Finite element formulation of viscoelastic sandwich beams using fractional derivative operators

This paper presents a finite element formulation for transient dynamic analysis of sandwich beams with embedded viscoelastic material using fractional derivative constitutive equations. The sandwich configuration is composed of a viscoelastic core (based on Timoshenko theory) sandwiched between elastic faces (based on Euler–Bernoulli assumptions). The viscoelastic model used to describe the behavior of the core is a four-parameter fractional derivative model. Concerning the parameter identification, a strategy to estimate the fractional order of the time derivative and the relaxation time is outlined. Curve-fitting aspects are focused, showing a good agreement with experimental data. In order to implement the viscoelastic model into the finite element formulation, the Grünwald definition of the fractional operator is employed. To solve the equation of motion, a direct time integration method based on the implicit Newmark scheme is used. One of the particularities of the proposed algorithm lies in the storage of displacement history only, reducing considerably the numerical efforts related to the non-locality of fractional operators. After validations, numerical applications are presented in order to analyze truncation effects (fading memory phenomena) and solution convergence aspects.     

粘弹性阻尼隔振体的非线性振动分析

 研究了由基础振动激励、粘弹性材料隔离的被动隔振体的非线性动力响应.用变形的三次多项式函数表征隔振材料的非线性刚度,用分数阶算子表征阻尼,建立被动隔振体的分数阶非线性动力学方程.用谐波平衡法研究其非线性动力响应特性,得出频率响应方程和幅频曲线,分析了非线性因素对系统的影响.最后,用Floquet理论讨论了周期解的稳态性和稳定区间.分析结果表明,含分数阶算子的动力学模型能够准确地描述粘弹性材料隔振器的动态特性.忽略隔振材料的阻尼非线性、刚度非线性将导致隔振设计和隔振效果分析的明显误差.分析方法和结论为精确进行粘弹性材料的被动隔振设计和隔振效果评价提供理论参考.     

On the Fractional Order Model of Viscoelasticity

Fractional order models of viscoelasticity have proven to be very useful for modeling of polymers. Time domain responses as stress relaxation and creep as well as frequency domain responses are well represented. The drawback of fractional order models is that the fractional order operators are difficult to handle numerically. This is in particular true for fractional derivative operators. Here we propose a formulation based on internal variables of stress kind. The corresponding rate equations then involves a fractional integral which means that they can be identified as Volterra integral equations of the second kind. The kernel of a fractional integral is integrable and positive definite. By using this, we show that a unique solution exists to the rate equation. A motivation for using fractional operators in viscoelasticity is that a whole spectrum of damping mechanisms can be included in a single internal variable. This is further motivated here. By a suitable choice of material parameters for the classical viscoelastic model, we observe both numerically and analytically that the classical model with a large number of internal variables (each representing a specific damping mechanism) converges to the fractional order model with a single internal variable. Finally, we show that the fractional order viscoelastic model satisfies the Clausius–Duhem inequality (CDI).     

黏弹性土中衬砌隧道振动响应的解析解

该文采用解析方法在频率域内对黏弹土层和衬砌结构简谐振动特性进行了研究。首先, 将土骨架视为具有分数阶导数本构关系的黏弹性体, 根据黏弹性理论, 推导得到了简谐荷载作用下分数导数型黏弹性土层的位移和应力等解析表达式。其次, 建立了两种类型的衬砌运动方程：第一, 将衬砌结构视为均匀弹性介质, 研究了分数导数黏弹性土中弹性衬砌结构的动力特性;第二, 将衬砌等效为薄壁壳体结构, 利用Flügge薄壳理论, 得到了衬砌结构的运动方程, 并对分数导数黏弹性土和壳体衬砌的动力相互作用进行了分析。根据连续性边界条件, 得到了相关待定系数的表达式。再次, 与以往的解析解进行了对比。最后, 通过算例分析了土体和衬砌各参数对系统动力特性的影响, 结果表明：薄壁壳体衬砌结构条件下系统的动力响应大于均匀弹性衬砌结构条件下系统的动力响应;随着土体和衬砌模量比的增加, 响应幅值逐渐减小。分数导数本构参数对系统的动力特性有较大影响。     

分数导数微分算子描述的粘弹性土层中群桩的水平振动研究

将桩周土体视为粘弹性介质,利用分数导数粘弹性模型描述土体的力学特性,在Novak 平面应变假定的基础上,借助于势函数并考虑土体边界条件求得了分数导数微分算子描述的粘弹性土层水平位移的衰减函数以及分数导数粘弹性土层的刚度和阻尼系数。利用Winkler 动力弹簧-阻尼器模型模拟桩-土之间的动力相互作用,并在此基础上利用初始参数法求解了分数导数粘弹性土层中桩-桩水平动力相互作用和群桩的水平振动问题。以数值算例的形式讨论了分数导数微分算子的阶数和土体的模型参数对分数导数微分算子描述的粘弹性土层水平位移的衰减函数和群桩的水平动力阻抗的影响。研究表明:分数导数微分算子的阶数对土层水平位移的衰减函数的影响与桩间距和荷载方向角有关;分数导数粘弹性土中群桩的动力阻抗可以退化到经典粘弹性和弹性情况;分数导数微分算子的阶数和土体模型参数对群桩水平动力阻抗有较大影响。     

Asymptotic analysis on nonlinear vibration of axially accelerating viscoelastic strings with the standard linear solid model

Nonlinear parametric vibration of axially accelerating viscoelastic strings is investigated via an approximate analytical approach. The standard linear solid model using the material time derivative is employed to describe the string viscoelastic behaviors. A coordinate transformation is introduced to derive Mote’s model of transverse motion from the governing equation of the stationary string. Mote’s model leads to Kirchhoff’s model by replacing the tension with the averaged tension over the string. An asymptotic perturbation approach is proposed to study principal parametric resonance based on the two models. The amplitude and the existence conditions of the steady-state responses are determined by locating the nonzero fixed points in the modulation equations resulting from the solvability condition. Numerical results are presented to highlight the effects of the material parameters, the axial-speed fluctuation amplitude, and the initial stress on steady-state responses.     

Optimal design and parameter estimation of frequency dependent viscoelastic laminated sandwich composite plates

Recent developments in optimization and parameter estimation of frequency dependent passive damping of sandwich structures with viscoelastic core are presented in this paper. A finite element model for anisotropic laminated plate structures with viscoelastic frequency dependent core and laminated anisotropic face layers has been formulated, using a mixed layerwise approach, by considering a higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT) to represent the displacement field of the viscoelastic core, and a first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) for the displacement fields of adjacent laminated face layers. The complex modulus approach is used for the viscoelastic material behaviour, and the dynamic problem is solved in the frequency domain, using viscoelastic material data for the core, assuming fractional derivative constitutive models. Constrained optimization of passive damping is conducted for the maximisation of modal loss factors, using the Feasible Arc Interior Point Algorithm (FAIPA). Identification of the frequency dependent material properties of the sandwich core is conducted by estimating the parameters that define the fractional derivative constitutive model. Optimal design and parameter estimation applications in sandwich structures are presented and discussed.     

Exposing the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of asphalt-aggregate mixes

In this study asphalt-aggregate mixes are treated as both viscoelastic and viscoplastic. Following a damage mechanics approach, a nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive formulation is generated from a linear formulation by replacing ‘applied stresses’ with ‘effective viscoelastic stresses’. A non-dimensional scalar entity called ‘relative viscoelastic stiffness’ is introduced; it is defined as the ratio of applied to effective viscoelastic stress and encapsulates different types of nonlinearities. The paper proposes a computational scheme for exposing these nonlinearities by uncovering, through direct analysis of any test data, changes experienced by the ‘relative viscoelastic stiffness’. In general terms, the method is based on simultaneous application of creep and relaxation formulations while preserving the interrelationship between the corresponding time functions. The proposed scheme is demonstrated by analyzing a uniaxial tension test and a uniaxial compression test (separately). Results are presented and discussed, unveiling and contrasting the character of viscoelastic nonlinearities in both cases. A conceptual viewpoint is offered to explain the observations, illustrating the requirements from any candidate constitutive theory.     

定频变温下粘弹材料动力学特性数据拟合分析

本文研究了粘弹性阻尼材料的耗能机理和动态阻尼特性,采用分数导数模型,并与温频等效原理相结合,得到了粘弹性阻尼材料的复模量、损耗因子与温度关系的参数化数学模型;并结合粘弹性阻尼材料的DMA测试实验数据对模型参量进行了拟合。实验结果和误差分析表明拟合的数学模型能够准确反映粘弹性材料在定频率变温度条件下的动力学特性的变化情况。     

路面基础激励下分数导数型包装系统 核心部件振动特性研究

研究分数导数型包装系统关键部件在路面激励下的动力学响应,建立了二自由度分数导数型包装系统动力学方程并求解,得到了核心部件位移的解析解和振幅比的表达式。并讨论了质量比、频率比、阻尼比等结构参数对隔振系统隔振效果的影响。     

Free damped vibrations of a viscoelastic oscillator based on Rabotnov’s model

Free damped vibrations of a linear viscoelastic oscillator based on Rabotnov’s model involving one fractional parameter and several relaxation (retardation) times are investigated. The analytical solution is obtained in the form of two terms, one of which governs the drift of the system’s equilibrium position and is defined by the quasi-static processes of creep occurring in the system, and the other term describes damped vibrations around the equilibrium position and is determined by the systems’s inertia and energy dissipation. The drift is governed by an improper integral taken along two sides of the cut of the complex plane. Damped vibrations are determined by two complex conjugate roots of the characteristic equation, which are located in the left half-plane of the complex plane. The behaviour of the characteristic equation roots as function of the system’s parameters is shown in the complex plane. Dedicated to the bright memory of Academician Yury N. Rabotnov.     

分数阶微分双参数黏弹性地基矩形板动力响应

基于弹性地基Pasternak双参数模型,利用分数阶微分得到黏弹性地基双参数模型,并在此基础上建立采用分数阶微分Kelvin模型的双参数黏弹性地基上弹性和黏弹性矩形板在动荷载作用下的动力方程;利用Galerkin方法和分段处理的数值计算方法求解四边简支的弹性和黏弹性地基板的动力方程,通过自由振动算例验证该求解方法的正确性;并分析冲击动荷载作用下分数阶微分Kelvin模型的分数阶、粘滞系数、水平剪切系数和模量参数对位移响应的影响。结果表明：分数阶微分黏弹性模型可以描述不同黏弹性材料的力学行为;分数阶取值0.5前后,矩形板位移响应值出现了不同的衰减发展形态;粘滞系数、水平剪切系数和模量系数取值越大,位移响应衰减速度越快。     

基于Lagrange变分法的分数导数粘弹性梁振动分析

在Lagrange变分法的基础上，推导出了应力应变关系服从分数导数Kelvin—Viogt本构关系的粘弹性梁的振动微分方程，并利用Zhang-Shimizu分数导数数值积分法得到了数值解，给出了数值算例，对分数导数粘弹性梁的振动特性进行了研究分析。     

饱和分数导数型粘弹性土-深埋圆形隧洞衬砌系统的动力特性

在频率域研究了分数导数型粘弹性饱和土体和深埋圆形隧洞弹性衬砌相互作用的耦合简谐振动。将土骨架视为具有分数阶导数型本构的粘弹性体,基于饱和多孔介质理论和平面弹性理论,分别给出了饱和粘弹性土、弹性衬砌简谐振动的解析解。通过弹性衬砌和饱和土接触面处的连续性条件和衬砌内边界条件,得到了饱和粘弹性土-衬砌系统的稳态动力响应,给出了衬砌和饱和粘弹性土位移、应力和孔隙压力的解析表达式。在此基础上,进行了参数研究,讨论了物理和几何参数对系统响应的影响。研究表明:饱和分数导数型粘弹性土-衬砌系统的动力响应与经典饱和弹性/粘弹性土-衬砌系统的动力响应差异很大。     

Finite Element Dynamic Analysis of Laminated Viscoelastic Structures

This work is concerned with the dynamic behavior of laminated beam, plate and shell structures consisting of a viscoelastic damping layer constrained between two structural layers. Finite element models for modal, harmonic and transient analyses are developed. The dynamic interlaminar shear stresses are determined and presented under harmonic and transient loads. The effect of the damping ratio of the viscoelastic material is investigated. It is found that the viscoelastic material damping reduces the interlaminar stresses. The results also show the dependency of the viscoelastic material on frequency, hence, the effect of the viscoelastic material appears significantly under harmonic loading. In transient analysis, the importance of the viscoelastic material is observed in absorbing the impact and returning the structure to its original configuration.     

气垫导轨上橡皮筋滑块系统自由振动研究

在气垫导轨上进行橡皮筋滑块系统的自由振动实验,测量了系统的振动周期和对数减缩.理论分析与实验值相差甚远,说明不能将橡皮筋滑块系统的自由振动按谐振子的黏性阻尼振动处理.提出含分数阶导数振子自由振动模型,采用数值方法和平均法求解含分数阶导数项的二阶常微分方程,发现此模型理论分析结果与实验情况相符,说明采用弹性系数、黏弹度和...     

Finite Element Dynamic Analysis of Laminated Viscoelastic Structures

This work is concerned with the dynamic behavior of laminated beam, plate and shell structures consisting of a viscoelastic damping layer constrained between two structural layers. Finite element models for modal, harmonic and transient analyses are developed. The dynamic interlaminar shear stresses are determined and presented under harmonic and transient loads. The effect of the damping ratio of the viscoelastic material is investigated. It is found that the viscoelastic material damping reduces the interlaminar stresses. The results also show the dependency of the viscoelastic material on frequency, hence, the effect of the viscoelastic material appears significantly under harmonic loading. In transient analysis, the importance of the viscoelastic material is observed in absorbing the impact and returning the structure to its original configuration.     

阻尼减振材料滞弹性位移场模型参数寻优及其应用

针对阻尼材料滞弹性位移场模型多参数、多目标、非线性优化问题,给出了一种粒子群算法与序列二次规划法相结合的多参数变量寻优解法,并将模型优化结果与标准流变学模型、分数导数模型及试验结果进行了比较。基于ADF数学模型建立了粘弹性集中参数系统及阻尼夹芯板结构的动力学方程,并进行了结构模态响应分析及阻尼预测。计算结果表明:该组合寻优解法不仅能得到较好的最优解,而且确定出的模型参数准确可信,优化后的ADF模型能很好的再现阻尼材料的本构特征。     

Potential discontinuity simulations with the numerical Green’s function in steady and transient problems

This paper applies the numerical Green’s function (NGF) boundary element formulation (BEM) first in standard form to solve the Laplace equation and then, coupled to the operational quadrature method (OQM), to solve time domain problems (TD-BEM). Both involve the analysis of potential discontinuities in the respective scalar model simulation. The implementation of the associated Green’s function acting as the fundamental solution is advantageous since element discretization of actual discontinuity surfaces are no longer required. In the OQM the convolution integral is substituted by a quadrature formula, whose weights are computed using the fundamental solution in the Laplace domain, producing the direct solution to the problem in the time domain. Applications of the NGF to problems involving the Laplace equation and its transient counterpart are presented for two-dimensional potential flow examples, confirming that the formulation is stable and accurate.     

阻尼减振材料滞弹性位移场模型参数寻优及计算

针对阻尼材料滞弹性位移场模型多参数、多目标、非线性优化问题,给出了一种粒子群算法与序列二次规划法相结合的多参数变量寻优解法,并将模型优化结果与标准流变学模型、分数导数模型及试验结果进行了比较。基于ADF数学模型建立了粘弹性集中参数系统及阻尼夹芯板结构的动力学方程,并进行了结构模态响应分析及阻尼预测。计算结果表明：该组合寻优解法不仅能得到较好的最优解,而且确定出的模型参数准确可信,优化后的ADF模型能很好的再现阻尼材料的本构特征。