液态二氧化碳置换整形甲烷水合物过程特性

通过可视化水合物反应装置和影像设备,研究了注入液态CO2分解CH4水合物同时原位生成气体水合物并保持整块水合物结构稳定的完整过程,验证了水合物分解和生成同时进行的第二类原位置换过程的可行性. 通过控制压力实现在CO2?CH4混合水合物四相区(水合物?水?液相?气相)的CH4置换过程,得到富CH4气体产物. 通过分析气相色谱和测定产气量得到CH4产气特性和CO2对CH4水合物的置换率. 结果表明,低压有利于获得较优的置换效果,4.5 MPa下的置换过程较5 MPa时产气量提高14.6%,甲烷水合物置换率提高13.7%.     

CO2置换CH4水合物中CH4的实验和动力学

在自行设计的反应装置中考察了2.8 MPa和3.25 MPa压力下，温度271.2、273.2和276.0 K时CO2气体置换十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）体系CH4水合物中CH4的置换过程。实验数据表明，在反应的前50 h，CH4水合物的分解速率较快，其后分解速率变慢。冰点以上CH4水合物的分解速率较快。基于动力学数据，建立了SDS体系置换反应过程中CH4水合物的分解动力学模型和CO2水合物的生成动力学模型。计算得到CH4-CO2置换反应过程中CH4水合物的分解活化能为28.81 kJ·mol-1，CO2水合物的生成活化能为68.40 kJ·mol-1。数据表明，CH4水合物的分解可能受置换反应过程中水分子的重排控制，而CO2水合物的生成可能受CO2气体在水合物中的扩散控制。     

水合物法分离低浓度煤层气中的甲烷

向模拟煤层气(13.11vol% CH4+86.89vol% N2)中添加5.8mol%四氢呋喃(THF)?0.03mol%十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)促进剂溶液分离提纯煤层气,考察了压力、温度、反应时间对气体消耗量、反应速率、分解气中甲烷浓度、甲烷回收率和甲烷分离因子的影响,采用色谱分析法分别测定了CH4在剩余气相和分解气相中的浓度。结果表明,压力增加,CH4回收率增大,CH4分离因子增大,CH4分离效果越好;温度是影响甲烷分离因子的关键因素,温度降低,氮气和甲烷竞争进入水合物晶体中,导致水合物相中甲烷浓度降低;温度升高有利于提高水合物对甲烷的选择性。甲烷回收效率最高可达98.65%,分离因子最大为14.83。随反应时间增加,分解气中CH4浓度升高。     

基于天然气水合物置换开采的能源效率分析

天然气水合物开采涉及各种能量转化与消耗,比如热能、电能以及化学能等。为了对其开采技术的经济性进行科学的评价,建立以?为核心计算能源效率的方程,以二氧化碳置换开采天然气水合物为例,建立能源效率模型。在二氧化碳置换开采水合物中,产气中甲烷含量、注气量以及产气量这三个是关键的自变量参数,定义产气量和注气量的比值为采注比,对于能源效率受到甲烷含量以及采注比的影响进行分析。结果表明：在设定条件下,二氧化碳置换开采水合物整体效率在0.30～6.39,对采注比进行增加,能够有效提高能源效率。能源效率随着甲烷的摩尔分率提高而提升,而气体分离能耗会降低。所以,对于二氧化碳置换法能源效率进行提升的主要途径有提高产气中甲烷含量以及对产气量进行调控。通过能效计算方程来对水合物开采工艺的优化提供参考。     

一种喷雾强化制备二氧化碳水合物的实验系统

为了更直观地研究喷雾强化制备二氧化碳水合物的方法,设计了一套喷雾强化制备二氧化碳水合物的实验装置,并考察了生成过程中系统的温度和压力的影响,以及二氧化碳气体的消耗量,初步研究了二氧化碳水合物的生成驱动力问题.结果表明:在水合反应系统压力越高、温度越低的情况下,二氧化碳水合物的生成驱动力数值的绝对值越大;温度为275.15 K时,随着压力的增加,二氧化碳水合物的生成驱动力不是呈现简单的线性增加,而是从快到慢渐趋于平缓的变化.该系统能很好地应用于气体水合物制备过程中特性和工艺的研究.     

水合物法连续分离煤层气实验研究

基于水合物法分离技术建立了一套能够连续分离混合气体的实验装置,可以同时实现水合物的生成和化解,即水合物在反应器中生成之后被输送至化解器中立刻化解,且化解后的工作液能够循环利用。利用此装置对模拟煤层气(CH450.44%(mol)+N249.56%(mol))进行了水合分离实验研究,工作液为6%(mol)的四氢呋喃(THF)水溶液,实验条件为温度278.15~281.15 K,压力0.7~1.1 MPa,原料气流量1~5 L·min-1(标况下),工作液流量60 L·h-1。结果表明:低温、高压、低原料气流量有利于水合物中CH4的富集和CH4回收。水合物相CH4含量在52.53%~64.24%(mol);剩余气中CH4含量在45.33%~49.63%(mol);CH4回收率介于3.0%~19.4%。其中,279.15 K,1.1 MPa,原料气流量1 L·min-1为较好的操作条件。结果表明连续性水合分离过程在理论上和实际应用中均适用于煤层气的分离。     

水合物法快速脱除天然气中二氧化碳

水合物法脱除天然气中CO2是一种新的天然气脱碳分离技术,可用于初步大量脱除高含CO2天然气和沼气中的CO2.为天然气脱碳提供一种工艺简单、流程快和环保的方法.笔者用CO2(摩尔分数为33.00％)/CH4混合气模拟高含CO2的天然气,在1L的反应釜内,研究混合气水合过程随压力和气水体积比的变化,分析水合过程的温度、压力...     

二氧化碳置换法开采天然气水合物的研究现状

天然气水合物在开采过程中形态会发生变化，从固态变为液态和气态，即发生相变。因此，水合物的开采原理主要是围绕改变水合物稳定存在的条件(温度和压力为主要因素),促使水合物分解，从而产生天然气。目前，天然气水合物开采技术主要有注热法、降压法、化学试剂法和二氧化碳置换法。其中，二氧化碳置换法开采天然气水合物具有十分重要的现实意义。这种方法可以弥补传统开采方法的不足，并有望成为未来工业化天然气水合物开采的主要技术之一。     

海底贮存CO2基础研究

为深入研究CO2开发CH4水合物对环境的影响,从而实现长期储存CO2和开发新能源CH4水合物的目的.本研究主要考察了不同温度下(1-7 ℃),CH4+CO2混合气在纯水和NaCl溶液(质量分数3.6%)中的生成水合物时的溶解相平衡.考察了温度和盐对溶解相平衡的影响.并将实验值与Chen-Guo水合物模型计算值进行了比较...     

CH4+C2H4气体混合物的水合物相平衡

实验考察了CH_4 C_2H_4 THF 水混合体系在一定温度(276.15～282.15K)、压力(2.0～3.0MPa)和THF水溶液浓度(THF摩尔分数60％～12.0％)范围内的气体-水合物相平衡情况。结果表明:富水相中THF的加入大大地阻碍了水合物孔穴中C_2H_4的进入,使得乙烯在气、固两相中的分配发生了逆转,乙烯在气相中被提浓,而无THF存在时乙烯则是在水合物相中得到富集。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。