The use of severe plastic deformation techniques in grain refinement

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) has emerged as a promising method to produce ultrafine-grained materials with attractive properties. Today, SPD techniques are rapidly developing and are on the verge of moving from lab-scale research into commercial production. This paper discusses new trends in the development of SPD techniques suchas high-pressure torsion and equal-channel angle pressing, as well as new alternative techniques for introducing SPD. The paper also contains a comparative analysis of SPD techniques in terms of their relative capabilities for grain refinement, enhancement of properties, and potential to economically produce ultrafine-grained metals and alloys. For more information, contact Terry C. Lowe, Science and Technology Base Programs, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545; (505) 667-7824; fax (505) 665-3199; e-mail tlowe@lanl.gov.     

等径角挤压法制备块体超细晶材料的研究现状及展望

对块体超细晶材料的研究是近年来的一大热点.大塑性变形法（Sever Plastic Deformation,SPD）之一的等径角挤压（Eaqual channel angular pressing ,ECAP）法,可以在室温或不太高的温度下,将材料的晶粒由几微米至几十微米细化至200nm～400nm,材料的性能得到提高,并且ECAP法有着相对简单的制备工艺及较好的细化效果.本文介绍了ECAP处理对提高材料的强度、疲劳寿命、超塑性等的贡献以及影响ECAP工艺的因素,分析了ECAP目前存在的问题,并对ECAP的应用前景进行了展望.     

剧烈塑性变形法制备块体纳米材料的研究与发展

综述了采用剧烈塑性变形技术制备块体超细品和纳米晶结构金属的主要方法,如等通道转角挤压、高压扭转、累积轧合与往复挤压.并介绍了两种完全有别于传统的剧烈塑性变形制备超细晶和纳米晶金属材料的最新工艺,如大应变切削和大应变挤压切削.系统地阐明了这些方法的基本原理、变形特点及应用,分析其优缺点并提出改进措施与发展方向.     

剧塑性变形制备超细晶/纳米晶结构金属材料的研究现状和应用展望

综合目前剧塑性变形方法制备超细晶及纳米晶结构金属材料的研究现状,介绍等通道转角挤压、高压扭转、累积叠轧焊、多向锻造等剧塑性变形方法及其特点与原理;探讨剧塑性变形金属材料的组织演变和晶粒细化机制;分析金属材料经剧塑性变形后强度与延展性的变化趋势,及其对超塑性变形的影响规律;展望剧塑性变形方法对金属材料应用的前景。     

The fundamentals of nanostructured materials processed by severe plastic deformation

Nanostructured materials produced by severe plastic deformation (SPD) are 100% dense, contamination-free, and sufficiently large for use in real commercial structural applications. These materials are found to have high strength, good ductility, superior superplasticity, a low friction coefficient, high wear resistance, enhanced high-cycle fatigue life, and good corrosion resistance. This article reviews the structures and properties of nanostructured materials produced by SPD and reports recent progress in determining the deformation mechanisms that lead to these superior mechanical properties. For more information, contact Yuntian T. Zhu, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545; (505) 667-4029; fax (505) 667-2264; e-mail yzhu@lanl.gov.     

Evolution of dislocation cells during plastic deformation

In recent years, materials with ultrafine grain size(UFG) have attracted much attention. By using severe plastic deformation(SPD) techniques, materials with fine grain size as small as 200 - 250 nm have been obtained.However, the nature of the grain boundaries has not been theoretically understood. It is still an unsolved question whether or not finer grain sizes down to 100 nm could he reached. A semi-quantitative model for the evolution of dislocation cells in plastic deformation was proposed. The linear stability analysis of this model leads to some interesting results, which facilitate the understanding of the formation of cell structures and of the factors determining the lower limit of the cell size of SPD materials.     

剧烈塑性变形制备微纳米材料的变形细化机理

对剧烈塑性变形法(SPD)制备微纳米材料变形细化机理进行了总结归纳,着重介绍了位错变形和热机械变形两种机制,详细论述了材料在剧烈塑性变形加工过程中的组织转变特点,同时给出了SPD变形细化机制等研究方向的个人见解。     

大体积超细晶金属材料的剧烈塑性变形法制备技术

介绍了大体积超细晶金属材料的各种常见剧烈塑性变形法制备技术,系统阐述了各种制备技术的基本原理,并分析比较了这些制备技术的优缺点和适用范围,指出了剧烈塑性变形法制备技术的发展方向。     

Severe Plastic Deformation Techniques for Bulk Ultrafine-grained Materials

剧烈塑性变形制备超细晶金属材料是当前的研究热点。基于机制和微观组织变化综述了剧烈塑性变形制备块状超细晶材料的一些方法,特别是给出了两种新型成形技术-等截面椭圆变通道扭挤和等截面椭圆转变通道扭拉,此外还阐述了剧烈塑性变形存在的问题及未来的研究方向。     

大塑性变形材料及变形机制研究进展

大塑性变形技术（SPD）具有将铸态粗晶金属的晶粒细化到纳米量级的巨大潜力。综述了SPD技术的分类、优势及其存在问题;介绍了材料在SPD加工过程中的组织转变特点,指出如果超塑性成形能够在镁合金等中得到成功的应用,则可大大拓宽其实际应用领域;描述了SPD细化铝、镁、钛等合金后的微观组织、塑性变形机制与力学性能,最后对大塑性变形技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

超声滚压剧烈塑性变形诱导金属材料结构演变的研究进展

首先,对表面完整性的基本概念和内涵进行了概述,同时简要介绍了超声实现滚压技术的基本原理及其优点。随后,对比分析了不同剧烈塑性变形方法的特点和局限性,引出了实现表面完整性的相关剧烈塑性变形协调机制。在此基础上,随后结合其他剧烈塑性变形强化工艺,重点总结了超声滚压剧烈塑性变形对金属材料表面微观结构演变的影响。具体探讨了剧烈塑性变形诱导晶粒细化机制、晶粒生长机制以及合金元素偏聚机制等,主要分别论述了不同层错能的面心立方、体心立方以及密排六方等不同金属晶体结构的晶粒细化机制(以位错滑移、变形孪晶为主导)、晶粒长大机制(以晶界迁移、晶粒旋转为主要)与合金元素偏聚机制(晶界偏聚、位错核心偏聚)等。最后,对以上内容进行了综合总结,并针对超声滚压技术研究中存在的问题给出进一步研究和发展的建议,从而为实现超声滚压金属材料的表面完整性的主动精准控制及提高其服役寿命与可靠性提供一定的参考。     

AZ31镁合金晶粒细化方法及机制研究现状

系统介绍了AZ31镁合金晶粒细化方法及机制,综述了6种制备细晶镁合金大塑性变形方法的工艺特点和应用,展示了大塑性变形方法在AZ31镁合金加工中的应用前景。     

Developing SPD methods for processing bulk nanostructured materials with enhanced properties

Severe plastic deformation (SPD), i.e. intense plastic straining under high pressure, is an innovative technique for processing ultrafine-grained nanostructured metals and alloys. SPD fabricated nanostructures can lead to novel properties, which, however, depend strongly on the processing parameters. This paper focuses on examples of attaining enhanced mechanical properties in several metals and alloys, subjected to severe plastic deformation. In addition, the relationships among the processing conditions, microstructures and properties of the materials produced by SPD are considered.     

NaCl溶液中LC4,LY12及纯铝腐蚀过程的电化学噪声特征

应用电化噪声（electrochemical noise)技术对航空铝合金结构材料LC4，LY12及纯铝在质量分数为2．0％的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀过程进行了研究，发现不同材料在发生点蚀时其电化学噪声的时域谱波形特征各不相同，电化学噪声的频域谱SPD（spectra power density)曲线的三个特征参数：白噪声水平W，截止频率fc和高频线性部分的斜率K均随浸泡时间的延长而变化，在发点蚀时三者均趋于极值，但三者都不能单独正确地表征点蚀的强度和趋势，实验结果时表明：点蚀时，从不同材料的SPD曲线获得的点蚀参数SE和SG的数值具有一致性，且与未点蚀时的参数值存在着明显的区别，一般在而，点蚀发生时，SE＞5且SG＜1；非点蚀时，二者的取值正好相反，因此，二者可以很好地表征点蚀的发生。     

强烈塑性变形表面纳米化的研究现状

强烈塑性变形表面纳米化(SPD-SNC)技术是近几年才开始备受人们广泛关注的新技术,它不仅为研究形变诱发的纳米化过程和宽尺寸范围内(从微米到纳米量级)结构与性能的关系提供思路,制备理想样品;而且将纳米材料的优异性能应用于改造传统工程材料,显著地提高金属材料的性能,可望在工业上获得实际应用.从SPD-SNC的方法、机理、组织结构和性能等方面总结了该技术近年来取得的进展和存在的问题,指出了今后的研究发展方向.     

Bulk Nanostructured Metals for Innovative Applications

Nanostructuring of various materials is a key for obtaining extraordinary properties that are very attractive for different structural and functional applications. During the last two decades, the production of bulk nanostructured materials (BNMs) by severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques has attracted special interest since it offers new opportunities for the fabrication of commercial nanostructured metals and alloys for various specific applications. Very significant progress has been made in this area in recent years, which is evident by the first production of advanced pilot articles from nanostructured metals with new functionality. These aspects of innovations of BNMs processed by SPD are discussed in this overview.     

Emission Mössbauer spectroscopy of grain boundaries in ultrafine-grained W and Mo produced by severe plastic deformation

Grain boundaries in ultrafine-grained W and Mo produced by severe plastic deformation (SPD) by high-pressure torsion method have been studied by emission Mössbauer spectroscopy on ⁵⁷Co (⁵⁷Fe) nuclei. The evolution of the state of the grain boundaries has been studied upon heating. It has been shown that, after SPD, the grain boundaries are in a nonequilibrium state, which is characterized by an excess free volume. Upon annealing, the state of the grain boundaries changes as it approaches the state typical of coarse-grained materials.     

SPD技术对锆及锆合金力学行为影响研究现状

综述了锆及锆合金剧烈塑性变形(SPD)后性能变化的研究进展,系统阐述了锆及锆合金经剧烈塑性变形后显微硬度、拉伸/压缩性能、高低周疲劳性能,重点介绍了SPD技术在纯锆、Zr-Nb系合金中的应用。经过剧烈塑性变形后,锆及锆合金的抗拉强度及屈服强度均显著提升,但依据剧烈塑性成形轨迹、合金成分、第二相分布、热处理制度不同,其提升程度存在一定的差别。位错滑移是锆及锆合金高周疲劳的主要损伤机制,位错运动(包括位错滑移及位错攀移)是锆及锆合金低周疲劳的主要损伤机制。文章最后指出现阶段锆及锆合金SPD技术的发展趋势及应用前景。