Problematic Demography: Representations of Population Ageing in the Swedish Daily Press

The ageing of populations has been a topic of discussion during the last few decades, but how is this subject represented in the media, and what images of old age are produced? In this article we present the results of a quantitative content analysis that investigates how the concept of population ageing has been represented in Swedish local and national daily news press between 1988 and 2009, and the old age positions that are offered in these representations. We also use discourse analysis in order to qualitatively examine the ways in which the concept of population ageing is articulated in these news press articles and the old age positions that are thereby constituted. The results show that the concept is constituted as a naturalised expert concept, and is primarily used in order to contextualise articles about future political and economical difficulties or even crises. By articulating population ageing with both political policies, political economy and older people??s (as a group) reported need for care and services, population ageing was constituted as a political economic concern rather than a problem for the aged individual.     

The Collective Framing of Crisis Management: A Ventriloqual Analysis of Emergency Operations Centres

Crises are omnipresent in the organizational world. To face these situations, organizations rely on their crisis management teams to better manage these situations. How do members of these teams succeed or fail to succeed in understanding each other and in collectively framing the crisis situation, when everyone's background differs? Based on an interactional perspective, the current study proposes to respond to this question by analysing a selection of audiovisual excerpts taken from three crisis management exercises conducted in Ontario, Canada. These analyses help describe the role certain figures play in the framing of crisis management. It was found that only when these different preoccupations are articulated, taken into account and negotiated can the framing of the crisis situation evolve collectively.     

Swedish Wheeled Omnidirectional Mobile Robots: Kinematics Analysis and Control

Swedish wheeled robots have received growing attention over the last few years. Their kinematic models have interesting properties in terms of mobility and possible singularities. This paper addresses the issue of kinematic modeling, singularity analysis, and motion control for a generic vehicle equipped with ${bm N}$ Swedish wheels.      

A Design Thinking Rationality Framework: Framing and Solving Design Problems in Early Concept Generation

The concept of “Design Thinking” opens up debate regarding the prevalent human–computer interaction design practice. This article focuses specifically on the cognitive processes of designers during their early design activities. Two groups of designers—experts and novices—were asked to develop a fictitious vacuum cleaner. We then examined the different ways in which these groups manage their design thinking processes and how the groups choose design concepts. The empirical study revealed that expert designers are effective at framing design problems. They make quick decisions (through the use of the affect heuristic) but are more wedded to their own previously developed design concepts, which they do not change in subsequent design stages. In contrast, novice designers are less skilled in framing new design problems but better able to renounce their initial design concepts. These diverse design thinking approaches are linked to potential problems. We then discuss how to address these concerns in conjunction with empathy for the artifact (i.e., artifact empathy via the mediated self) or user (i.e., user empathy via the simulated self), problem framing with second-order semantic connotations, and irrationality when analyzing design solutions. Finally, we propose a design thinking rationality framework that can establish a designer's view of design activities and thereby assist designers educated in both creative and rational design decisions.     

Framing Design Thinking: The Concept in Idea and Enactment

The concept of design thinking (DT) has emerged in management debates as promising innovation inspired by the way designers work. Despite the growing interest in DT, it is a difficult concept to study due to the lack of coherence between what DT ‘is’ in academic and practical terms. While there are numerous normative and often process‐focused depictions of DT, they seem limited in their ability to account for what occurs in practice. Given the discussion of DT as a concept, and emerging discussion of its enactment, a framing is needed that acknowledges both aspects. This paper proposes a framing of DT that makes it researchable in both theory and practice, and discusses commonalities and discrepancies in how the concept is usually portrayed in the literature. The paper builds on an empirical interview study in six large organizations, which led to the development of a framework structure and the identification of five themes characterizing DT: User focus, Problem framing, Visualization, Experimentation and Diversity. Each theme is associated with specific principles/mindsets, practices and techniques. The main contribution of this paper is to propose a framework that includes DT both as an idea and as the enactment of the idea, inspired by the works of Latour.     

Framing Open Design through Theoretical Concepts and Practical Applications: A Systematic Literature Review

This study reports on the results of a systematic literature review on ‘open design’ in academic fields including and beyond design and HCI. The review investigates how studies are framed as open design and open-source design (including ‘open hardware’): how researchers contribute to conceptual theorizing about open design or study its practical operationalization, in do-it-yourself ‘making,’ manufacturing and practices in-between these domains. Most of the papers reviewed were empirical studies from diverse fields. Open design was analyzed not only as contributions and solutions, but also as open-to-participate processes, openly shared processes, and open, closed, and modular (open and closed) outcomes. Various research fields presented an open design framing as an alternative to the status quo: new ways to do business and/or to foster socio-environmental sustainability. On the manufacturing side, open design was sought especially to accelerate innovation cycles; on the making side, it was espoused to foster democratization. However, the studies reviewed indicated that companies do not appear to develop much beyond business-as-usual. From the research perspective, the conceptual potential of open design to promote sustainability saw little practical exploration. Additionally, issues around open design community governance and ownership, safety and reliability of open outcomes require further investigation.     

A survey of the training of computer users in Swedish companies

This study concerns how user training on newly introduced computer application programs is carried out. Questionnaire data from the computer managers of 265 Swedish companies were analysed. The results show that formal training, i.e., teacher-directed group instruction, and self-studies using instruction manuals represented nearly two-thirds of all reported training forms. For the most recently introduced program, classes (group instruction) with simultaneous computer exercises was the form of formal training that was nearly always used. When formal training was given it was compulsory in over half of the cases. However, substitutes for users attending a training course were only provided by the company in very few of these cases. The implications of these findings for effective user training are discussed.     

Global Problem: National Accountability: Framing Accountability in the Australian Context of Climate Change

Climate change has been seen as a crisis looming in the future, and has therefore not reached the top of the political agenda. This no longer holds true when looking at Australia, where climate change has become high politics. In this paper we examine the Australian electoral debate in terms of accountability framing, where the Government and Opposition were involved in a ‘framing contest’. We argue that theories on accountability framing in crisis need to be modified in order to capture the complex dynamics of climate change due to its inherent scientific uncertainty and global nature. After conducting an inductive analysis of Australian Broadcasting Corporation‐reporting we found three themes to be of importance for accountability framing in the ‘risk society’: labeling, linking and coping.     

Autonomous Vehicles and Embedded Artificial Intelligence: The Challenges of Framing Machine Driving Decisions

With the advent of autonomous vehicles society will need to confront a new set of risks which, for the first time, includes the ability of socially embedded forms of artificial intelligence to make complex risk mitigation decisions: decisions that will ultimately engender tangible life and death consequences. Since AI decisionality is inherently different to human decision-making processes, questions are therefore raised regarding how AI weighs decisions, how we are to mediate these decisions, and what such decisions mean in relation to others. Therefore, society, policy, and end-users, need to fully understand such differences. While AI decisions can be contextualised to specific meanings, significant challenges remain in terms of the technology of AI decisionality, the conceptualisation of AI decisions, and the extent to which various actors understand them. This is particularly acute in terms of analysing the benefits and risks of AI decisions. Due to the potential safety benefits, autonomous vehicles are often presented as significant risk mitigation technologies. There is also a need to understand the potential new risks which autonomous vehicle driving decisions may present. Such new risks are framed as decisional limitations in that artificial driving intelligence will lack certain decisional capacities. This is most evident in the inability to annotate and categorise the driving environment in terms of human values and moral understanding. In both cases there is a need to scrutinise how autonomous vehicle decisional capacity is conceptually framed and how this, in turn, impacts a wider grasp of the technology in terms of risks and benefits. This paper interrogates the significant shortcomings in the current framing of the debate, both in terms of safety discussions and in consideration of AI as a moral actor, and offers a number of ways forward.     

Winners and losers from computerization: A study of the psychosocial work conditions and health of Swedish state employees

This study was comprised of 1,738 state‐employed visual‐display terminal (VDT) users whose work environment and health were examined through questionnaires. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between work organization and mental/somatic symptoms. The results showed that work conditions vary considerably, both between groups of users and between men and women. Data‐entry tasks and a combination of data‐entry and data‐acquisition tasks were more common among women. The data‐entry group reported a greater number of somatic and psychological problems and contained the greatest percentage of people spending more than 6 hours per day at a terminal. There appeared to be a critical limit of 5 to 6 hours per day beyond which the incidence of symptoms rose sharply. Recommendations for preventive measures are presented.     

混合驱动精压机的动力学分析与仿真

以混合驱动精压机为研究对象,应用拉格朗日方程建立了混合驱动精压机的非线性动力学模型,根据直流电动机、永磁无刷直流伺服电动机的等效电路模型,分别建立了它们的动力学模型和负反馈控制模型;然后用数值方法对动力学方程进行求解和仿真,并对仿真结果进行了分析．     

A survey of Swedish work environmental and occupational research during the twentieth century

In Sweden work environmental and occupational research has established itself as an important part of many scientific disciplines. There is now much to suggest that this period of success is over. We can see a reduction in the number of institutes and resources. In this article Jan Johansson discusses how Swedish work environmental and occupational research has developed during the twentieth century—the matters that have been selected for investigation and the way in which these have influenced institutional structures. What is required now is that researchers again succeed in identifying questions that are felt to be vital by the parties of the labor market. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

最优控制在软基预压加固分析与计算中的应用

软土地基通过打砂井后压载固结,提高其承载力,是在修建机场、高速公路、堤坝、码头以及货场等工程中广泛采用的方法。本文给出容许承载力的计算公式、稳定性条件、打砂井压载固结适用范围、最小压载时间计算以及提出最优分级加载方案,给出基于Mathcad可视化计算程序,对工程进行分析计算,并对施工进行实时控制。     

Leadership Style,Social Climate And Organizational Outcomes: A study of a Swedish University College

The study raises the question of the dual influence of leadership style on organizational outcomes by way of climate and directly. Research material primarily collected for a study of the creative organizational and individual resources of a state university college in Sweden was utilized and further analysed. A sample of 130 teachers answered questionnaires about the creative climate in their departments, the department head’s leadership style and the performance of the department in terms of creativity and productivity. The results indicate that in this organization the behavioural style of the manager affects organizational results only through influencing the social climate. The implications of the results considering the kind of organization studied are discussed.     

Framing water sensitive urban design as part of the urban form: A critical review of tools for best planning practice

Spatial planning for green stormwater treatment technologies, known as Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD), is a ‘wicked’ problem which can greatly benefit from the application of Planning Support Systems (PSS). Our review of currently existing WSUD-PSS shows that WSUD is approached from three perspectives: hydrological, urban planning and water governance. As a form of best (urban) planning practice, WSUD requires PSS that regard these technologies as an integral part of the urban form. We argue that suitability of location for WSUD has two sides: ‘WSUD needs a place’ and ‘a place needs WSUD’. No framework or PSS exists that frames WSUD from both sides of suitability. We propose such a suitability framework, building on evidence from literature. Our review found no comprehensive tool or strategy incorporating all relevant factors for suitability analysis. Our proposed framework addresses this gap, and serves as the basis for rigorous WSUD-PSS.     

基于ANSYS的COG邦定机压头热应变分析

COG邦定机是液晶模块生产中的关键设备,是集光学、计算机控制、图像识别处理、精密机械等多学科技术于一体的高精度、高可靠性微电子专用设备。邦定机压头是拾取芯片进入CCD物方视场进行图像识别采样并最终完成压接的重要部件之一。由于CCD相机物方视场较小,压头工作中因加热引起的热变形影响CCD图像识别,往往使得加热后IC的图像识别模糊不清。本文利用ANSYS软件成熟的热应力分析功能分析并获得了压头热变形理论值,结合实际测量验证了有限元分析结果,以理论分析结果进行压头调节获得了较理想的IC标识CCD图像识别效果。