Model Calculations on Levelness in Package Dyeing

A simple mathematical model that includes (a) uniform liquor flow through a package and (b) Fickian diffusion of a dye within the fibres is described. The distribution of a dye within the package and the degree of levelness are calculated for constant dyeing conditions (e. g., constant temperature) and a dye with a linear sorption isotherm. The effect on levelness of the dyeing time, rate of liquor flow, liquor–to–goods ratio, package data, diffusion coefficient and final dyebath exhaustion are discussed. Using certain assumptions the levelling time is determined by two parameters only: a diffusion velocity v_D and a streaming parameter s.     

Levelness in the Dyeing of Wool Yarn and Fabric

In experiments with a thin bed of cloth, the maximum rate of uptake of dye by a wool yarn has been found to be limited by the concentration gradient of the dye across the yarn. A type of unlevelness observed in a conventional cross-wound package is attributed to the same concentration gradient.     

The Choice of Optimum Dye Exhaustion Profiles in the Direct Control of Dyeing

New developments could substantially increase the practical feasibility of direct control by optical means of the exhaustion of commercial dyeings. This paper examines the preferred form of the exhaustion profile that should be used by such equipment, and the relationship between the rate of bath exhaustion, and the corresponding error in dye deposition in different parts of a textile load has been calculated. It is shown that the maximum permissible rate must fall progressively throughout the exhaustion period. This is contrasted with isoreactive dyeing and related concepts. The relationship between dye deposition error and colour difference is also discussed. Examples are given of practical profiles, the colour differences associated with them, and the operation of a control parameter based on the theory.     

染发剂染色效果的标准和表征方法探讨

对黑色染发剂的染色效果标准提出了自己的观点,并给出了标准和确定方法,根据色度学原理通过实验对染发剂染色效果的表征方法进行了探讨。用测色分光光度计测定发样的亨特三参数ａ、ｂ和Ｌ,以及其它相关参数值,对不同染发剂进行了对比和分析。此方法可用于染发剂染色效果的定量评价,对有关部门制定染色标准具有参考价值     

染整前处理对聚乳酸纤维的性能影响研究

根据聚乳酸纤维的化学性能,针对染整的前处理对该纤维的影响进行了深入的探讨,实验表明:常规精练要求下的弱碱用量对其的各项性能影响很小;碱退浆对聚乳酸纤维损伤太大,不易采用;酶退浆一浴法处理后纱线的失重率较小,平均值在0.42%,处理后纱线的强力较高,平均值在170cN,而且处理结果的重现性良好。     

染色助剂对涤纶超细纤维染色热力学的影响

本文研究了染色助剂对涤纶超细纤维染色热力学的影响,研究发现:1、染色助剂的存在并未改变分散染料在涤纶纤维中的分配机理,即服从Nest定律;2、阴离子表面活性剂存在时,分散染料对涤纶超细纤维的亲合力降低,其中在110℃时降低的幅度比较大;染色热比不加阴离子表面活性剂时低得多,染色熵的绝对值也低得多;3、非离子表面活性剂在降低了分散染料对涤纶超细纤维的亲合力的同时,也降低了分散染料在染色过程中的染色热和染色熵的绝对值;4、载体的存在使得染色等温吸附曲线的斜率和亲和力均比较高,但是染色饱和值却较低;5、匀染剂SL的存在使得染色热和染色墒的绝对值均较高。     

Effect of Shape on Thermal Fracture

For radial steady-state heat flow through hollow circular cylinders, the usual application of thermoelastic theory indicates that the heat flow per unit length to cause fracture ( W _max) is simply the product of two factors: M , characterizing the material, and S , the shape. Studies sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission are in progress at Battelle Memorial Institute to evaluate the practical worth of this relationship. In this paper, attention is given to its validity for cylinders with both circular and noncircular cross sections and to measuring the effect of dimensions on S for circular cylinders. Thermal fracture experiments on circular cylinders of two ceramics indicated the manner in which S varies with the ratios of dimensions which define the shape. Changing all dimensions by factors up to 1.6, with these ratios constant, had no noticeable effect on S. Using theorems derived by Biot, it is shown that the product relationship is expected to hold for a considerably wider variety of shapes than the simple circular tube. Experimental results from tubes having cross sections with a circular inner boundary and a circular or square outer boundary support the product relation. Information was obtained on the shape factor for these cross sections and for similar tubes with a triangular outer boundary.     

染色和水洗对导电纤维结构和性能的影响

通过分析染色预处理和面料水洗对导电纤维表面纵向结构和电阻值的影响,最终得出:染色和水洗会使导电纤维表面结构受损,影响导电纤维的导电性能;要满足GB 12014—2009《防静电服》要求,设计产品时要预留足够的损失空间,以保证防静电产品的功能性、安全性指标。     

避蚊胺对间位芳纶分散染料载体染色的影响

为了寻找简便环保、成本低廉的芳纶染色方法,通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)、X射线衍射法(XRD)等方法,考察了避蚊胺N,N-二乙基-间甲基苯甲酰胺(DEET)对间位芳纶结构的影响,并将DEET用于间位芳纶分散染料染色,测试了染色条件对分散染料上染率的影响。结果表明:经DEET处理后,间位芳纶的玻璃化温度降低,结晶度和纤维强力基本不变;DEET可以使分散染料对间位芳纶的染色上染率达到85%~90%,DEET用作间位芳纶分散染料染色是可行的。间位芳纶分散染料高温高压DEET载体染色的较佳工艺为:染色温度130℃,染色时间60 min,DEET质量浓度3 g/L,浴比1∶20。     

Effect of Chitosan on the Efficiency of Dyeing Textiles with Active Dyes

It was shown that incorporation of chitosan in the dye bath in dyeing textiles made from cotton fibres with active dyes increases the intensity and strength characteristics of the color. The optimum concentrations of chitosan and other dye bath reagents that maximally increase the color intensity are determined.     

Effect of Crystal Modification on Dyeing Behaviour of Disperse Dyes

Meetings of the Manchester Region held at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester, on 15 January 1970, Mr H. R. Hadfield in the chair; and of the Leeds Junior Section, held in the Department of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, University of Leeds, on 19 January 1970, Mr K R. F. Cockett in the chair The dye 2-nitroaniline-4-ethylsulphone, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-aminopyrazole (aminopyrazole yellow) has been isolated in five different crystal modifications. The saturation values of these modifications in cellulose acetate have been determined at 80°C. Crystal modifications are important in the disperse dyeing of cellulose acetate and polyester materials because of their influence on colour yield and the stability of the dispersion.     

蚕蛹蛋白纤维混纺纱染色效果影响因素分析

为迎合市场对蚕蛹蛋白纤维应用的需求,对蚕蛹蛋白纤维和天丝混纺纱进行了染色性能测试分析。以上染率及K/S值作为衡量指标,对上染后的蚕蛹蛋白纤维混纺纱进行上染效果评估。通过综合考虑,确定最佳染色工艺如下:1%(o.m.f.)的活性蓝M-2GE染料,浴比1∶20,平平加O质量浓度为0.5 g/L,硫酸钠质量浓度为25 g/L,碳酸钠质量浓度为15 g/L,上染温度和时间分别为65℃和45 min,固色温度和时间分别为70℃和35 min。经最优工艺染色后,蚕蛹蛋白纤维针织面料染色牢度较好,符合染色质量要求。     

Dyeing on the stage

The Royal Shakespeare Company in Stratford-upon-Avon, in common with other theatre companies, has an extensive costume department that creates the clothes worn on stage. Part of this has an entire department devoted to dyeing. Intrigued by how different from the industrial dyehouse it would be, and how the dyeing fits into the costume-making process, Sarah Houlton went to investigate.     

Equilibrium Shape of Internal Cavities in Ruby and the Effect of Surface Energy Anisotropy on the Equilibrium Shape

Cavities formed in ruby (99.46Al₂O₃·0.54Cr₂O₃) by the healing and annealing of indentation cracks at 1600°C are more equiaxed than similar cavities in sapphire. Surface energies for the observed facet planes (R, S, and A) relative to the surface energy of the basal plane, C , were γ_A/C= 1.00 ± 0.03, γ_R/C= 1.05 ± 0.07, and γ_S/C= 1.02 ± 0.04, with the uncertainty representing 95% confidence limits. Thus, the surface energies of all observed facets were statistically indistinguishable. Unlike sapphire, P-plane facets were not observed. The substantial rounding of the cavities in ruby indicated that portions of the Wulff shape were above the roughening transition temperature. Thus, even though Cr₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ form ideal solutions, Cr³⁺ ions are sufficiently surface active to modify the relative free energy of the surfaces.     

颗粒填料对MBR处理实际印染废水的影响研究

研究颗粒填料MBR对实际印染废水的处理能力以及颗粒填料在污染物降解转化和膜污染控制方面的作用。实验结果表明,添加颗粒填料能够显著提升氨氮的转化,阻止膜表面滤饼层形成,有效降低MBR膜污染,但是单纯的依靠膜技术无法实现对印染废水的有效处理,必须与生化工艺或其他物化手段结合。     

The Instrument Spreading Correction in GPC. I. The General Shape Function Using a Linear Calibration Curve

Abstract

A general shape function is proposed for describing the instrumental spreading behavior in gel permeation chromatography (GPC) columns due to axial dispersion and skewing effects. The general shape function contains statistical coefficients which describe the axial dispersion, skewing, and flattening of ideal monodisperse standards. A method denoted as the “method of molecular weight averages” is used to derive equations to correct GPC number- and weight-average molecular weights and intrinsic viscosities calculated from linear molecular weight calibration curves. The validity of these equations is experimentally verified with data for polystyrene, polybutadiene, and polyvinyl chloride polymers in tetrahydrofuran. The physical significance of the correction equations and their statistical coefficients is discussed in relation to the observed GPC chromatograms. Application of this shape function to the numerical Fourier analysis method for correcting differential molecular weight distribution (DMWD) curves is outlined. Also, a method is presented for obtaining corrected DMWD curves from a fitted molecular weight calibration curve corrected for instrument spreading by use of the hydrodynamic volume concept.     

干燥方法对几种植物染色能力的影响

本文研究了蓝桉树皮和洋葱皮干燥方法对化学浆染色能力的影响。这些植物材料含有丰富的多酚类化合物,如单宁酸、花青素和其他黄酮类化合物,是天然的着色剂。本文研究了不同条件下的自然干燥、空气干燥和冷冻干燥三种方法。此外,还研究了提取条件对两种植物样本染色能力的影响。自然干燥的植物样本与空气干燥和冷冻干燥的植物样本相比,呈现出很弱的染色能力。空气干燥和冷冻干燥具有相似的染色结果。在空气干燥实验中,在低温（T=30℃）和高湿度（95％RH）条件下干燥可以获得很强的染色能力。而对于提取条件,染色能力主要取决于提取温度,而停留时间对染色能力影响甚微。     

己内酰胺质量对锦纶DTY染色性能影响的探讨

通过对原料质量、聚合反应过程的分析，提出聚酰胺聚合生产中液体和固体己内酰胺原料互换使用时出现切片黏度、后加工染色变化等问题的解决方案。将聚合釜上部TI131温度升高，减少醋酸加入量，解决了切片后加工染色性能改变的问题。