轻质油油井沥青质沉淀清除作业

两伊边界轻质油油田主力产层A油组在生产过程中,沥青质在井筒析出、沉淀的现象很严重,是无水开采阶段影响油井生产时率的主要因素之一。A油组异常高压,地层原油中高含硫化氢,所以整个作业过程,油管和油套环空之间不允许建立循环,这些都给井筒沥青质沉淀清除工作带来了很大困难。本次施工先采用泵车小排量控压、分段挤入、分段浸泡以及分段返排的工艺,挤入过程中井筒被沥青沉淀堵死,之后改用连续油管通洗井和泵车小排量控压挤入与浸泡相结合的工艺,顺利完成作业,使油井恢复正常生产。本次作业历时5 d,现场施工过程艰难复杂,通过作业认识到高效的沥青质沉淀溶剂、连续油管通洗、泵车控压控排量挤入、浸泡时间和浸泡深度几方面紧密配合是保证施工成功的关键。     

Prediction of asphaltene precipitation during gas injection

Maintaining the flow of multiphase fluid from the reservoir to the surface has been an important issue with wide economic importance for the petroleum industry. Asphaltene precipitation due to change in temperature, pressure, and composition of oil can adversely affect the oil flow to the surface by reducing the available diameter of the tubing. In this study, the precipitation of asphaltene from an Iranian crude oil was investigated. To do our study, through information about asphaltene instability in the live oil during both natural depletion and gas injection conditions about oil sample from Iranian oil field was gathered. Then, the solid model and scaling model were utilized to predict the weight percent of precipitated asphaltene at a wide range of the pressure and temperature. Results of the work revealed that both models predict the increase in weight percent of precipitated asphaltene when lean gas injected to the live oil at the maximum point of asphaltene instability. In addition, the study showed that both models are capable of predicting the experimental data of asphaltene precipitation; while scaling modeling is more reliable when the gas is injected to the oil.     

双油管完井工艺技术

双油管完井所需的井下工具较多,工艺也比较复杂,在我国油田开发中是一项比较新的完井工艺技术。本文通过涠10-3油田7口井次的施工实践,介绍有关双油管完井的一般井下管柱结构、完井工具及作用和现场施工工艺等。     

排水采气井油管和环空两相流压降优化模型

根据川西南威远气田大水量气井现场测试数据,建立了举升油管和油套环空气液两相流压降优化模型.将油管内的持液率模化为气相、液相无因次速度和液相无因次粘度的函数;环空流动的持液率模化为气相与液相折算速度、密度和粘度三个相对量的函数.以最小计算压降与实测值的平均绝对误差作为目标函数,优化持液率关系式的参数值和管壁粗糙度修正系数.经综合评价表明,对于大水量气井条件下,新模型的计算结果与现场数据十分吻合,其性能明显优于所比较的5个常用经验相关式.文中还对此模型进行了水气比敏感性分析.     

油套环空放空防止气井井筒生成水合物技术

基于气液两相流沿气井油管上升流动过程中质量和动量守恒及井筒传热机理,建立了压力和温度梯度耦合模型,并采用四阶龙格 库塔法数值求解。该模型中考虑了流体的焦耳 汤姆逊效应及环空介质和地层热物性沿井深的变化,分析了大牛地低渗低产D2-56气井环空介质换热系数和井筒总传热系数与套压的关系。计算结果表明：若井下安装封隔器,并将油套环空放空,可显著降低井筒总传热能力和油管内流体的热损失,提高油管内流体温度,可防止水合物在油管中生成。对于产量较高的气井,降低油套环空压力对防止水合物生成更具有实用性。     

Prediction of asphaltene precipitation by the extended Flory–Huggins model using the modified Esmaeilzadeh–Roshanfekr equation of state

Asphaltene precipitation is caused by a number of factors, such as the variation of pressure and temperature, the change in composition and the mixing of oil with diluting solvents. The deposition of asphaltene precipitation is one of the main problems with the oil industries, appearing in the well bore, the well tubing and the refining processes. This causes an increase in the operating costs and imposes the costs of cleaning and washing well tubing as well. Therefore, it would be economically beneficial to know under what conditions and to what amount the asphaltene precipitates.In this paper, a model is presented based on the Flory–Huggins theory of polymeric solutions. Because the interaction parameter term plays a key role in the asphaltene precipitation, a correlation is proposed to account for the effect of the solvent ratio in addition to molecular weight. Several adjustable parameters in terms of the interaction parameter are determined in this work using a series of experimental precipitation data from a crude oil sample of a field located in the southwest of Iran (oil sample 1), and applying a robust optimization method (the differential evolution). Regarding the influence of the solubility parameter on the accuracy of the final results, a comparison is made between the m-ER, PR and the SRK EOSs. Finally, the obtained results from the comparison between the asphaltene precipitation amounts of various solvents and the existing experimental values for another group of data from oil sample 1, and two other oil samples verify the accuracy of the presented model.     

高压深井分段改造管柱封隔器间压力预测及应用

针对高压深井分段改造过程中封隔器间环空压力下降造成的改造管柱和封隔器受力状况恶化问题,基于能量守恒原理和井筒传热理论,建立了考虑摩擦生热和对流换热等影响的注入工况井筒温度场二维瞬态预测模型,并分析了井筒温度和压力变化对封隔器间环空体积的影响;然后结合井筒温度瞬态预测模型、环空流体PVT状态方程、油管柱径向变形计算模型和地层瞬态渗流方程,建立了典型高压深井封隔器间环空压力预测模型。最后,以塔里木油田1口高压气井为例开展了封隔器间环空压力预测。分析结果表明:常规设计方法认为安全的管柱,考虑封隔器间环空压力下降后就存在非常大的失效风险,高压深井分段改造管柱设计过程中必须充分考虑该因素。该研究成果为高压深井分段改造管柱的优化设计提供了新思路。     

Application of Fuzzy c-means algorithm for the estimation of Asphaltene precipitation

One of problematic topics in petroleum engineering is Asphaltene precipitation issue which causes problems such as tubing plugging and formation damage due to temperature, pressure and composition changes so the notability of this issue increases. In the present investigation a novel Fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm was developed to predict precipitated asphaltene as function of dilution ratio, carbon number of precipitants and temperature for solving the problem. The results showed that this novel approach has great ability to predict precipitated asphaltene in terms of aforementioned parameters. The coefficients of determination (R²) for training and testing steps are calculated as 0.9828 and 0.9387 respectively. This great degree of accuracy expresses that the predicting algorithm has potential to be utilized as software for prediction of asphaltene behavior.     

原油沥青质初始沉淀压力测定与模型化计算

温度、压力及组成的改变均会造成原油中沥青质产生沉淀,导致储层伤害和井筒堵塞。文中通过自主研制的固相沉淀激光探测系统,用透光率法首次测定了伊朗南阿油田原油样品在不同温度下的沥青质初始沉淀压力;同时利用Nghiem等建立的沥青质沉淀预测的热力学模型对油样沥青质初始沉淀压力进行计算,并与实验结果拟合。结果表明：利用透光率法测定该油田油样,在44,80,123℃下的沥青质初始沉淀压力点分别为42.8,39.7,35.2 MPa;沥青质初始沉淀压力随着温度的升高,在井筒温度范围内呈线性关系。模型计算与实验结果误差不超过15%,所以利用Nghiem模型对原油沥青质的初始沉淀压力进行预测是可靠的。     

基于节点网络的水平井分段流入剖面预测方法

随着水平井分段完井技术的发展,完井结构变得越来越复杂,为了准确模拟水平井分段完井流入剖面,研究了基于节点网络的水平井分段流入剖面预测方法。将完井结构简化为由地层、井壁与完井工具间的环空、完井工具构成的水平井井筒网络,基于物质守恒原理和动量守恒定理,建立了各类流动桥的压降模型;用桥流动指数来表征流体流动方向,建立了耦合地层、井壁与完井工具间的环空、完井工具三者之间的流体流入剖面预测模型,并采用Newton–Raphson迭代方法进行了求解。算例分析表明,应用该方法可预测水平井复杂完井结构的环空、油管中的压力和流量分布,准确反映完井方式和完井工具对井筒流体流入剖面的影响,且具有较高的预测精度。研究认为,建立的水平井分段流入剖面模型可为完井方式选择、参数优化设计提供理论支撑。      

三层完井技术在底水油藏开采中的应用

介绍了三层完井技术的基本原理,即该技术分别在油层和水层完井（水层有两处完井段）,并用封隔器将三射孔段隔开,油水界面以上的原油从油套环空中采出,油水界面以下的水从水层上部射孔段采出后直接回注到水层下部的射孔段。分析了影响三层完井技术临界采油量及油井含水率的主要因素,包括采油速度、采水速度、水层两射孔段间的距离（D／I值）。结果表明,通过设计合理的采水速度及调整D／I值,能使三层完井技术的临界采油量达普通完井技术临界采油量的10倍,油井含水率比普通完井技术大幅度下降。     

The Thermodynamic Modeling of Asphaltene Precipitation Equilibrium during the Natural Production of Crude Oil: The Role of Pressure and Temperature

Asphaltene precipitation is a sophisticated issue in the upstream oil industry, worldwide, and has detrimental effect on a verity of production processes; it damages the properties of the reservoir and causes an unfavorable and significant decrease in oil production. In spite of numerous studies to predict asphaltene behavior, the effect of temperature on asphaltene precipitation during pressure depletion at reservoir conditions is still obscure in the literature. In this study the PVT data as well as experimental data of asphaltene precipitation at reservoir conditions of an Iranian light oil samples is used, and the asphaltene precipitation and deposition envelops (APE and ADE) of the oil are developed using solid thermodynamic modeling.     

A Thermodynamic Model for the Prediction of Asphaltene Precipitation

Abstract

Asphaltene precipitation in reservoirs, wells, and facilities can have a severe and detrimental impact on the oil production. Due to the extreme chemical complexity of the asphaltene and crude oil and the lack of comprehensive experimental data, the modeling of asphaltene precipitation in crude oil remains as a challenging task. In this article, a compositional thermodynamic model was developed to predict asphaltene precipitation conditions. The proposed model is based on a cubic equation of state with an additional term to describe the association of asphaltene molecules. Extensive testing against the literature data, including asphaltene precipitation from crude oil and solvent injection systems, concludes that the proposed model provides reasonable predictive results.     

深水压井井筒瞬态传热及复杂流动行为研究

在深水压井循环期间,随着压井液的循环,井筒瞬态温度场不断变化,导致环空多相流动行为变化复杂,进而影响压井过程中的井筒压力分布.为快速准确地预测深水压井过程中不同循环时间和压井排量下的井筒瞬态温度分布,基于能量守恒原理,综合考虑压井液、钻杆、环空、地层、海水以及隔水管之间的热传递,建立了深水压井过程中井筒瞬态温度场解析模...     

Development of an Artificial Neural Network Algorithm for the Prediction of Asphaltene Precipitation

Abstract

The precipitation and deposition of crude oil polar fractions such as asphaltenes in petroleum reservoirs considerably reduce rock permeability and oil recovery. Therefore, it is of great importance to determine how and how much the asphaltenes precipitate as a function of pressure, temperature, and liquid phase composition. The authors designed and applied an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to predict the amount of asphaltene precipitation at a given operating condition. Among this training, the back-propagation learning algorithm with different training methods was used. The most suitable algorithm with an appropriate number of neurons in the hidden layer, which provides the minimum error, was found to be the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm. An extensive experimental data for the amount of asphaltene precipitation at various temperatures (293–343 K) was used to create the input and target data for generating the ANN model. The predicted results of asphaltene precipitation from the ANN model was also compared with the results of proposed scaling equations in the literature. The results revealed that scaling equations cannot predict the amount of asphaltene precipitation adequately. With an acceptable quantitative and qualitative agreement between experimental data and predicted amount of asphaltene precipitation for all ranges of dilution ratio, solvent molecular weight and temperature was obtained through using ANN model.     

酸性气井关井后重组分沉降对井筒组分变化的影响

目前经典的井筒稳态多相流流动模型没有考虑关井后重组分沉降作用,可能导致井筒压力-温度预测不准。针对酸性气井井筒复杂流动特征,基于热动力学平衡原理和热扩散理论,考虑酸性气井关井后H₂S及CO₂重组分在重力、化学势变化以及热扩散作用下向下沉降,建立了重组分沉降过程中组分梯度方程和扩散模型,模拟计算了井筒压力分布和组分变化。研究表明：关井后井筒中H₂S和CO₂重组分沉降导致流体密度、H₂S、CO₂摩尔浓度从井口到井底逐渐增大,而C₁、C₂组分含量逐渐减少。实例井5 000 m井深井口样和井底样H₂S含量差别近10%,建议酸性气井流样分析宜采用井底样。这也解释了为什么酸性气井井底一般腐蚀更为严重。     

微小井眼循环系统压力损失规律研究

通过研究,建立了微小井眼连续管内及环空压耗计算模型;根据所建立的数学模型及设定的参数,计算了不同井深和排量下连续管直管段、螺旋管段及环空的压力损失,得到了压力损失与各参数之间的变化规律曲线。曲 线表明,在相同流量下,直管段、螺旋管段及环空的压力损失随井深（长度）的增加而线性增加;流量增大,相同长度的直管段和螺旋管段的压力损失增大,环空压耗也增大;长度相同时,在螺旋段产生的摩擦压力损失远比在直管段的大;随着井深的增加,连续管的总压力降呈下降趋势。     

川西积液水平井井筒压力及液位预测

正确预测积液水平井井筒压力与液位是优选排液工艺、制定排液参数的技术关键。基于U型管原理,结合流体静力学与动力学方程,建立了积液水平井油管与油套环空压力平衡模型。模型中油管压降来源于液位以上流动气体与液位以下的两相流动,其两相流持液率基于漂移模型得到;油套环空压降则来源于液位以上的静气柱压力和液位以下的静液柱压力;油管与油套环空压力在井下连通点处相等;模型计算采用了先借助地面回声仪获得油套环空中的液位,再利用模型求解油管液位及压力的方法。川西气田什邡6-1HF水平井的模型预测压力与实际测压数据的误差为3.75%,表明该方法能够正确预测川西气田积液水平井的井筒压力与积液液位,且预测时效优于传统的测压方法。影响因素分析表明,油管液位通常高于环空液位,油套压差的减少能够间接反映油管积液量的减少,为类似油田的开发提供技术指导。     

稠油油藏水平井热采非等温流入动态模型

将常规油藏水平井三维稳态势分布模式引入到水平井蒸汽吞吐开发油藏,以Marx_Langenheim加热理论为基础,把水平井筒处理成由若干个流量、温度不等的微元段线汇组成,建立了非等温油藏内渗流与水平井筒内变质量变温度管流耦合的流入动态模型.利用该流入动态模型,可以计算水平井注蒸汽后的地层参数,也可以模拟计算水平井筒在不同温度分布剖面下的产量和压力分布,分析流入动态的诸多影响因素,从而为优选采油参数提供了依据.计算实例表明:蒸汽吞吐水平井的流入动态受水平井筒的非等温状况影响较大.水平段首、尾两端温差越大,水平井筒压降就越大,产能也越低,水平段产量分布的对称性变差,指端产量远低于跟端产量.     

高含硫气井井筒硫沉积预测

随着高含硫气藏的开发,析出的硫会对储层造成伤害,影响气井的正常生产,因此,准确预测硫的沉积对酸性气田的合理高效开发具有十分重要的意义。文中根据气、液、固三相流动规律,建立了高温高压高含硫气井井筒硫沉积预测模型,利用缔合模型的基本原理,建立包含温度、压力和流态3个变量的硫溶解度函数模型,用来预测硫在井筒中的析出位置;再利用缔合模型的相关理论解释硫元素在井筒中的溶解机理,以温度、压力和硫溶解度为变量,判断单质硫是否沉积、沉积位置,并对沉积量进行动态计算。以普光气田×井为例,计算得出硫溶解度和析出量随井筒的变化规律,其结果与实际情况吻合较好。