments on gravitational flow of bulk solids under various conditions were conducted with different initial granular material packing densities and silo wall roughness.The investigation shows that the increase in container wall roughness is an effective method for reducing the dynamic effects during the material discharging,since these effects are resulted from the resonance between hopper construction and trembling material.Such effects will damage industrial equipment in practical applications and need further investigation.     

Sensor monitoring and online measurement correction in electric capacitance tomography system

The recalibration of electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) system is one of the key problems in keeping the system running steadily. However, for engineering application in solids/gas transport, online calibration can not be implemented and the data from this sensor may be unreliable due to the sensor pipe interior wall abrasion during pneumatic transport, so the solids concentration calculated from the reconstructed image based on these data will be highly inaccurate. The simulations show that, the inter-electrode relative capacitance variation of electrode pair spacing 1 is the most sensitive to the abrasion of sensor pipe interior wall, so this relative capacitance variation when the sensor is filled with air can be used as an indicator demanding offline system recalibration when the wall abrasion goes significant. Furthermore, while the pipe interior wall abrasion is not very serious, online correcting measured inter-electrode capacitance with wall capacitance variation can improve the accuracy of concentration calculation.     

高固气比状态下的粉煤气力输送

在自建的气力输送系统上,进行了高固气比状态下粉煤气力输送研究.分别在内径为15、20、32 mm的管道中进行了输送实验,考察了操作参数对粉煤质量流量、固气比、表观气速等气力输送特征参数的影响.结果表明,输送固气比达到200～580 kg•kg^-1;随气体流量增加,粉煤的质量流量增大,而固气比降低;与输送压力的影响相比,管径对粉煤质量流量的影响程度更为显著;给出了基于本系统描述各参数之间相互关系的经验方程,表明较小的气量和较大的输送管径更有利于实现高固气比状态下的粉煤气力输送.     

负压差立管内的气固两相流

在φ800 mm×12000 mm流化床实验装置上对150 mm×11500 mm负压差立管内气固两相流的轴向压力、空隙率和气体流动特性进行了测量和分析.立管出口无约束淹没在密相流化床内,颗粒质量流率范围G_s<1200 kg&#8226;m^-2&#8226;s^-1.立管内气固两相流态有两种存在形式,当颗粒质量流率G_s<200～250 kg&#8226;m^-2&#8226;s^-1时,流态是稀密两相共存形式;当G_s>200～250 kg&#8226;m^-2&#8226;s^-1时,流态是浓相输送流态.两种流态之间可以相互转换,主要取决于颗粒质量流率的变化.影响立管内气固两相流的轴向压力、空隙率分布、气相的流动特性和气固流态存在形式的主要参数是颗粒质量流率G_s、旋风分离器入口速度V_i、下端流化床流化速度u_f,质量流率G_s是主要的影响因素.     

Multiscale analysis of flow patterns in the dense-phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal

Four typical flow patterns in the vertical pipe of the dense-phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal were obtained, namely packed bed flow, plug flow, churn flow and less dense phase flow. The electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) was used for space–time multiscale analysis. Firstly, Daubechies second order wavelet transform and rescaled range analysis(R/S) were applied for the scientific multiscale decompositions. The multiscale frequency range is that the microscale signal is d₁–d₅ (2.1875, 70.0000) Hz, the mesoscale signal is d₆ and d₇ (0.5469, 2.1875) Hz and the macroscale signal is d₈–d₁₁ (0.0342, 0.5469) Hz. The multiscale ECT signal characteristics of pure gas flow, particle–wall friction, and particle–particle collision were determined by experiments. The multiscale ECT signal energy matrix is proposed, based on the multiscale energy structure characteristics. Control mechanisms and multiscale statistical rules of four typical flow patterns are obtained. This study provides theoretical support for the study of flow pattern transformation of dense-phase pneumatic conveying.     

Experimental research of flow patterns and pressure signals in horizontal dense phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal

Understanding flow patterns and their variability is important for optimal design and trouble free dense phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal in a horizontal tube. Employing the electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), six flow patterns were identified and utilized for quantitative analysis based on the value and distribution of cross-sectional solid concentration. The dense-phase flow patterns in the horizontal tube of the pneumatic conveying system were somehow variable even when the operating conditions were unchanged. The probability calculation results suggest changing multiple flow patterns with one or two dominant flow for each of the seven sets of experimental conveying conditions and that a finite change in the dominant flow pattern would occur with an increasing superficial gas velocity. The power spectral density (PSD) function and the Hurst exponent of the pressure signals of the pulverized coal were well correlated with its flow patterns in a horizontal tube. The PSD functions and probability density functions (PDFs) of the void fraction signals from ECT are found to be related with flow patterns and can be used to quantitatively identify flow regimes. The ECT data may therefore be utilized for monitoring the flow patterns in a horizontal tube employed for pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal.     

Pressure drop prediction for horizontal dense-phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal associated with feeding to gasifier

Based on extensive bench-scale data derived from the horizontal dense-phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal, a correlation of solids friction factor λ_z was proposed in an effort to establish a model to predict the pressure drop when coal fed to the gasifier. Further, it was also an attempt to modify some public models to verify their availabilities. Then, based on the data collected from an industrial-scale horizontal pipeline under the high pressure up to 2.0 MPa, the proposed model was found to be possibly among the best ones for predicting the pressure drops of the dense flow of pulverized coal. The modified Mallick and Wypych model can also provide satisfying predictions. The results suggest that the two models are both suitable for scale-up of dense-phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal at high pressures.     

补充风对水平管高压密相气力输送影响的模拟研究

针对水平管高压密相气力输送数理模型的缺陷与不足,引入Savage径向分布函数修正的颗粒动理学理论、基于Berzi摩擦压应力模型构建的摩擦应力模型以及修正的三段式曳力模型,在欧拉-欧拉方法的基础上建立了一个能同时兼顾水平管高压密相气力输送中稀相流、过渡流以及密相流输送特性的三维非稳态数理模型。并采用该数理模型考察了补充风对水平管高压密相气力输送的影响,模拟结果精准地预测了水平管压降及其随补充风的变化规律,而且其预测的水平管固相体积浓度分布与ECT图也是相吻合的,从而验证了数理模型的可靠性。模拟结果表明：随着补充风的增加,气固两相速度和湍动能以及颗粒拟温度增大,固相体积浓度减小。     

脉冲式密相气力输送水平管中的料栓行为

探讨了聚丙烯颗粒在脉冲式密相气力输送水平管中的料栓行为. 结果表明在一定操作气速下,料栓的长短变化有规律,料栓的运动速度随其长度而变;栓长为1 m左右的聚丙烯颗粒由栓状流向沙丘流型转变的料气速度之比为0.7~0.8,出现在操作气速5 m/s左右;单个料栓的压力梯度与其长度有关,沿单个料栓的压力梯度和截面固含量随气速而变;料栓压降与操作气速无关.     

不同载气供料对工业级竖直上升管粉煤气力输送的影响

采用Air和CO₂作为供料和输送载气,以工业级竖直上升管(内径50 mm)粉煤输送系统为实验平台,开展了粉煤密相气力输送实验研究。实验中选用Air→Air、Air→CO₂、CO₂→Air和CO₂→CO₂作为典型工况,进行了输送特性参数的对比分析。研究结果表明,供料载气与输送载气组合方式的变化,会引起发料罐中粉煤流化状态的改变,进而导致粉煤输送流型和稳定性方面的差异。借助电容层析成像系统(ECT)获得了竖直管的ECT信号和流型图像,并采用标准差和功率谱函数对ECT信号进行分析。分析结果表明,Air→Air工况为稳定的环状流;Air→CO₂输送过程稳定性最差,输送由无定态流型转为栓塞流;CO₂→Air和CO₂→CO₂输送过程均为气栓流,但CO₂→CO₂工况形成的气栓较长,其ECT信号的功率谱峰值较大。     

Simulation of the performance of electrical capacitance tomography for measurement of dense phase pneumatic conveying

A method for the estimation of image distortion which can occur in the reconstruction of electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) data for pneumatic conveying process is presented. Image distortion is associated the finite sampling rate of tomographic instrumentation which arises from changes in the distribution of phases occurring during a measurement cycle. The method uses an algorithm which provides the solution of the inverse and forward problems for an idealized 2-D sensor and to visualize the movement of powder slugs. The influence of the geometry of the sensor electrodes and the nature of slug perturbation on the fidelity of the reconstructed image is discussed. The practical implications of the simulation for the application of capacitance tomography for monitoring and control of dense phase conveying are discussed.     

高压浓相粉煤气力输送特性及信息熵分析

在输送压力可达4.0MPa,固气比高达450kg/m3的高压气力输送试验台上,用氮气进行粉煤高压浓相气力输送试验研究。分别在不同的输送差压、浓度和速度等条件下进行了输送试验,考察操作参数对煤粉固气比等气力输送特征参数的影响,用信息熵分析试验过程中采集到的压力波动时间序列,探讨流动稳定性和流型变迁过程中信息化趋势,建立信息熵和流型之间的关系。结果表明在输送差压增大的过程中,固气比和Shannon信息熵均增大;气体流量与Shannon信息熵和固气比之间呈现较好的规律性;不同流动形态的Shannon熵差异较大,不同流型之间的Shannon熵区分度较好。Shannon信息熵分析为研究高压浓相气力输送流型及其转变特性提供了一种行之有效的方法。