雨水回用对城市水循环和下游生态环境的影响

基于水量平衡理论和城市径流污染控制理论,从水量和水质2个方面探讨城市雨水回用对地表水和地下水原有自然径流以及对下游生态环境的影响。结果表明:雨水回用不仅不会减少雨水入渗量,还可以控制雨水径流污染,削减汛期江河下游区域的洪峰流量,是改善下游区域生态环境的有效途径。最后对城市雨水回用的合理规划提出了建议。     

我国雨水集蓄饮用研究

在总结我国雨水蓄积利用现状的基础上,系统梳理了集雨水饮用系统的组成,对雨水收集、输送、处理、蓄存的每个组成单元进行分析,解析了集雨水水质污染的来源和处理途径。基于集雨饮水系统具有社会性和公益性的特点,提出了相应工程参与式管理的框架建议。     

论雨水集蓄利用的理论和实用意义

本文论述了雨水利用在水资源开发中的作用,认为雨水集蓄利用是水资源开发的组成部分,尤其在许多缺水山区是水资源开发不可替代的形式;因此建议应以降雨量作为水资源的总量来进行评价。雨水集蓄利用与传统旱作农业相结合,在作物生长临界期进行有限人工供水,能显著提高降水利用效率,有可能实现旱作农业的大发展。     

基于改进水质指数法的庭院雨水集蓄工程水质评价

应用改进的水质指数法对甘肃省榆中、通渭地区的庭院雨水集蓄工程的水质进行评价,结果表明庭院雨水集蓄工程的水质尚好,达到了国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)的3级标准,能够满足人畜饮水要求。     

Rainwater and greywater harvesting for urban food security in La Soukra,Tunisia

This paper presents the findings of an integrated household water treatment and reuse system for agriculture in La Soukra, Tunisia. The researchers found that the system has an internal rate of return of 17% and a net present value range from USD 26,000 (at a 5% discount rate) to USD 11,000 (for a 10% discount rate). Benefits included more water for irrigation, reduced costs to service providers, increased agricultural production from greenhouses and expanded agricultural options. These results suggest that investments in rainwater harvesting and greywater treatment at the farm level can increase the financial feasibility of peri-urban farms, which are often faced with pressure from urban growth. The systems can also help build household resilience to broader environmental change by lowering the exposure of farmers to burdens associated with infrequent access to water and poor-quality soil.     

Historical development of technologies for water resources management and rainwater harvesting in the Hellenic civilizations

The shortage of water in ancient Greek civilizations necessitated various collection methods and storage cisterns. In fact, rainwater harvesting dates back to Minoan times, ca. 3200–1100 BC. Since then, several types of cisterns have evolved, while a significant development appears to have occurred throughout Hellas during the Hellenistic period. In addition to the Hellenistic period, the succeeding Roman, Byzantine, Venetian and Ottoman periods are discussed. Within this context, a few examples relating to characteristics of Hellenistic cisterns, conveying illustrations of the development of technology during those historical periods, are included.     

小流域坡耕地集流梯田工程设计与应用

本文遵循坡地水量平衡原理和雨水叠加利用理论,提出了小流域坡耕地集流梯田工程的设计方法。研究这类工程的内涵、集流潜力及其断面参数。并对工程集蓄的径流通过典型工程应用分析了集流梯田对提高土壤水分、改良土壤和增产增收的效果进行了研究。结果表明,在我国北方丘陵半干旱地区修建1:1平坡比的集流梯田工程,比简单的坡耕地土壤含水量提高18.03%～25.87%;土壤全氮和有机质分别增加0.05～0.1g·kg-1和0.89～3.01g·kg-1;产量提高58.28%～76.02%。     

城市雨洪利用雨情分析

城市雨洪利用是解决城市缺水和防洪问题的一项重要措施.为了更好地利用城市雨洪资源,分析城区雨洪利用的潜力和效益规模,需要分析该城区的降雨资源特性,包括城区降雨总量、降雨的年内分配、年际变化及降雨的时间、空间分布特性;为了分析雨洪利用排水设施、蓄水设施规模,需要分析城区短历时暴雨、暴雨强度和设计降雨及设计降雨过程.     

城市雨水利用工程设计中的若干关键技术

随着我国城市化进程的加快,城市不透水面积增加导致雨水排泄负担加重,城市内涝更为严峻和频繁。城市雨水利用作为缓解这些问题的一项重要措施在我国逐步受到重视。由于缺乏系统、完善的工程设计方法,该项技术推广应用的速度、范围和效果受到限制。依据北京10年来的研究成果和工程设计与建设经验,探讨了雨水利用工程设计中的设计降雨、雨水池容积、溢流堰标高、调控排放调蓄池容积、绿地下渗设施规模、透水地面结构等技术关键的计算、设计方法和技术要点;提出了通过时间频率曲线推求较短历时设计降雨过程的方法;将雨水池的容积分成回用容积和调蓄容积,应用逐日调节计算法和数值模拟法分别进行计算;提出了调控排放系统调蓄容积的水量平衡估算法;建立了透水砖地面的设计流程。成果可为指导城市雨水利用工程建设、促进城市雨水利用技术的推广提供技术支撑。     

城市雨洪利用的设计降雨分析方法探讨

针对城区降雨径流和雨洪利用工程建设特点,提出了雨洪利用工程规划设计应采用的降雨分析方法.包括:降雨资料选择与统计分析方法,降雨时空分布和时程分配以及设计降雨过程等内容,可供城市雨洪利用工程和市政排水工程规划设计时参考.     

Improving water security through rainwater harvesting: a case from Guatemala and the potential for expanding coverage

Municipal infrastructure for water supply and delivery often does not reach populations in rural and peri-urban areas. This article examines rainwater harvesting as a means of increasing water security in such areas, through the case of Guachtuq, a peri-urban community outside San Cristóbal, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. The project team designed a rainwater harvesting system to improve three dimensions of water security: quantity, quality and access. The design was implemented for 12 households and evaluated for its contribution to water security and for the potential of expanding project coverage to the region and beyond. The system has improved water security. Several concerns remain, however, regarding the potential of expanding the project to other households in the region and beyond, including system cost, water quality and the individualization of public responsibility for water security.     

北京城市雨水利用发展思路

近年来,北京市城区局地性、短历时、冲击型暴雨对雨水排水系统、防洪除涝和雨水利用工作提出了新的挑战。通过总结北京城市雨水利用的现状和存在问题,参考国外的先进经验,指出了北京城市雨水利用发展的方向:建立精细化、智能化、高效率、高水平的城市雨水管理体系,并以此为基础,最大限度地消除城市暴雨内涝,安全利用雨水。     

Downspout politics,upstream conflict: formalizing rainwater harvesting in the United States

This article examines the formalization of rainwater harvesting (RWH) and the implications of new policy trends for water governance. Analysis of 96 RWH policies across the United States indicates three trends: (1) the ‘codification’ of water through administrative rather than public law; (2) the institutionalization of RWH through market-based tools; and (3) the rise of policies at different spatial scales, resulting in greater institutional complexity, new bureaucratic actors, and potential points of friction. Drawing on the cases of Colorado and Texas, the article argues that states with diverse legal traditions of water enable more successful regulatory environments for downspout alternatives.     

Cost-benefit analysis and equitable cost allocation for a residential rainwater harvesting system in the city of Austin,Texas

This study addresses the applicability and financial feasibility of residential rainwater harvesting systems in the city of Austin, Texas. A cost-benefit analysis is used to estimate the financial return for individual households with rainwater harvesting systems. In addition, a subsidy value that could be provided by the delay of a wastewater treatment plant expansion project is investigated. The findings suggest that a residential rainwater harvesting system would not be feasible without a sufficient subsidy. The estimated subsidy is also not enough to make the cost of the harvesting system effective; however, its multi-purpose benefits are not quantified.     

基于城市雨水资源化的截污下渗系统

以开展城市雨水综合利用为目的，本文介绍了由雨水入水口截污套件、下渗型雨水管涵和用于雨水检查井的截污清污装置组成的一种新型城镇道路雨水截污下渗系统。对各组件的背景技术，实现原理与设计方案、功能与特点进行了分析和详细论述。组件1能够拦截直径≥2mm的异形固体污垢，改善雨水水质，预防因污垢沉淀造成的排水管道堵塞。组件2能够实现地下水源补给，提升排水管道泄流能力，减轻泄洪河道下游压力和实现废物利用。组件3能够实现雨水泄流过程中的第2次截污和大幅度提高雨水检查井的清污效率。该系统提倡配套使用，也可独立使用，广泛适用于城镇道路雨水排水管网的设计与改造。     

生物慢滤技术在西北村镇集雨饮水 处理中的应用

通过对传统慢滤技术改进,研发了家用自动生物慢滤水处理设备并在甘肃省会宁县进行了实际应用。结果表明,该装置对原水中的浊度、细菌、总大肠菌群均有较好的去除效果,为保障西部农村饮水安全提供了技术支撑。     

城区屋面雨水径流水文水质特征研究

研究城区屋面径流水文过程与污染物浓度变化特征,为有效利用城市雨水、控制非点源污染提供依据。通过体积法对新乡市城区屋面降雨径流进行采样,水质指标分析包括pH、SS、COD和DO。屋面径流系数为0.92~0.98间。研究结果表明:径流初期污染严重,后期COD、SS浓度分别在25 mg/L和30 mg/L以下。径流曲线形态与降雨过程线类似,两者波动幅度相对较小。径流中COD与SS之间的相关性较好,而DO与其之间的相关性较差。径流水质主要受降雨量、降雨强度、屋面材料、季节和气温等因素影响。     

中国北方城市雨水资源利用探讨

简介国内外雨水利用概况,分析中国北方城市雨水利用的必要性和可行性,并对几个典型的中国北方城市的年均雨水资源化潜力以及石家庄市单次强降雨产生的雨洪资源利用潜力进行了计算。计算结果表明,北京、天津、西安、太原、郑州、石家庄、济南的年均雨水资源化潜力依次为1.6559、0.9573、0.4756、0.3149、0.5037、0.3243、0.3674亿m3。文末简单介绍了城市雨水综合利用的方法,认为城市雨水的合理收集利用,不仅能有效缓解水资源供求矛盾,带来可观的经济效益,还具有改善城市生态环境等功效,具有广阔的发展前景。     

Rainwater harvesting on the sea: a new sustainable water resource

In this paper, an innovative technique for rainwater harvesting on the sea and storing in submarine water tanks is presented. This technique is environmentally friendly and energy-sustainable.     

昆明市主城区雨水资源潜力特征分析

为探究昆明市主城区雨水资源潜力和提高雨水资源利用的效率,根据昆明市5个气象站点1986,1995,2000,2007年和2014年的逐日降雨数据,利用修正后的SCS模型,模拟不同年份昆明市主城区的雨水资源潜力,并对其时空变化特征进行了分析。分析结果表明:①修正后的SCS模型适用于昆明坝区,验证期模拟的平均相对误差均小于15%;②1986,1995,2000,2007年和2014年的昆明市主城区雨水资源潜力分别为3.549 9亿,2.668 0亿,1.484 0亿,1.800 1亿m~3和2.519 3亿m~3,目前雨水可收集利用区域主要分布在城市建设用地和交通运输用地,其年平均可利用雨水资源潜力为1.025亿m~3,占比达到42.56%;③夏季雨水产流量最多,达到1.863 0亿m~3,其中6～8月的平均雨水产流量分别为0.594 9亿,0.538 3亿,0.729 9亿m~3;④1986～2014年,昆明市主城区的雨水产流能力呈现为上升的趋势,其高值区向东部和南部扩大的趋势较为显著,而且可利用雨水资源的潜力呈逐年上升趋势。