Coupled dynamics of tensioned buoyant platforms and mooring tethers

A mathematical model is presented of the coupled dynamics of a tensioned buoyant surface platform and the lateral dynamics of its taut mooring tethers. A finite element model of the lateral mooring tether dynamics is extended to take account of nonlinear square law fluid damping by a simple global ‘whole tether’ linearization and an alternative computationally more expensive ‘element-by-element’ linearization scheme. The resultant finite element model is combined with the surface platform dynamic analysis and the coupled dynamic model is used to investigate the effects of water depth, surface platform mass and tether mass per unit length on the tether displacements and bending stresses as well as the resultant surface platform displacements. The results show that the bending stresses induced in the tethers due to their dynamic motions are quite small and that the tether dynamics only affect the motion response of the platform appreciably if the tethers are long (1500 m or more), have a large mass per unit length and have a relatively low tension; or if the platform mass is relatively small. It was also found that the additional computing time required for the local ‘element-by-element’ equivalent linearization was not matched by the small improvement in accuracy obtained over the global ‘whole tether’ technique.     

通过有限元法计算受压构件的纯畸变弹性屈曲荷载

基于有限元法,提出一个分析方法,可以计算纯畸变弹性屈曲荷载。计算中采用的有限元模型为非耦合屈曲变形模式。具体方法分为2步:第1步,采用一般梁理论(GBT)分析构件横截面,在此可以给有限元模型施加约束条件;第2步,对受约束有限元模型进行线性屈曲分析,确定纯畸变荷载。将此法应用于开口薄壁构件和冷弯构件,得到的畸变荷载非常准确,与一般梁理论和约束有限条法(cFSM)计算的荷载值一致。     

Calculation of pure distortional elastic buckling loads of members subjected to compression via the finite element method

An analysis procedure is presented which allows to calculate pure distortional elastic buckling loads by means of the finite element method (FEM). The calculation is carried out using finite element models constrained according to uncoupled buckling deformation modes. The procedure consists of two steps: the first one is a generalised beam theory (GBT) analysis of the member cross-section, from which the constraints to apply to the finite element model are deduced; in the second step, a linear buckling analysis of the constrained FEM model is performed to determine the pure distortional loads. The proposed procedure is applied to thin-walled members with open cross-section, similar to those produced by cold-forming. The distortional loads obtained are rather accurate. They are in agreement with the loads given by GBT and the constrained finite strip method (cFSM).     

Experimental study and numerical analysis of a composite truss joint

This paper presents a model test and numerical finite element analysis (FEA) on the mechanical behavior of a composite joint in a truss cable-stayed bridge. The model test with the scale of 1:2.5 for the truss joint was conduct to fully understand the safety and serviceability. In the experiment, stress distribution, crack resistance ability and shear resistance of headed studs were carefully measured to investigate the mechanical performance, force transmission of the joint part. The maximum strain of the steel plate and concrete chord remained in the linear elastic region until 1.7 times the design load, which means there is a significant safety margin for such composites. On the basis of the experimental results of composite truss joints, three-dimensional finite element models are established. The results of the finite element analysis are in good agreement with those of the tests in terms of strength and stiffness. It is also expected that the results presented in this paper would be useful as references for the further research and the design of composite truss bridges and composite joints.     

Probabilistic capacity model and fragility estimates for composite floor systems subjected to column loss

This paper presents probabilistic capacity models for composite floor systems subjected to column loss. The probabilistic capacity models are formulated by adding explanatory terms to an existing deterministic model. The explanatory terms are selected to correct the bias in deterministic capacity model. After that, virtual experiment data generated from finite element simulations are used to calibrate the model parameters. The finite element models consider the effect of axial loading on steel connection and the slab membrane action. The calibration of model parameters is conducted using the Bayesian inference approach. As an application and validation of the probabilistic capacity models, fragility analyses of typical composite floor systems are carried out. The developed fragility curves are compared with those from finite element analysis cooperated with Monte Carlo simulation. The comparison results show that the proposed capacity models are considered reasonable in predicting the resistance capacity of the composite floor and seek a compromise between model accuracy and computational efficiency. The proposed capacity models can be used to carry out a rapid fragility analysis against progressive collapse.     

A simplified model for analysis of high‐rise buildings equipped with hysteresis damped outriggers

A simplified model is developed to estimate the seismic response of high‐rise buildings equipped with hysteresis damped outriggers. In the simplified model, the core tube is considered as a cantilever beam, and the effects of outriggers on the core tube are considered as concentrated moments. Modal decomposition method is adopted to obtain the seismic response of the simplified model. To investigate the accuracy and effectiveness of the simplified model, a high‐rise building with a height of 160 m was adopted as the example structure, and its response subjected to a ground motion was analyzed using the simplified model. A corresponding finite element model was built and analyzed by a finite element program called SAP2000 (Computers and Structures, Inc. Berkeley, California, United States). The analysis results obtained from the two models were compared. To consider the randomness of the ground motion, comparisons between the two models were further conducted using another 22 ground motions. It is found that the analysis results obtained from the simplified model agree well with those obtained from the finite element model, and the computation time used for the simplified model is almost negligible compared to that used for the finite element model. Such observations demonstrate that the simplified model is accurate and effective. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Long-term deflection of cracked composite beams with nonlinear partial shear interaction — A study using neural networks

A new study of the short- and long-term deflections of simply-supported composite beams using finite element analysis and artificial neural networks (ANNs) is presented. In this study, two ANN models are developed and trained using the results of a finite element model developed by the authors in a companion paper. The finite element model accounted for the nonlinear load–slip relationship of shear connectors as well as the creep, shrinkage, and cracking of concrete slabs. The effects of creep and shrinkage of the concrete slab are considered only for non-cracked concrete. A large database representing a wide range of different design parameters was constructed for the purpose of training and verifying the two ANN models. It was found that the two ANN models were capable of predicting deflections of composite beams not used as part of the training process. The ANN models were then used to evaluate the effects of non-geometric design variables on the short- and long-term deflections of simply-supported composite beams. Finally, the short- and long-term deflections computed based on the approaches given in the AISC specification and Eurocode 4 were assessed using the results of the finite element model. It was found that the AISC approach underestimates short-term deflections and overestimate long-term deflections when compared with the results of the finite element method.     

Berechnung von Baugrubenwänden mit verschiedenen Methoden: Trägermodell,nichtlineare Bettung,Finite‐Elemente‐Methode

Calculation of excavation walls with different methods: Girder model, non‐linear subgrade reaction model, finite‐element‐analysis. For a single propped excavation wall different methods of calculation are compared: Girder model with fixed supporting points, non‐linear subgrade reaction and finite‐element‐analysis using hypoplasticity, respectively hypoplasticity with intergranular strain. Main interest of the investigations are the sectional forces, wall displacements and the embedment of the wall foot. The paper closes with recommendations for the use in practise.     

非线性局部剪力交互作用下的开裂组合梁长期变形神经网络研究

结合有限元分析和人工神经网络,提出一种新的思路,研究简支组合梁的短期和长期变形。本文建立两个神经网络模型,采用相关论文中有限元模型的结果进行样本训练。有限元模型考虑了抗剪连接件的非线性荷载-滑移关系,以及蠕变、收缩和混凝土板的裂缝。而对没开裂的混凝土只考虑了蠕变、收缩的影响。为训练及验证两个神经网络模型,建立了一个包括不同设计参数的大数据库。研究发现,两个神经网络模型均能预测组合梁的变形。因此,神经网络模型可用以评估非几何设计参数对简支组合梁的短、长期变形影响。最后,根据AISC规范和欧洲规范4方法计算简支组合梁的短、长期变形,并与有限元模型结果进行比较。结果表明,与有限元方法相比,AISC方法低估了短期变形而高估了长期变形。     

中承式拱桥动力分析的三维有限单元模型

在分析拱桥结构构造特点的基础上 ,考虑了各种结构参数 (结构及非结构质量的分布和偏心、结构刚度、边界条件等 )对中承式拱桥的自振特性的影响 ,对宽翼T形板构成的桥面采用三种有限单元模型 ,建立了拱桥的空间三维计算模型 ,并将其应用于浙江省某大桥的动力特性的计算[1] 。通过对三种有限元建模方式的计算结果的比较 ,说明改进的鱼骨式单梁法应用于这种宽翼T形板组成的桥面是适用的     

Analysis and design of cold-formed steel channels subjected to combined bending and web crippling

The channel failures due to combined bending and web crippling may occur at the highly concentrated interior loading when there is no load stiffener in cold-formed thin-walled steel beams. This paper presents accurate finite element models to predict the behavior and ultimate strengths of cold-formed steel channels subjected to pure bending as well as combined bending and web crippling. Both geometric and material nonlinearities are considered in the finite element analysis. The nonlinear finite element models are verified against experimental results of cold-formed steel channels subjected to pure bending as well as combined bending and web crippling. The finite element analytical results show a good agreement with the experimental results in terms of the ultimate loads and moments, failure modes and web load-deformation curves thus validating the accuracy of the finite element models. The verified finite element models are then used for an extensive parametric study of different channel dimensions. The channel strengths predicted from the parametric study are compared with the design strengths calculated from the North American Specification for cold-formed steel structures. It is shown that the design rules in the North American Specification are generally conservative for channel sections with unstiffened flanges having the web slenderness ranged from 7.8 to 108.5 subjected to combined bending and web crippling. It is demonstrated that the nonlinear finite element analysis by using the verified finite element models against test results is an effective way to predict the ultimate strengths of cold-formed thin-walled steel members.     

桩-土-桥相互作用对隔震连续梁桥地震响应的影响

随着隔震技术在桥梁结构中的广泛应用,建立合理的桥梁模型进行隔震分析十分重要。以某连续钢箱梁桥为对象,建立了墩底固结不考虑桩土、M法桩和非线性有限元桩的三种桥梁模型,通过对这三种桥梁模型进行隔震前后的地震响应分析,以研究桩-土-结构相互作用对不隔震和隔震桥梁的影响。研究表明:考虑桩-土相互作用对该桥梁隔震前、后的地震响应都具有较大的放大效应,非线性有限元桩桥梁模型的放大效应大于M法桩的桥梁模型;三种模型的隔震率相差不大,不考虑桩-土-桥梁结构相互作用不会对隔震率产生过大估计。     

Assessment of various kinematic models for instability analysis of sandwich beams

The aim of this paper is to present and compare various one-dimensional (1D) finite element (FE) models which are based on different kinematic models. The kinematic models presented take into account thickness variations, but differ in the inclusion of the shear deformation effects in their kinematics formulations. These 1D FE models are used to study global and local instability phenomenon in sandwich beams. Simulations of the buckling and three-point bending tests are performed to verify the capability of each model to reproduce the linear and nonlinear mechanical response of sandwich beams. The predicted results using 1D FE models are compared to a two-dimensional (2D) FE analysis, which is considered as a reference solution.     

K6型单层球面木网壳稳定承载力非线性分析

针对4组不同节点构造、矢跨比的木结构网壳试验模型,采用ANSYS软件中的Beam189非线性梁单元模拟连接节点的半刚性特征,开展基于多段梁模型的网壳承载力全过程非线性有限元分析。通过对比有限元与试验结果在荷载 位移全过程曲线、破坏模式以及极限承载力等方面的吻合度,判断多段梁方法在木结构网壳稳定性分析上的可行性。研究发现：多段梁方法与试验结果较吻合,多段梁分析方法可有效揭示木网壳的破坏机理;矢跨比是影响单层木网壳破坏形式的主要因素,大矢跨比易出现强度破坏,小矢跨比易出现稳定破坏,节点刚度对小矢跨比模型的影响程度更加明显;弹塑性分析时,木结构网壳的极限承载力建议按弹性多段梁有限元分析承载力的40%取值。研究成果以期为木网壳非线性稳定承载力的进一步研究提供借鉴。     

碾压混凝土拱坝诱导缝的半解析有限元计算

在碾压混凝土诱导缝缝端建立奇异超级解析单元，将该解析元与有限元相结合，在单裂纹平面半解析有限元基础上，建立了多裂纹平面半解析有限元程序，计算了碾压混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂参数和拱坝诱导缝等效强度随高程、缝大小和间距等的变化情况，并同其他文献结论和计算模型进行了对比和验证。     

碳纤维拉索试验桥的有限元模型研究

本文以国内首座碳纤维拉索试验桥为研究对象,主要研究了碳纤维拉索斜拉桥空间有限元模型建立中的一些基础性问题。通过选取不同的单元类型,建立了三种全桥有限元模型。然后将有限元模型的分析结果与该桥静载试验的结果进行了对比。结果表明,三种模型的精度均能满足工程要求,其中壳单元模型要优于其余两种模型,具有较高的求解精度和求解效率。     

Full dynamic analysis of Tehran telecommunication tower; linear and nonlinear responses

Dynamic response of large concrete tower structures with passive or active damping is important in terms of performance under dynamic loads. Structural instability mostly arises as a result of losing the energy capacity in the system, which forces the system to act as a mechanism. The purpose of this paper is to present three different finite element models to investigate the linear and nonlinear response of the Tehran telecommunication tower. The tower is ranked the fourth tallest structure in the world and has been under construction since 1997. Using a mathematical model, an efficient method is used to take into account the cracking and crushing of the reinforced concrete material as well as large deformation effects. The linear and nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the large tower may be defined by using an advanced formulation for the concrete element. Then, the proposed advanced element is used to model a full‐scale finite element mesh to derive the dynamic response of the Tehran telecommunication tower structure with use of a computer program. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

双筒剪力墙结构动态特性分析

某电信枢纽工程主体建筑为双筒剪力墙高层建筑，根据结构特点，采用有限元法对该结构进行有限元离散，框架中的梁，柱采用空间梁单元模拟，筒体，剪力墙，楼板和屋盖采用薄板单元进行离散，探讨了整体结构动力分析模型和按对称和反对称边界条件取一半结构进行动态特性计算的差异，并与结构设计软件TBSA的计算结果进行了对比，得出一些有益的结论，可供该类型结构抗震设计与动力计算参考。     

AUTOMATIC FORMULATION OF HIGHER-ORDER SENSITIVITY MODELS

In this paper, we invoke system theoretic principles and matrix calculus to build higher-order sensitivity models. The approach clarifies and generalizes many of the procedures used in finite element models at present. There are three key features of the work: higher-order sensitivity models in a transformed space of basic variables are found routinely, row and column sensitivities are found without the superfluous notion of the adjoint system, and, the approach is computer worthy. The work has applications in linear and nonlinear networks, structures and finite element models, and FORM and SORM structural reliability. A detailed analysis of a simple truss problem is presented.     

FE model of beam-to-column extended end-plate joints

The rotational behaviour of steel end-plate connections can be studied using the finite element method for the following three reasons: 1) such models are inexpensive and robust; 2) they allow the understanding of local effects which are difficult to measure accurately physically; and 3) they can be used to generate extensive parametric studies. This paper presents a full three-dimensional ANSYS finite element model of steel beam to column bolted extended end-plate joints for use to obtain their behaviour. The model includes: contact and sliding between different elements; bolt pre-tension; and geometric and material non-linearity.The model was calibrated and validated with experimental results found in the literature and with the model proposed by Eurocode 3. The results from the finite element analysis were verified by comparing the obtained moment-rotation curve of the joint. The procedure for determining the moment-rotation curve using finite element analysis is also given, together with a brief explanation of how the design moment resistance and the initial rotational stiffness of the joint are obtained.