钨钼氧化物间接加入法生产高速钢研究

本研究用钨钼氧化物间接加入法生产高速钢的工艺。通过增加吨钢钨钼氧化物用量和降低对钨钼氧化物中硫，磷等有害元素的要求，扩大了钢种范围，并保证了钢的质量。     

陈化除钼渣处理工艺试验研究

针对某地APT厂堆存的除钼渣的特点,提出采取碱性浸出-硫化沉钼-人造白钨的工艺,提取其中的铜、钼、钨。系统地考察了碱浸工序的工艺参数,确定碱性浸出的最佳条件。结果如下：碱用量为除钼渣的50％,添加剂A用量为除钼渣的5％,液固比L／S=3／1,温度为70℃,时间为3h,钨钼浸出分别为99．12％和98．42％,铜保留率～100％。对浸出液采用硫化沉钼,钼的沉淀率达到98．03％,钨的沉淀率为4．19％。沉钼后液采用人造白钨,钨的沉淀率达98．29％,产品WO,品位达50．10％。     

稀土金属冶炼用新型钨钼材料的研制

本文从稀土金属冶炼用新型钨钼材料的研制着手,研究了添加几种微量稀土氧化物对钨钼材料高温、无保护性气氛下的抗氧化性。研究发现,微量稀土氧化物的添加,减慢了钨钼材料的氧化速度,较大地提高了钨钼材料的抗氧化能力。由于钨钼材料性能的改善,可使稀土冶金、玻璃、纤维等行业用的钨钼材料寿命延长、成本降低。研究表明,使用添加氧化铈、氧化钇、氧化镧的新型钨钼材料,可减少被提炼金属中的钨钼含量,使质量提高,品种上档次,满足日益发展的国内外稀土市场的要求。     

钼在合金钢冶炼中的应用现状和发展前景

综述了目前国内外钼在合金钢冶炼中的应用现状,介绍了传统钼铁生产工艺,并明确了传统工艺能耗较高、污染严重的弊端。系统分析了采用工业氧化钼直接合金化生产含钼合金钢的方法和优势,针对该工艺存在的氧化钼易挥发等关键问题进行总结,阐述了国内外该领域的研究进展和解决途径,即利用在氧化钼合金化过程中配加CaO等碱金属或碱土金属的方式能够有效抑制氧化钼挥发。最后,进一步分析了钼在不锈钢、低合金钢、工模具钢及其他合金钢中的应用现状和研究进展,提出了钼在合金钢冶炼中的未来发展方向。     

Formation of nitrides of the Group VI transition metals

Conclusions An analysis is carried out of the thermodynamic probability of nitrides of the Group VI metals being formed by various reactions. A study was made of the kinetics of formation of molybdenum and tungsten nitrides from the metals in powder form and their oxides in an ammonia stream. It was established that the kinetics of formation of molybdenum and tungsten nitrides is described by pseudo-topokinetic equations, the nitride formation being controlled by topochemical processes with surface activation. As a result of kinetic, chemical, and x-ray diffraction studies suitable processing parameters have been determined for the synthesis of pure molybdenum and tungsten nitrides.DeceasedTranslated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 3(195), pp. 60–66, March, 1979.     

钨钼钒氧化物矿直接合金化冶炼高速钢的理论及技术

对用白钨矿、氧化钼和V2O5直接合金化冶炼高速钢进行了热力学和动力学的计算和分析。在理论研究的基础上,进行了用白钨矿、氧化钼和V2O5直接合金化冶炼高速钢的工业试验。在工业试验中开发了装入制度、碱度控制、渣量控制等技术。工业试验获得成功,采用白钨矿、氧化钼、V2O5冶炼M2高速钢合金化率达13%,合金元素W、Mo、V的收得率分别达95.25%、98.01%、90.72%;所获得的钢材质量良好。直接合金化工艺较铁合金冶炼M2高速钢成本降低6813.5元/t。     

High-plasticity heat-resistant 03Kh14G16N6Yu-type steels with heat-and deformation-resistant austenite

The structure and mechanical properties of 03Kh14G16N6Yu-type austenitic steels alloyed by molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, and zirconium are studied after normalization at 1075°C and long-term holding at 500–700°C. The chemical composition of these steels ensures the resistance of their austenite to the martensitic transformation in the temperature range from 1200 to ?196°C and during cold plastic deformation at a reduction of up to 60%. The best combination of the mechanical and technological properties is achieved in a 03Kh15G17N6YuVF steel with 0.08% W and 0.12% V. Long-term (up to 1000 h) holdings at 550–750°C do not cause the precipitation of carbide, nitride, and intermetallic phases in this steel. The long-term strength of the 03Kh15G17N6YuVF steel at temperatures up to 650°C is comparable with and its plasticity and impact toughness are higher than those of high-nickel Kh16N9M2 and Kh16N12M2 steels, which are applied in the main parts of electric power installations.     

Particle growth during the reduction of tungsten and molybdenum and activation of the sintering of these metals

Conclusions Particle growth during the reduction of tungsten and molybdenum powders and the shrinkage kinetics of these powders depend on two processes taking place simultaneously, namely, partial melting and vaporization of surface layers of the dioxides of these metals. During high-temperature reduction (> 1100°C), fine particles of tungsten and molybdenum dioxides are vaporized and redeposited on large particles; on the surface of the particles, a liquid phase may form, resulting in the generation of capillary forces which create a bond between separate particles. Melting of the oxides covering the surface of metallic tungsten and molybdenum particles promotes shrinkage during sintering, while conversely vaporization of the oxides inhibits the shrinkage of these metals.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 9(69), pp. 34–38, September, 1968.     

Advanced technology in tungsten and moly PM

Worldwide consumption of tungsten and molybdenum was 44 000 tonne and 97 000 tonne, respectively, in 1988. But only a small percentage of this volume is processed to pure or alloyed semifinished or finished products. Some 6% of all molybdenum consumed (5000 to 5500 tonne) is in the form of molybdenum and molybdenum alloys. For tungsten this percentage is higher, 10% of tungsten consumed was pure tungsten or tungsten alloy products. The same amount was produced as heavy metal every year, totalling 8000–9000 tonnes of tungsten content in tungsten and tungsten based alloys including heavy metal, says Ralf Eck of Metallwerk Plansee.     

Nature of the liquid phase forming during the sintering of R6M5 steel produced from machining waste

Conclusions A thermogravimetric and electron microscopical investigation has been carried out into the nature and composition of the oxycarbide eutectic appearing at the grain boundaries of R6M5 steel at sintering temperatures below 1220°C. The need for two-stage sintering of R6M5 steel from machining waste as a means of obtaining nonporous blanks is explained. Optimum sintering conditions have been established, which are determined by the particle size of the powder and its oxygen content.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 11(275), pp. 42–44, November, 1985.0.85% C-6% W-5% Mo-4% Cr-2% V high-speed steel — Publisher.     

碱熔-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铁矿石中铬铌钼钨锡

准确快速测定铁矿石中微量元素,对提高钢及钒产品质量具有十分重要的意义,但针对铬、铌、钼、钨、锡等难以被酸溶解的元素,选择适宜的样品前处理方法并采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定,有利于提高准确度和测试效率。试验采用碳酸锂-硼酸混合熔剂高温熔融样品,再经盐酸浸取、酸化;选择Cr 267.716nm、Nb 269.706nm、Mo 202.030nm、W 224.875nm、Sn 189.989nm为分析谱线,基体匹配法绘制校准曲线消除基体效应的影响,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铁矿石中铬、铌、钼、钨、锡。各待测元素校准曲线的线性相关系数均不小于0.9996;方法检出限为0.002%~0.003%。方法应用于铁矿石实际样品中铬、铌、钼、钨、锡的测定, 结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=9)为1.0%~3.8%;回收率为94%~105%。按照实验方法测定4个铁矿石样品中铬、铌、钼、钨、锡,结果与其他化学分析方法(其中铬、铌、锡采用光度法,钨、钼采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法)测定值一致。     

碱熔-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铁矿石中铬铌钼钨锡

准确快速测定铁矿石中微量元素,对提高钢及钒产品质量具有十分重要的意义,但针对铬、铌、钼、钨、锡等难以被酸溶解的元素,选择适宜的样品前处理方法并采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定,有利于提高准确度和测试效率。试验采用碳酸锂-硼酸混合熔剂高温熔融样品,再经盐酸浸取、酸化;选择Cr 267.716nm、Nb 269.706nm、Mo 202.030nm、W 224.875nm、Sn 189.989nm为分析谱线,基体匹配法绘制校准曲线消除基体效应的影响,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铁矿石中铬、铌、钼、钨、锡。各待测元素校准曲线的线性相关系数均不小于0.9996;方法检出限为0.002%~0.003%。方法应用于铁矿石实际样品中铬、铌、钼、钨、锡的测定, 结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=9)为1.0%~3.8%;回收率为94%~105%。按照实验方法测定4个铁矿石样品中铬、铌、钼、钨、锡,结果与其他化学分析方法(其中铬、铌、锡采用光度法,钨、钼采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法)测定值一致。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定钼矿石中的钨钼

运用过氧化钠碱熔法处理钼矿样, 直接以盐酸-柠檬酸-过氧化氢混合酸提取熔融物来避免硅胶的产生和钨酸、钼酸沉淀的生成。以W 207.912 nm和Mo 202.031 nm谱线作为钨、钼的分析线, Co 240.725 nm为内标线, 消除了基体干扰效应和仪器信号漂移的影响, 建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定试液中钨和钼的方法。钨的检出限为0.010 μg/mL, 测定范围为0.013%～12.50%, 回收率为98%～102%;钼的检出限为0.005 μg/mL, 测定范围为0.006%～12.50%, 回收率为99%～102%。对钼标准矿样测试, 所测得钼、钨结果与认定值相符, 相对标准偏差(RSD, n=8)为1.2%~3.6%。     

Effect of RE－Al－N on Structures and Properties of M2 Cast High Speed Steel

M 2highspeedsteel (M 2steel)isamaterialwidelyusedintoolsanddies[1,2 ] .M 2steelischarac terizedbyalongsolidificationrangeandcomplexeu tecticreactions ,whichresultsinsegregationofalloy ingelementsandformationofseveraldifferenttypesofcarbidesduringsolidification[3,4 ] .Forconventionallyprocessedhigh speedsteels ,itisinevitablethatacoarsecarbidenetworkwillbeformedduringsolidifi cation .Coarseprimarycarbidestendtoresultinun evencarbidebandsdistributionafterasubstantialamountofhotprocessing[5] .Ma…     

Deposition of Amorphous Hardening Coatings by Electrospark Treatment in a Mixture of Crystalline Granules

This article is devoted to the formation of amorphous coatings on the steel 35 surface by electrospark treatment in a mixture of crystalline granules. It is revealed by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) that formed coatings contain W, Mo, Co, and Ni in various ratios. The weight of granules of various compositions decreases by 11–16 wt % for 6-h treatment due to electric erosion. The mass transfer coefficient varies in a range from 33 to 54%. X-ray structural analysis showed the prevalence of an amorphous phase (81–99%) in the structure of deposited layers. Annealing of coatings at a temperature above 1150°C leads to the crystallization of the amorphous phase into boron carbide of the M23(C, B)6 type, as well as into α-Fe. The coatings have an increased hardness of 10–15 GPa, while their wear resistance in the dry sliding wear mode under loads of 10 and 50 N is higher than for steel 35 by a factor of 3.3 and 1.6. The coating friction coefficient is lower than for steel 35 by 13–30% and was 0.27–0.31. The wear resistance of coatings in a dry abrasive wear mode is higher by a factor of 3–5 when compared with uncoated steel 35. The best characteristics are inherent without nickel and worst are inherent without cobalt. Thus, it is established that tungsten and cobalt increase the wear resistance of iron-based amorphous alloys, while nickel and molybdenum tend to worsen their tribotechnical behavior.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定钨钼矿中锗

钨钼矿石组分较为复杂,通常含有多种矿物,包括硅酸盐、硫化物、氧化物等,通常情况下较难溶解。实验发现,先采用氢氟酸微波消解样品,再加入硝酸-高氯酸-硫酸于高温电热板上加热继续溶解样品,至高温发烟形成湿盐后再用硝酸复溶,可使样品完全溶解。待样品溶液澄清后,以45.0ng/mL铼为内标,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对上清液中锗进行测定,可实现对钨钼矿中锗的测定。实验表明,锗的质量浓度在5~100ng/mL范围内与锗的信号强度和内标元素信号强度的比值呈线性关系,相关系数为0.9995,方法的检出限为0.006ng/mL。将实验方法应用于钼矿石标准物质、钨矿石标准物质以及实际钨钼矿石样品中锗的测定,标准物质测定值与认定值基本一致,测得结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为0.30%~2.8%,根据DZ/T 0130—2006《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》,计算出的重复分析相对偏差小于限值。在上述样品中加入锗标准溶液进行加标回收试验,回收率在93%~106%之间。     

高磷高钼复杂白钨矿的脱磷-除钼处理工艺

利用磷灰石、钼酸钙和钨酸钙等含钙矿物与盐酸反应的差异性规律,首先在温和的盐酸浸出条件下预处理高磷高钼复杂白钨矿,即反应温度为50 ℃,盐酸浓度2.5 mol/L,反应时间2 h,液固比（指液体体积与固体质量之比,单位为L/kg,下同）5:1的条件下实现杂质磷的高效选择性浸出,磷的浸出率达到99%以上,同时实现钨钼的初步分离,钼浸出率为44.76%,钨浸出率仅为1.84%。然后,再利用钨酸和钼酸在盐酸体系中溶解度的性质差异,进一步提高盐酸浓度和反应温度强化浸出,在盐酸浓度4 mol/L,反应温度80 ℃,反应时间2 h,液固比5:1的条件下,钼的浸出率达到95%,而钨以钨酸的形式留在固相,此步骤的钨浸出率只有1.55%,实现了钼的深度分离和钨矿的转型。      

应用高新技术 发挥资源优势 发展我国工具钢生产

合理利用我国丰富的钨、钼、钒资源,应用高新技术———熔融还原,用白钨矿、钼精矿和钒渣取代钨铁、钼铁和钒铁,直接冶炼高速钢、模具钢、基体钢,缩短生产流程,节约资源,降低能耗,改善环境;建立生产基地,生产优质工具钢,并深加工成刀具、量具、模具和轧辊,满足国内制造业不断增长的需要,变资源出口为工具出口。     

Effect of molybdenum on the fracture characteristic of high-speed steel quenched matrix

The fractures of three model alloys, imitating by their chemical composition the matrixes of the quenched high-speed steels of various Mo: W relations were analyzed. According to the measurements of the stress intensity factor K_Ic and the differences in the precipitation processes of carbides it was found out that the higher fracture toughness of the matrix of the molybdenum high-speed steels than on the tungsten ones is the results of the differences in the kinetics of precipitation from the martensite matrix of these steels during tempering. After tempering at 250 and 650°C the percentage of the intergranular fracture increases with the increase of the relation of Mo to W in the model alloys of the high-speed steel matrix. This is probably the result of higher precipitation rate of the M₃C carbide (at 250°C) and the MC and M₆C carbides (at 650°C) in the privileged regions along the grain boundaries. The change of the character of the model alloy fractures after tempering at 450°C from the completely transgranular one in the tungsten alloy to the nearly completely intergranular one in the molybdenum alloy indicates that the coherent precipitation processes responsible for the secondary hardness effect in the tungsten matrix begin at a lower temperature than in the molybdenum matrix. After tempering for the maximum secondary hardness the matrix fractures of the high-speed steels reveal a transgranular character regardless the relation of Mo to W. The higher fracture toughness of the Mo matrix can be the result of the start of the coherent precipitation processes at a higher temperature and their intensity which can, respectively, influence the size of these precipitations, their shape and the degree of dispersion. The transgranular character of the fractures of the S 6-5-2 type high-speed steel in the whole range tempering temperatures results from the presence of the undissolved carbides which while cracking in the region of stress concentration can constitute flaws of critical size which form the path of easy cracking through the grains. The transgranular cracking of the matrix of the real high-speed steels does not change the adventageous influence of molybdenum upon their fracture toughness. On the other hand, the carbides, undissolved during austenitizing, whose size distribution in the molybdenum steels from the point of view of cracking mechanics seems to be unsatisfactory, influence significantly the fracture toughness of these steels.     

以柠檬酸和过氧化氢为络合剂电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定选矿样品中钨和钼

以盐酸、硝酸、氢氟酸、硫酸、柠檬酸和过氧化氢溶解样品,选择W239.709 nm和Mo 284.823 nm的谱线分别作为钨和钼的分析线,用ICP-AES光谱法测定了样品中钨和钼含量。利用柠檬酸和过氧化氢与钨酸、钼酸络合作用,抑制钨酸和钼酸的析出,促使样品的快速溶解,确保了钨、钼测定结果的准确性。钨和钼的检出限分别为0.015 μg/mL 和0.003 μg/mL,测定下限分别为0.075 μg/mL和 0.015 μg/mL。当钨、钼含量分别在0.1~100 μg/mL范围内,其校准曲线均呈线性关系,且线性相关系数都在0.999 5以上。采用本方法测定钼矿石标准样品和选矿流程样品中钨、钼时,测定值与认定值或硫氰酸盐光度法或重量法的测定值相符。用钨矿石标准样品和选矿流程样品进行加标回收试验,测得钨的加标回收率在96%～105%之间,钼的加标回收率在94%～102%之间。