泡沫夹层结构雷达罩冰雹冲击仿真研究

针对冰雹冲击造成雷达罩损伤的问题,通过ABAQUS软件对泡沫夹层结构雷达罩冰雹冲击进行仿真分析。采用基于应变率的弹塑性模型及tensile-failure破坏准则模拟冲击过程中冰雹的非线性力学行为,采用crushable foam模型模拟泡沫结构。雷达罩在冰雹冲击作用下会出现脱粘、开裂以及冲击区域附近夹芯泡沫破碎等损伤,雷达罩冲击区域的损伤、应力等仿真结果与试验结果非常接近,具有较高的可信度,此仿真模型可以用于雷达罩的抗冰雹设计。     

基于ICA和小波相结合的信号降噪技术研究

针对信号的非线性、非平稳性和奇异性,提出一种联合独立分量分析和小波变化模极大值对强噪声下的振动信号进行降噪的方法.首先采用独立分量分析对含有强噪声的振动信号进行信噪分离,再对分离后的信号采用小波模极大值分解.结果表明,该方法降噪效果非常明显,并能够准确地检测出信号的奇异点位置.     

小波模极大值在拉曼光谱信号去噪中的应用

针对基于CCD传感器的拉曼光谱仪中拉曼光谱信号受到噪声干扰的问题,在详细讨论了CCD噪声特性及噪声模型,并在分析了小波变换模极大值特性的基础上,提出了一种有效的拉曼光谱预处理的新方法,即小波变换模极大值去噪方法。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效消除光谱噪声,很好地保留了拉曼光谱信号特征,取得了较好的滤波效果,同时为后续的拉曼光谱定性、定量分析奠定了基础。     

结合无下采样Shearlet模极大值和改进尺度积的有噪图像边缘检测

为从噪声污染的图像中提取出更为清晰、连续的边缘,进一步改善边缘检测效果,本文提出了一种基于无下采样Shearlet模极大值和改进尺度积的边缘检测方法。首先对含噪图像进行多尺度、多方向无下采样Shearlet变换(Non-subsampled Shearlet Transform,NSST),得到图像在NSST域的高频系数;然后选取相邻的两个较大尺度的高频系数进行改进的尺度积运算,并经NSST模极大值处理得到边缘二值图像;最后使用区域连通方法去除二值图像中的孤立点,得到准确的边缘图像。大量实验结果表明,与小波模极大值、小波尺度积、基于无下采样Contourlet变换(Non-subsampled Contourlet Transform,NSCT)模极大值和尺度积、NSST模极大值等4种边缘检测方法相比,本文提出的方法具有更强的抗噪能力,且有效地避免了纹理的影响,检测出的边缘完整清晰,连续性好。     

注塑成型中注射保压切换点的小波检测方法

针对注塑成型过程的关键步骤——注射保压切换,提出一种基于小波变换的切换点检测方法。它采用小波分析模极大值信号奇异性检测思想,根据模腔压力在注射保压切换时发生突变的特征,先利用以往批次生产的模腔压力信号,获取小波分解尺度、转换域值等信息,再使用滑动窗口法,实现切换点的在线检测。实验证明,在工艺参数变化的情况下,使用该方法生产出的制品,在重量上,较传统方法具有更好的一致性。     

2维C/SiC复合材料的拉伸损伤演变过程和微观结构特征

通过单向拉伸和分段式加载-卸载实验,研究了二维编织C/SiC复合材料的宏观力学特性和损伤的变化过程.用扫描电镜对样品进行微观结构分析,并监测了载荷作用下复合材料的声发射行为.结果表明:在拉伸应力低于50MPa时,复合材料的应力-应变为线弹性;随着应力的增加,材料模量减小,非弹性应变变大,复合材料的应力-应变行为表现为非线性直至断裂.复合材料的平均断裂强度和断裂应变分别为23426MPa和0.6%.拉伸破坏损伤表现为:基体开裂,横向纤维束开裂,界面层脱粘,纤维断裂,层间剥离和纤维束断裂.损伤累积后最终导致复合材料交叉编织节点处纤维束逐层断裂和拔出,形成斜口断裂和平口断裂.     

局部脱粘界面陶瓷复合材料的有效刚度

针对颗粒性陶瓷复合材料内存在局部脱粘界面的现象,通过考虑颗粒夹杂与局部脱粘界面的相互作用,利用四相模型法得到陶瓷颗粒与局部脱粘界面引起的等效本征应变,根据体积平均应变,考虑局部脱粘区域的随机方位得到每个局部脱粘界面引起的应变扰动,计算出局部脱粘界面复合材料的有效刚度.结果表明复合材料的有效刚度不仅与基体和颗粒夹杂的刚度、以及局部脱粘区域的体积分量有关,还与局部脱粘区域的弧心角及厚度相关,并且具有明显的尺度效应.陶瓷复合材料的弹性模量随颗粒直径的增加而减小,而泊松比随颗粒直径的增加而增大.     

含初始脱粘缺陷复合材料加筋壁板渐进压溃过程的数值模拟

建立了预测含初始脱粘缺陷复合材料加筋壁板渐进压溃响应的数值分析模型。该模型综合考虑了复合材料层合板的纤维失效、基体失效和纤维-基体剪切失效三种典型的面内损伤模式,并通过编写用户自定义材料子程序VUMAT实现面内失效类型的判断和相应材料性能的折减;在壁板和筋条连接界面应用虚裂纹闭合技术(VCCT)计算层间裂纹前缘的应变能释放率,并结合B-K混合模式准则控制缺陷的起裂以模拟脱粘的扩展演化过程;采用显式动力学方法准静态分析结构在压缩载荷下的屈曲、后屈曲直至最终压溃的响应过程。数值分析结果与文献试验、数值结果吻合良好,验证了模型的合理性和有效性,并详细研究了复合材料脱粘加筋壁板的损伤演化过程和渐进压溃行为。     

循环流化床压力波动信号的间歇性分析

用小波变换模极大值的方法对循环流化床靠近床层底部和顶部压力波动时间序列进行多重分形分析,确定相应的压力波动信号的间歇性指数.结果表明循环流化床内气-固流动具有多重分形的特性,由间歇性参数随操作气速的变化可判断出由快速流化床向密相气力输送的改变,提出了新的判断循环流化床流型转变的方法,指出流型的转变沿提升管轴向并不是均匀一致同时改变,床层底部的转变要滞后于床层顶部.     

面板厚度对复合材料夹层梁整体及局部弯曲力学性能影响

考虑芯材局部压陷效应,对泡沫夹芯复合材料夹层梁整体及局部弯曲力学性能进行研究。分析了上面板厚度对夹层梁整体及局部弯曲力学性能影响规律。首先,对三种不同厚度上面板夹层梁进行三点弯曲试验,结果表明,夹层梁破坏模式为芯材压陷破坏和芯材剪切破坏;上面板厚度越大,夹层梁极限承载力越大;增大上面板厚度能有效减弱加载点位置芯材局部压陷效应。其次,基于考虑芯材竖向压缩变形的高阶剪切变形理论,对试验梁整体及局部弯曲受力机理进行分析,得到夹层梁上、下面板不同位置挠度及应变的分布规律。最后,对不同试验梁极限承载力进行理论分析,并与试验结果对比。     

E‐glass/DGEBA/m‐PDA single fiber composites: Interface debonding during fiber fracture

In this paper, we examine the regions of debonding between the fibers and the matrix surrounding fiber breaks formed during single fiber fragmentation tests. The fiber breaks are accompanied by areas of debonding between the matrix and the surface of the fiber. With increasing applied strain, the lengths of these debonded regions generally increase. At the end of the test, the matrix tensile strain adjacent to the debond regions is an order of magnitude higher than the applied strain (40% vs. 4%). Although the debond edges typically remain attached at the same locations on the fiber fragments, debond propagation along fiber fragments under increasing strain has been observed in some cases. The phenomenon is termed secondary debond growth, and two mechanisms that trigger secondary debond region growth have been proposed. As expected, tests with bare fibers and with fibers coated to alter interface adhesion indicate that the average size of debonded regions at the end of the test increases as the calculated interfacial shear strength decreases. However, a decrease in the “apparent” interfacial shear strength resulting from an increase in testing rate results in a decrease in the size of the average debond region. This result suggests an increase in the amount of energy stored in the matrix from the fiber fracture process. POLYM. COMPOS. 28:561–574, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Effect of Bondline Thickness on Mixed-Mode Debonding of Adhesive Joints to Electroprimed Steel Surfaces

Structural applications of adhesive bonding have been increasing in recent years due to improvements in the types of adhesives available and in improved knowledge of bonding procedures. Consequently, there exists a demand for techniques to assess adhesive joint strength, particularly along bondline interfaces where compliant adhesives contact more rigid metallic surfaces. The present study investigates the mixed-mode response of cracked-lap-shear (CLS) joints bonded with unprimed and electroprimed steel adherend surfaces. Three bondline thicknesses, representative of structural automotive joints, were evaluated for unprimed and primed bondlines. Experimental results for static load versus debond extension were input to finite element analyses for computing debond parameters (strain energy release rates). The debonds always initiated at a through-the-thickness location that had the greatest peel component of strain energy release rate. The total strain energy release rate values correlated well with trends in joint strength as a function of bondline thickness.     

Analysis of the Notched Coating Adhesion Test

An analysis of the notched coating adhesion (NCA) test is presented. This simple adhesion test method is appropriate for measuring the interfacial fracture toughness of some classes of coatings and open-faced adhesive bonds. The NCA specimen consists of a single substrate coated with a thin layer of adhesive. The coating is notched to sever the coating and induce sharp interfacial debonds, and the specimen is then loaded in tension. The substrate strain at which coating debonding occurs is recorded and used to determine the critical strain energy release rate. Yielding of the substrate is permitted, and does not significantly affect the calculation of the strain energy release rate. Analytical and finite element analysis are used to quantify the available strain energy release rate for both steady state and laterally-constrained cases. The available strain energy release rate is shown to be quite insensitive to the initial debond length. The specimen geometry results in a mode mix which causes the adhesive to debond along the interface.     

The Artificial Tooth-Denture Base Joint

Fracture mechanics methods have recently been applied to predict strength of adhesive systems. In this paper, the tooth-denture base bond strength is used to demonstrate the application of these techniques. Because of the complex geometric and material parameters involved, a finite element computer program was required to obtain the strain energy release rate values as the tooth debonds from the denture base. Adhesive strength parameters are shown to be a function of load application rate. Cinematography was used to determine debond propagation rate and demonstrate that debond rate is a function of load rate.     

A Fracture Mechanics Approach to Characterizing Cyclic Debonding of Varied Thickness Adhesive Joints to Electroprimed Steel Surfaces

Applications of adhesive bonding for automotive structures have been increasing in recent years due to improvements in the types of adhesives available and in improved knowledge of bonding procedures. Consequently, there exists a demand for design techniques to assess the influence of bondline thickness on adhesive joint strength. One design approach currently being used is based on limiting shear stresses in the adhesive while designing to eliminate peel stresses. Another design approach is based on fracture mechanics and accounts for shear and peel stresses and both static and fatigue modes of failure. The present study applies fracture mechanics to investigate the mixed-mode response of cracked-lap-shear (CLS) joints bonded with unprimed and electroprimed steel surfaces. Three bondline thicknesses equal to 0.254, 0.813, and 1.27 mm were evaluated for unprimed and primed bondlines. For the experimental portion of the study, debond growth rates (da/dN) were measured using a remote imaging system over a range of applied cyclic loads. Corresponding changes in the strain release rates (ΔG) were calculated, through finite element analyses, as a function of debond length and applied load level. The computations for ΔG applied a finite element formulation to determine both the peel component, ΔG_i, and the shear component, ΔG_ii. When computed ΔG values were plotted against the measured debond growth rates, da/dN, the results showed a power law relationship which characterizes the debond behavior of a given material system and bondline thickness.     

Failure mechanisms in polypropylene with glass beads

The effect of glass beads on the stress-strain behavior of isotactic polypropylene has been examined. Poisson's ratio and secant compliance as a function of strain have been measured. Both sets of data are consistent with interfacial debonding as the initial damage mechanism. Interfacial debonding is then followed by extensive plastic yielding of the matrix at the debond sites. The maximum stress and strain to failure decrease with glass bead content and glass bead diameter. Impact properties correlate with the ability of the composites to reach high strain to failure. The proposed failure mechanisms are supported by fractography and in-situ deformation studies by scanning electron microscopy.     

Relationships between Hysteresis Measurements and the Constituent Properties of Ceramic Matrix Composites: I, Theory

A methodology for assessing constituent properties of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) from stress/strain curves is developed. The procedures demonstrate how the properties of the interface and the misfit strain can be related to the unload/reload hysteresis and the permanent strain. The approach is illustrated in companion papers by obtaining experimental measurements on two CMCs. The results demonstrate why differences in the sliding stress and the debond energy of the interfaces result in substantial changes in the shape of the stress/strain curve.     

Indentation debonding test for polymer coatings adhered to a substrate

Indentation debonding tests have been carried out on seven laminated glass/epoxy circuit boards coated with an epoxy film in an apparatus which allowed quantitative evaluation of competing substrate/film configurations by measurement of the indentation radius and debonding radius. The resulting adhesion performance was the debond strain. The effect of indenter shape is discussed in terms of a mechanical model; the experimental results are shown to demonstrate equivalence between conical and spherical indenters.     

Theoretical Analysis of the Fiber Pullout and Pushout Tests

The fiber pullout and pushout tests have been analyzed to predict the load-displacement behavior in terms of fiber/matrix interface parameters. The effects of residual axial strain in the fiber and fiber surface topography were included. The residual axial strain was found to be a significant parameter. It is shown that the interface failure can be progressive or catastrophic. In the case of a progressive failure of the interface, the load-displacement curve is nonlinear. The portion of the curve from above the first nonlinearity to near the peak load can be predicted in terms of parameters of the interface, viz., the friction coefficient, the radial stress at the interface, the fracture toughness of the interface, and the residual axial strain in the fiber. Values for these parameters can be obtained from a single loaddeflection curve. The peak load and load drop, which are usually reported, are found not to be directly relatable to any interface property, since the length of the last portion of the fiber to debond is influenced by end effects and hence not easily predicted. However, for data which describe the peak load as a function of initial embedded length, that factor can be eliminated and the data reduced to yield the relevant interface parameters. In pullout, the peak and friction loads saturate with large specimen thickness. Catastrophic failure is favored when the debond initiation load is high or when residual stress is low. Finally, a methodology to extract interface parameters from experimental data is suggested.     

Microcomposite Test Procedure for Evaluating the Interface Properties of Ceramic Matrix Composites

A microcomposite test procedure for evaluating the constituent properties of CMCs produced by chemical vapor infiltration is described. The analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the interface sliding resistance t_o can be obtained from the unload/reload hysteresis, after one (or more) matrix crack has been induced. The nonlinear strain can also be used to provide an independent determination of t_o, as well as give values for the misfit strain and the interface debond energy. Results obtained on SiC/C/SiC and SiC/BN/SiC materials are evaluated.