碳水化合物型模拟脂肪

简要介绍了脂肪替代品的发展及模拟脂肪，并概述了各种来源的碳水化合物型模拟脂肪的组成、特点及应用范围等，总结了碳水化合物型模拟脂肪的营养功能。     

碳水化合物型模拟脂肪

简要介绍了脂肪替代品的发展及模拟脂肪，并概述了各种来源的碳水化合物型模拟脂肪的组成、特点、及应用范围等，总结了碳水化合物型模拟脂肪的营养功能。     

碳水化合物型脂肪替代品的研究进展

综述了各种类型碳水化合物型脂肪替代品的研究进展和它们的组成、特点及功能,并介绍了碳水化合物型脂肪替代品在食品中工业的应用。     

脂肪替代品模拟脂肪的机理

适当的使用脂肪替代品能安全有效地降低食品中的脂肪含量,并且脂肪替代品在减少总膳食能量和脂肪摄入量方面扮演着越来越重要的角色。脂肪替代品分为4类:碳水化合物基质、蛋白质基质、脂肪基质和复合型脂肪替代品。对4类脂肪替代品模拟脂肪的机理进行了简单的综述,以期为脂肪替代品的研究、开发与应用提供参考。     

基于碳水化合物的低热量脂肪模拟物研究进展

脂肪是重要的食品组分,但脂肪的过度摄入会对人体健康产生多种不利的影响,导致肥胖和各种慢性疾病的发生。近年来,随着消费者已经认识到长期高热量饮食的危害,低脂低热量的健康饮食已经成为保障居民身体健康的重要手段。简单的去除脂肪虽能降低食物热量,但会造成食品品质的下降。为解决这一矛盾,学者致力于研究开发脂肪模拟物来代替脂肪,降低食物热量,同时保持食物较好的口感。在众多的脂肪模拟物中,基于碳水化合物的脂肪模拟物因安全性高,成本低,相容性好等优势已经成为最重要的脂肪模拟物。本文总结了脂肪模拟物的发展、分类、特点和基本脂肪模拟机制,重点介绍了碳水化合物基脂肪模拟物模拟脂肪口感的作用机制、影响风味特性的机制和发挥低热量作用的机制,阐述了以淀粉、菊粉、麦芽糊精、纤维素等为基质制备的低热量脂肪模拟物在食品中应用情况,总结了脂肪模拟物的几种制备方法,最后提出了未来发展的建议。     

脂肪代用品的研究Ⅰ--不同淀粉酶水解马铃薯淀粉制备低DE值麦芽糊精研究

本文采用不同的淀粉酶控制水解马铃薯淀粉制备低DE麦芽糊精作为脂肪模拟品，研究不同淀粉酶作用产物的不同性质，确定了碳水化合物型脂肪模拟品生产用酶为耐高温α-淀粉酶，最佳工艺条件为：酶添加量为0．054g，100ml，温度为88．6℃，时间9．55min，水解产物的DE值为2．20。     

淀粉基脂肪替代物原料研究进展北大核心

碳水化合物基脂肪替代物是一种公认安全脂肪替代物,受到人们越来越多关注。淀粉基脂肪替代物是碳水化合物基脂肪替代物一种;该文从原料方面介绍淀粉基脂肪替代物研究状况及制备淀粉基脂肪替代物的原料最新进展。     

碳水化合物类脂肪替代物及其应用

应用在肉制品中的脂肪既不能过多也不能过少。过多的脂肪不仅会给人一种油腻腻的感觉,而且大量地摄入脂肪会在体内积存热量使人肥胖,严重的会造成心脑血管疾病,危害人类的健康;而脂肪过少又会影响肉制品的风味和口感。因此脂肪替代物的应用显得尤为重要。本文简单介绍了碳水化合物型脂肪替代物的分类、特点及其在肉制品中的应用情况。     

碳水化合物型脂肪代用品

碳水化合物型脂肪代用品因其得天独厚的优越性而在食品工业中倍受重视，着重介绍了近年发展起来的诸多品种，以及它们的功能和在食品工业中的应用。     

肉中脂肪含量新定义的探索

肉是由水分、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、含氮浸出物、矿物质、色素和维生素等组成的.脂肪含量是指肉中的脂肪占其他成分总和的百分比,这是脂肪含量的传统定义.由于肉中水分含量大,在70%～80%,且不稳定,对脂肪的含量的影响较大.这里采取一种新的定义方法,让其脂肪含量不受水分的影响,即向中脂肪占有肉中除去水分后那一部分的百分比(即肉中脂肪占肉中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、含氮浸出物、矿物质、色素和维生素总和的百分比).     

Fat Mimetics in Low-Fat Cheddar Cheese

Cheeses with 60% reduced fat content were prepared with three commercial fat mimetics. Low-fat cheeses without added fat mimetics and full-fat cheeses were prepared as controls. Cheeses were aged 3 months prior to sensory and instrumental evaluation. A low-fat cheese containing one of the fat mimetics received the highest texture scores from dairy judges and consumer panelists (P≤0.05). The low-fat control and another cheese with a fat mimetic received higher flavor scores from the trained dairy judges and consumer panelists than the other cheeses containing fat mimetics (P≤0.05). Low-fat cheeses containing fat mimetics were less rubbery than the low-fat control cheese (P≤0.05).     

蛋白质基质脂肪模拟物制备方法及其应用的研究进展

随着人们对饮食健康的关注日益增加,脂肪摄入过多带来的负面影响渐渐被人们正视。因此,脂肪替代品应运而生。脂肪模拟物作为脂肪替代品的一部分,由于其安全可靠得到了国内外的广泛研究。脂肪模拟物的制备是生产低脂食品的关键环节,目前蛋白质基质的脂肪模拟物主要通过物理方法、化学方法或者酶解法来制备,其应用主要在肉制品、乳制品、烘焙制品以及色拉调味品中。通过总结近年来国内外对脂肪模拟物的研究,对蛋白质基质脂肪模拟物的制备方法进行了分类阐述,并对不同的方法进行了分析和展望;对蛋白质基质脂肪模拟物的原料蛋白及其应用进行了较全面的总结。     

Rheology of Full-fat and Low-fat Cheddar Cheeses as Related to Type of Fat Mimetic

Cheeses with 60% reduced fat were prepared with three fat mimetics and viscoelasticity was studied. Storage and loss moduli of low-fat cheeses made with a carbohydrate-based fat mimetic were greater (p < 0.05) than those of low-fat cheeses made with two protein-based fat mimetics or low-fat control cheese, but smaller (p < 0.05) than the storage and loss moduli of full-fat cheese. A six-element Kelvin model properly predicted the creep compliance for the full-fat cheese and the low-fat cheeses made with or without fat mimetics. Low-fat cheese made with a carbohydrate-based fat mimetic had a network structure more similar to full-fat cheese than the low-fat control or samples made with protein-based fat mimetics.     

以多糖为基质的脂肪模拟物替代动物脂肪在法兰克福香肠中的应用

将以多糖（魔芋粉、κ-卡拉胶和大麦β-葡聚糖）为基质的脂肪模拟物分别以20%、40%、60%和80%的比例替代猪脂肪用于法兰克福香肠生产中,探讨猪脂肪的不同替代比例对法兰克福香肠品质特性和感官特性的影响。结果表明,随着脂肪模拟物替代比例的增加,香肠的水分含量和碳水化合物含量显著增加（P<0.05）,而总脂质含量、蛋白含量、灰分含量、能量值和脂肪卡路里值显著降低（P<0.05）。而且,随着脂肪替代物替代量的增加,香肠的蒸煮损失率、乳化稳定性显著降低（P<0.05）,亮度值增加,硬度以及咀嚼性降低。另外,低场核磁结果表明替代脂肪能够显著缩短香肠的弛豫时间（P<0.05）,说明其能增强蛋白质网络对水分子的束缚能力。然而,较高的脂肪替代比例（60%和80%）显著降低肉糜在加热终点的储能模量（G′）和损失模量（G′′）（ P<0.05）,而且降低了法兰克福香肠的总体可接受性。上述研究结果表明,以多糖为基质的脂肪模拟物能够在法兰克福香肠中部分替代猪脂肪,且以40%的替代比例为最佳。     

Curdlan Properties for Application in Fat Mimetics for Meat Products

Gelling characteristics and viscoelastic properties of aqueous suspensions of curdlan were investigated by dynamic viscoelasticity measurements. The mechanical spectrum of the suspension was similar to that of weak gels, suggesting the suspension has a well-regulated particle-alignment with yield stress. Curdlan reached the highest moisture absorption rate within the temperature range in which the most significant moisture loss of meat occurs. These results suggest that curdlan could be an effective main ingredient in fat mimetics for meat products. Nonfat sausages using the curd lan-based fat mimetics were prepared and evaluated by a creep test and indicated curdlan was effective as a fat re-placer in such systems.     

Rheological, texture and sensory properties of low-fat mayonnaise with different fat mimetics

Application of whey protein isolate and low-methoxy pectin-based fat mimetics in mayonnaise was studied. Fat was partially substituted by different fat mimetics at levels of 50%, respectively, which the fat mimetics were referred to as PFM1 (microparticulate pectin gel), PFM2 (pectin weak-gel), and PFM3 (microparticulated combination of WPI and pectin). The full fat (Ff) (100% oil) mayonnaise without fat mimetic was used as a control experiment. Physicochemical, rheological, texture analysis, and sensory evaluation of the Ff and low fat (Lf) mayonnaises were performed. The results indicated that all Lf mayonnaises had significantly lower energy content, but higher water content than their Ff counterpart. In terms of texture, the formulation with pectin weak-gel as fat mimetic showed similar texture values as those of the Ff sample. Both Ff and Lf mayonnaises exhibited thixothopic shear thinning behaviour under steady shear tests and were rheologically classified as weak gels under small amplitude oscillatory shear tests. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that mayonnaises substituted with low-methoxy pectin were acceptable. This study shows good potential for pectin weak-gel and microparticulated pectin gel to be used as a fat mimetic in mayonnaise.     

Perception of Heat in Cheese Sauces as Affected by Capsaicin Concentration, Fat Level, Fat Mimetic and Time

Perceived heat intensity in cheese sauces with five capsaicin levels, three fat levels and four fat mimetics was studied with time intensity techniques. Heat intensity was not related to fat mimetic. No differences occurred among fat levels at 0.0 and 0.4 ppm capsaicin. At 0.8 ppm capsaicin, maximum and total heat intensities of reduced- and low-fat sauces were equal; both were lower in full-fat sauces (P<0.001). Low-fat sauces exhibited greater maximum heat and total intensity than full-fat at 1.2 ppm capsaicin. At 1.6 ppm capsaicin, low-fat sauces had greater total intensity than either reduced-or full-fat (P<0.05) sauces. At low-fat levels, lower capsaicin concentrations provided heat equal to higher concentrations in full-fat cheese sauces.     

Effect of fat and sugar replacement on cookie properties

Fat mimetics, namely Raftiline, Simplesse, C*deLight and polydextrose, diluted in water to give a gel with 200 g kg^?1 concentration, were used for partial fat replacement and polyols, namely lactitol, sorbitol and maltitol, for sugar replacement in low‐fat, sugar‐free cookies. Raftiline, Simplesse or C*deLight combined with lactitol or sorbitol in 35% fat‐reduced, sugar‐free cookies resulted in products with hardness and brittleness comparable to those of the control. Polydextrose as fat mimetic and maltitol as sugar substitute resulted in very hard and brittle products. Further fat replacement to 50% was achieved using Raftiline, Simplesse or C*deLight combined with a blend of lactitol and sorbitol; however, the final products were hard, brittle and did not expand properly after baking. Cookies prepared with Simplesse had the least acceptable flavour, while cookies prepared with C*deLight were rated as the most acceptable by a sensory panel. The textural properties were improved by either decreasing the amount of alternative sweetener or increasing the concentration of fat mimetic in the gel which was added to the cookies. All fat‐reduced, sugar‐free cookies prepared in this study had higher values of moisture content and water activity than the control, but these values were below the upper limit that affects cookie shelf‐life. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry