Atmospheric Dependence on Dielectric Loss of 1/6Ba5Nb4O15· 5/6BaNb2O6 Ceramics

Samples of 1/6Ba₅Nb₄O₁₅·5/6BaNb₂O₆ along with the pure end members, Ba₅Nb₄O₁₅ and BaNb₂O₆, were sintered under low oxygen partial pressure. The degradation mechanisms of dielectric loss in this reducing atmosphere have been studied. We found that the degradation occurred primarily due to the formation of oxygen vacancies caused by the reduction of Nb⁵⁺. This was determined by measuring the electrical conductivity, and through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. More importantly, the dielectric loss of 1/6Ba₅Nb₄O₁₅·5/6BaNb₂O₆ samples with higher temperature stability was further decreased on sintering in a reducing atmosphere. This observation has been explained by considering the increased porosity and formation of a reduced second phase, Ba_0.65NbO₃.     

Characterization of Material for Low-Temperature Sintered Multilayer Ceramic Substrates

The sintering temperature of multilayer ceramic substrates must decrease to 1000° or below to avoid melting the conductors (Pd-Ag, Au, or Cu) during sintering. In this study, SiO₂, CaO, B₂O₃, and MgO were used as additives to Al₂O₃ to decrease the firing temperature by liquid-phase sintering. Compositions with 18.0 and 22.5 wt% B₂O₃ were sintered at around 1000° in an air atmosphere to yield dense ceramics with good properties: relative dielectric contant between 6 to 7 (1 MHz), tan δ≤× 3 × 10⁻⁴ (1 MHz), insulating resistivity > 10¹⁴ω cm, coefficient of thermal expansion ∼ 7.0 × 10⁻⁶/°, and thermal conductivity ∼ 4.1 W/(m · K).     

Rational Design of Soluble Polyaramid for High‐Efficiency Energy Storage Dielectric Materials at Elevated Temperatures

High‐temperature polymer dielectrics are in great demand for harsh‐environment applications. Maintaining high‐energy storage density and low loss at elevated temperatures remains a major challenge for polymer dielectrics. In this work, a new type of polymer dielectric material is designed, which exhibits comparable dielectric properties in the start‐of‐the‐art dielectric nanocomposites and a superior potential for scale up. A soluble, glassy state polymer with a polarizing group is designed by introducing a weakly polar group into the polyaramid (PA) backbone to dilute the hydrogen bonding of the PA parent species. This increases the mobility of the molecular dipole within the polymer in the glassy state, thereby increasing its dielectric constant while maintaining the high‐temperature performance. The result of this design is a polymer with a glass transition temperature of 251 °C, a dielectric constant of up to 4.5, and a dielectric loss of 1%, while maintaining 2.1 J cm^?3 energy density and 86.8% efficiency at 200 °C. This polymer, with its excellent, intrinsic, electrical‐energy‐storage properties can also be adapted for a roll‐to‐roll capacitor film production. Breaking intermolecular hydrogen bonds to enhance the electrical‐energy‐storage properties of polymers is an excellent path for designing polymer dielectrics with high‐temperature capabilities.     

Particle Technology in the Formulation and Fabrication of Thermal Energy Storage Materials

This article reviews the state of the art of the formulation and fabrication of sensible, latent, and thermochemical thermal energy storage (TES) materials with special focus on the role of particle technology in enhancing the performance of these materials. Molten salt-based sensible TES materials have been intensively studied, particularly the use of doped nanoparticles for enhancing specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity. For latent TES, the inclusion of property enhancers is among the most effective approaches to address the low thermal conductivity and supercooling issues of phase change materials (PCMs), whereas the encapsulation of PCMs and structurally stabilized composite PCMs are the favorable methods to address leakage and chemical incompatibility challenges. Thermochemical TES materials are often incorporated with an inert or an active host matrix for structural stabilization.     

Finite-Element Analysis of Ceramic Multilayer Capacitors: Modeling and Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for a Nondestructive Failure Test

The opportunities are introduced to calculate the electrical, mechanical, and thermal couplings of ceramic multilayer capacitors (MLCs) with the finite-element method. The results may lead to improvements in the production, integration, and operation of MLCs. In this paper, a comparison is given of calculations and measurements of electromechanical resonances in the impedance spectra of MLCs. The simulation of defective capacitors with three different types of assumed faults reveals the changes in the impedance spectra due to these defects. This allows the prediction of flaws in MLCs based on measurement of the impedance spectra.     

工业窑炉用陶瓷基定形储能材料的研究

为改善工业窑炉中高温烟气余热回收换热器中蓄热材料的性能,本研究成功制备出了Na2SO4/SiO2 定形复合储能材料,理论分析了相变材料和陶瓷材料的选择原则,探讨了原料配比、烧结温度和时间对Na2SO4/SiO2 结构和储热性能的影响,试验结果表明,制备Na2SO4/SiO2 的工艺条件为:成型压力 70～100MPa,烧结温度950～1000℃,升温速率15℃/min,保温时间 1h.     

Reaction-Controlled Binder Burnout of Ceramic Multilayer Capacitors

Reaction-controlled binder burnout of ceramic multilayer capacitors (CMCs) is conducted in a series of small-scale experiments. the burnout process is followed by monitoring the weight of the CMCs. The observed maximum weight loss rate, obtained with a conventional linear heating process, is used to design a weight-time program for a reaction-controlled process. In this process the actual CMC weight is controlled to closely follow the weight program by means of continuous control with the batch temperature. The advantages of this procedure are discussed. The results of the present study, although being restricted to oxidative burnout of a special product, are thought to be of some use for other ceramic burnout situations. The relevant parts of controller design are discussed together with some comments on scale-up.     

Current Understanding of Structure–Processing–Property Relationships in BaTiO3–Bi(M)O3 Dielectrics

As part of a continued push for high permittivity dielectrics suitable for use at elevated operating temperatures and/or large electric fields, modifications of BaTiO₃ with Bi(M)O₃, where M represents a net‐trivalent B‐site occupied by one or more species, have received a great deal of recent attention. Materials in this composition family exhibit weakly coupled relaxor behavior that is not only remarkably stable at high temperatures and under large electric fields, but is also quite similar across various identities of M. Moderate levels of Bi content (as much as 50 mol%) appear to be crucial to the stability of the dielectric response. In addition, the presence of significant Bi reduces the processing temperatures required for densification and increases the required oxygen content in processing atmospheres relative to traditional X7R‐type BaTiO₃‐based dielectrics. Although detailed understanding of the structure–processing–property relationships in this class of materials is still in its infancy, this article reviews the current state of understanding of the mechanisms underlying the high and stable values of both relative permittivity and resistivity that are characteristic of BaTiO₃‐Bi(M)O₃ dielectrics as well as the processing challenges and opportunities associated with these materials.     

Glass Dielectrics in Extreme High‐Temperature Environment

Thin and flexible glass ribbons can be rolled into a film capacitor structures for power electronic circuits. Glass has excellent electrical properties and is a leading candidate to replace polymer films for high‐temperature applications. The dielectric properties of a low‐alkali aluminoborosilicate glass were characterized up to temperatures of 400°C. Low‐field permittivity values of 6 with dielectric loss below 0.01 were found for temperatures below 300°C. The dielectric breakdown strength exceeded 5 MV/cm for temperature of 400°C and high‐field polarization measurements showed that glass has over 95% energy efficiency at temperatures of 200°C, which is a target temperature for high‐temperature power electronic circuits driven by wide bandgap semiconductor devices.     

Electrode-Based Causes of Delaminations in Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors

Delaminations are a principal quality problem in the manufacture of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLC's). They are defined as a separation of the electrode and dielectric layers and can result in electrical shorts and/or life failures. Delaminations originate from many sources in MLC manufacture, but we have identified four which are caused by the electrode. High levels of organic resin in the electrode paste lead to high resin content in dried electrode prints, requiring removal of large amounts of organic residues during burnout, causing delaminations. Catalysis of these organics by the precious metals also causes delaminations from rapid evolution of gas and heat release during burnout. Poor adhesion of the dielectric tape layers to dried electrode prints during MLC buildup can cause "green-state" delaminations which remain through firing. Sintering shrinkage mismatch between the electrode and dielectric layers leads to internal stresses in MLC's, resulting in delaminations. We discuss these electrode-based mechanisms of delamination and the design of electrode pastes which solve these problems.     

Energy Conversion during Microwave Sintering of a Multiphase Ceramic Surrounded by a Susceptor

A quasi-analytic model has been developed to examine energy conversion during the microwave sintering of a ceramic that is surrounded by a susceptor. Low-loss ceramics, such as ZrO₂, couple poorly with microwave radiation at low temperatures; however, because the dielectric loss usually increases rapidly as temperature increases, coupling improves dramatically at high temperatures. To improve heat transfer at low temperatures, susceptors are used. Three processes of energy flow are considered: microwave absorption due to dielectric losses, blackbody radiation, and heat convection. As expected, the susceptor (SiC) heats rapidly, relative to the ceramic (ZrO₂), at low temperatures; however, the ceramic attains higher temperatures after a prolonged period of microwave exposure. Below a critical temperature (800°C), the primary heat-transfer mechanism to the ZrO₂ is blackbody radiation from the susceptor. Above this temperature, microwave radiation is the main source that contributes to the temperature increase of the ceramic. The results of the simulation are in reasonable agreement with recent experimental data.     

Sn4+离子改性对BSBNT陶瓷的电储能特性影响研究

本文采用固相法制备了 Ba0.105Sr0.215Bi0.345Na0.325SnxTi1-xO3(简称BSBNSnxTi1-x,其中x=0,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08)陶瓷,研究了 SnO2掺杂量对BSBNT陶瓷相结构、显微结构、介电及电储能特性的影响.结果表明:BSBNSnxTi1-x 陶瓷主晶相为赝立...     

Simultaneously achieving high energy storage density and efficiency under low electric field in BiFeO3-based lead-free relaxor ferroelectric ceramics

BiFeO₃-BaTiO₃-based relaxor ferroelectric ceramic has attracted increasing attention for energy storage applications. However, simultaneously achieving high recoverable energy storage density (W_rec) and efficiency (η) under low electric field has been a longstanding drawback for their practical applications. Herein, a novel relaxor ferroelectric material was designed by introducing (Sr_0.7Bi_0.2)TiO₃ (SBT) into the composition 0.67BiFeO₃-0.33BaTiO₃ (BF-BT-xSBT). A large W_rec of ∼2.40 J/cm³ and a high η of ∼90.4 % were simultaneously realized under a low electric field of 180 kV/cm, which is superior to that of most previously reported lead-free ceramics. Moreover, moderate temperature endurance and excellent frequency stability were also obtained. More importantly, this ceramic has a large discharge current density (∼289.18 A/cm²), a discharge power density (∼14.46 MW/cm³) and short discharge time (<0.25 μs). These results not only demonstrate superior potential in BF-BT-SBT ceramics, but also offer a new design to tune the energy storage performance of lead-free relaxor ferroelectric ceramics.     

蓄能发光功能涂料研究及其应用

介绍了蓄能发光涂料中所用发光材料的种类与性能特点，阐述了目前稀土铝酸盐长余辉蓄能发光材料的研究成果及作为涂料添加剂的表面改性处理；列举了蓄能发光涂料在建筑装饰、消防安全等领域的应用，对其存在的问题和发展趋势进行了探讨；同时简述了相关的研究。     

SiO2陶瓷基体复合相变储能材料制备工艺的探讨

SiO2陶瓷基体的复合相变储能材料主要是由SiO2陶瓷基体和Na2SO4相变材料组成。通过实验探讨基体材料的粒度、成型压力、烧成温度对结果的影响。采用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)测定所制备的样品的融解热,采用热重分析仪(TG)表征样品的热稳定性。     

Ag~+掺杂钛酸锶钡基玻璃陶瓷的显微结构和介电性能

采用熔融法制备了钛酸锶钡（barium strontium titanate,BST）基玻璃,然后将此玻璃样品在不同的温度下进行热处理得到BST基玻璃陶瓷,采用差热分析研究了BST基玻璃陶瓷析晶过程中的热力学特征,用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分别分析了玻璃陶瓷的显微结构和相结构,并且系统研究了该玻璃陶瓷的介电特性以及耐击穿电场强度。结果表明：0.3%（质量分数）Ag＋掺杂时,BST基玻璃中BST相的析晶温度从885℃下降到840℃,有利于玻璃体中BST晶体的析出。另外,Ag＋的掺杂有利于提高BST基玻璃陶瓷的介电常数,同时能维持较低的介电损耗。此外,Ag＋掺杂能够提高BST基玻璃的耐击穿电场强度,其在800℃热处理后,可达96.3 kV/mm,高于未掺杂Ag＋的BST基玻璃的52.5kV/mm。     

相变储能材料的研究进展

综述了用于节能领域的相变储能材料的分类及其性能、优缺点;重点论述了新型相变材料的研究发展;并探讨了相变材料在太阳能利用、医疗、建筑节能等领域的应用;展望了未来相变材料的发展方向和应用前景。     

High‐Energy Storage Performance in (Pb0.98La0.02)(Zr0.45Sn0.55)0.995O3 AFE Thick Films Fabricated via a Rolling Process

(Pb_0.98La_0.02)(Zr_0.45Sn_0.55)_0.995O₃ antiferroelectric (AFE) thick films with a thickness of about 85 μm were successfully fabricated via a rolling process using an improved sintering method, and all specimens showed high‐energy‐storage performance. The X‐ray diffraction, SEM pictures, and hysteresis loops confirmed that the sintering temperature had an important influence on the microstructures, dielectric properties and energy storage performance of AFE thick films. The grain size and the storage efficiency increased with the increasing sintering temperature, the energy storage performance was enlarged by the rolling process. As a result, a maximum recoverable energy density of 7.09 J/cm³ with an efficiency of 88% was achieved at room temperature, together with stable energy‐storage behavior, which was almost three times higher than that (2.43 J/cm³) of the bulk ceramics counterparts. The results demonstrated that the improved method was an effective way to improve the breakdown strength and energy storage performance of AFE thick films, and (Pb_0.98La_0.02)(Zr_0.45Sn_0.55)_0.995O₃ AFE thick films were a promising material for high‐power energy storage.     

扫描电子显微镜在新型陶瓷材料显微分析中的应用

简要介绍了扫描电子显微镜的工作原理; 以铁电陶瓷为例阐述了这种检测仪器在新型陶瓷材料的显微结构分析、纳米尺寸研究及铁电畴的观测领域中的用途,说明了扫描电子显微镜与其他设备的组合以实现多种分析功能的发展趋势和陶瓷材料在扫描电镜分析时的几个常见问题.     

插层复合法制备纳米复合相变贮能材料

研究了利用熔融插层法将癸酸插入到蒙脱土层间制备复合相变贮能材料的方法,探索了其适宜的制备条件,用XRD、IR、DSC对其结构及贮能性能进行了分析。实验结果表明：癸酸被有效地密封在蒙脱土层间,制得的材料是一种纳米复合相变贮能材料,具有良好的贮能性能,相变过程形态稳定。