Effect of home processing on the distribution and reduction of pesticide residues in apples

The effect of home processing (washing, peeling, coring and juicing) on residue levels of chlorpyrifos, β-cypermethrin, tebuconazole, acetamiprid and carbendazim in apple segments was investigated. The pesticide residues were determined by UPLC-MS/MS and GC with a flame photometric (FPD) and electron capture detection (ECD). The results indicated that the pesticide residue levels in the apple peel and core were higher compared with in the apple flesh. After peeled and cored apple was processed into apple juice and pomace, chlorpyrifos, β-cypermethrin and tebuconazole were concentrated in the apple pomace. However, residues of acetamiprid and carbendazim were exceptions. The apple pomace was free of acetamiprid, which was mainly present in the apple juice. After washing the mean loss of chlorpyrifos, β-cypermethrin, tebuconazole, acetamiprid and carbendazim from apples under recommended dosage and twofold higher dosage were 17–21%, 6.7–7.1%, 13–32%, 42–67% and 47–50%, respectively. The pesticide residues were significantly reduced in the edible part of the apple except for β-cypermethrin during peeling and coring process. The removal effect of apple juicing was found to be the most pronounced on β-cypermethrin residue, which was reduced in the range of 81–84%, and the reductions of chlorpyrifos, tebuconazole, acetamiprid and carbendazim upon apple juicing were in the range of 15–36%.     

Distribution of multiple pesticide residues in apple segments after home processing

The effects of washing, storing, boiling, peeling, coring and juicing on pesticide residue were investigated for field-sprayed Discovery and Jonagold apples. Residues of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, diazinon, endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, fenitrothion, fenpropathrin, iprodione, kresoxim-methyl, lambda-cyhalothrin, quinalphos, tolylfluanid and vinclozolin in the processed apples were analysed by gas chromatography. Statistical analysis showed that reductions of 18-38% were required to obtain significant effects of processing practices, depending on pesticide and apple variety. Juicing and peeling the apples significantly reduced all pesticide residues. In the case of detectable pesticide residues, 1-24% were distributed in the juice and in the peeled apple. None of the pesticide residues was significantly reduced when the apples were subject to simple washing or coring. Storing significantly reduced five of the pesticide residues: diazinon, chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, kresoxim-methyl and tolylfluanid, by 25-69%. Residues of the metabolite endosulfan sulfate were increased by 34% during storage. Boiling significantly reduced residues of fenitrothion and tolylfluanid by 32 and 81%, respectively. Only a few of the observed effects of processing could be explained by the physical or chemical characteristics of the pesticides. No differences in effect of processing due to apple variety were identified.     

Food processing a tool to pesticide residue dissipation – A review

Food safety is an area of growing worldwide concern on account of its direct bearing on human health. The presence of harmful pesticide residues in food has caused a great concern among the consumers. Hence, world over to tackle food safety issues, organic farming is being propagated. However, due to several reasons, diffusion and acceptance of this approach in developing countries has been very slow. Therefore, it is important in the transient phase that some pragmatic solution should be developed to tackle this situation of food safety. Food processing treatments such as washing, peeling, canning or cooking lead to a significant reduction of pesticide residues. In this background this paper reviews the common food processing operations along with the degree of residue removal in each process. The processes reviewed include: baking, bread making, dairy product manufacture, drying, thermal processing, fermentation, freezing, infusion, juicing, malting, milling, parboiling, peeling, peeling and cooking, storage, storage and milling, washing, washing and cooking, washing and drying, washing and peeling, washing peeling and juicing and wine making. Extensive literature review demonstrates that in most cases processing leads to large reductions in residue levels in the prepared food, particularly through washing, peeling and cooking operations.     

桃加工过程中3种噻二唑类农药残留动态

目的 研究清洗和去皮对桃中噻唑锌、噻菌铜和噻森铜残留的影响及榨汁和罐头加工过程中3种农药的残留变化规律。方法 采用室内模拟桃加工方式, 通过高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS)检测噻唑锌、噻菌铜和噻森铜在桃中的残留。结果 清洗和去皮对降低桃中噻唑锌、噻菌铜和噻森铜的残留效果显著, 清洗对3种农药的去除率分别为62%、60%和83%, 去皮对3种农药的去除率分别为80%、64%和91%。榨汁后, 噻唑锌、噻菌铜和噻森铜在果汁中的转移率分别为17%、18%和24%, 在果渣中的转移率分别为63%、58%和54%。罐头加工过程中, KMnO4消毒和去皮对3种农药残留去除率较高, 分别为58%~65%和30%~75%; 漂烫和加入糖水对3种农药的去除率较低, 分别为5%~13%和8%~19%。桃果汁和罐头加工后3种农药的加工因子小于1, 桃果渣加工后3种农药的加工因子大于1。结论 清洗和去皮可大量减少桃中噻唑锌、噻菌铜和噻森铜残留, 桃果汁和罐头加工使3种农药残留水平降低, 果渣加工使三种农药残留水平升高。此研究可为桃饮品和桃罐头的膳食风险评估以及加工过程中农药残留消减提供数据参考。     

Investigation of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits grown in various regions of Hatay,Turkey

In this study, 175 pesticide residues in various vegetable and fruit samples grown in different regions of Hatay, Turkey, were investigated. Residue analyses were performed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with the QuEChERS method. In tomato, plum and apricot samples, pesticide residues were below the limits of detection. In other samples, at least one pesticide residue was detected. Twelve pesticides (acetamiprid, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, fenarimol, fludioxonil, hexythiazox, imidacloprid, metalaxyl, pyridaben, pyriproxyfen, thiabendozole, triadimenol) were found at levels between 0.003 and 0.759?mg?kg^?1. Only in cucumber samples, acetamiprid residues were found at levels greater than the maximum acceptable limit in Turkish Food Codex and European Union maximum residue limits (EU MRLs). In other samples, the detected residue amounts are less than the MRLs declared in the Turkish Food Codex and EU MRLs.     

梨果套袋及常用清洗方式对农药残留去除效果研究

目的 研究套袋模式以及常用清洗方式对梨果中农药残留去除效果。方法 在套袋与不套袋梨树上施用6种农药(毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇、多菌灵、吡虫啉), 采摘期分别取样, 非套袋梨果用4种方式(清水、盐水、苏打水、洗涤精)清洗, 对比套袋与不套袋, 4种方式清洗与不清洗梨果中农药残留量。结果 套袋梨果对比不套袋农药去除率为43%~96%。4种清洗方式相比不清洗的去除率为44%~88%。结论 套袋以及4种清洗方式均能有效去除农药残留, 但存在一定差异, 苏打水清洗去除梨果农药残留效果最佳。     

加工过程对食品中农药残留的影响

食品加工过程不仅能改变食品的品质特性,而且还会对食品的安全性产生影响,如农药残留的变化。大部分加工过程可降低食品中的农药残留,如清洗、去皮、榨汁、杀菌、发酵等;但也有一些如浓缩、干燥以及油脂提炼等过程,可能会导致农药残留水平升高;另外,加工过程还可能使某些农药成分发生改变。了解加工过程对食品中农药残留的影响,不仅可为优化产品加工工艺提供依据,更重要的是为开展食品安全风险评估提供基础数据。本文以食品加工过程为出发点,综述常用食品加工方式对农药残留的影响。     

黄瓜中多菌灵、啶虫脒和毒死蜱的荧光检测

目的 建立一种基于功能化石墨烯量子点与氧化石墨烯之间的荧光共振能量转移原理测定黄瓜中多菌灵、啶虫脒和毒死蜱的荧光分析方法。方法 通过一步法制备半胱氨酸和组氨酸功能化石墨烯量子点。氨基修饰的农药适配体共价连接到石墨烯量子点的石墨烯片边缘,然后引入氧化石墨烯猝灭其荧光。在农残存在下,适配体与农药分子发生特异性结合形成稳定的杂合物而不能被氧化石墨烯所吸附,造成石墨烯量子点从氧化石墨烯表面脱落且荧光恢复。结果 所制备的石墨烯量子点由2~3层石墨烯片组成,平均片径大小约为3.6 nm,360 nm紫外光激发可产生强的蓝色荧光。当多菌灵、啶虫脒和毒死蜱的浓度分别在1~500、0.1~100和2.5~500 nmol/L的范围内,荧光强度随农药浓度的增加而线性增长。检测限依次是0.47、0.04和0.8 nmol/L。结论 通过石墨烯量子与氧化石墨烯之间高效的荧光共振能量转移,建立了黄瓜中多菌灵、啶虫脒和毒死蜱的荧光检测方法。本方法在选择性、灵敏度和重现性等方面具有明显优势,可广泛用于食品和环境样品中农兽药残留的快速分析。     

Effect of household and industrial processing on the levels of pesticide residues and degradation products in melons

Two varieties of melons (Cucumis melo) were treated with two fungicides (carbendazim and maneb) and four insecticides (acetamiprid, cyromazin, imazalil and thiamethoxam) to quantify the effect of household processing on the pesticide residues. To ensure sufficiently high levels of residues in flesh and peel, the most concentrated formulations were applied observing good agricultural practice. The peeling step decreased the concentration of pesticide residues for maneb, imazalil and acetamiprid by more than 90%. Cyromazin, carbendazim and thiamethoxam were reduced by approximately 50%. The reduction of the pesticides could not be fully explained by the systemic character of the pesticides. However, the agricultural practices (time of application), solubility and mode of action (systemic versus contact pesticide) of the pesticides could be used to explain the difference in processing factors for the studied pesticides. Degradation products (melamine and ethylenethiourea) were also investigated in this study, but were not detected.     

Effect of household and industrial processing on the levels of pesticide residues and degradation products in melons

Two varieties of melons (Cucumis melo) were treated with two fungicides (carbendazim and maneb) and four insecticides (acetamiprid, cyromazin, imazalil and thiamethoxam) to quantify the effect of household processing on the pesticide residues. To ensure sufficiently high levels of residues in flesh and peel, the most concentrated formulations were applied observing good agricultural practice. The peeling step decreased the concentration of pesticide residues for maneb, imazalil and acetamiprid by more than 90%. Cyromazin, carbendazim and thiamethoxam were reduced by approximately 50%. The reduction of the pesticides could not be fully explained by the systemic character of the pesticides. However, the agricultural practices (time of application), solubility and mode of action (systemic versus contact pesticide) of the pesticides could be used to explain the difference in processing factors for the studied pesticides. Degradation products (melamine and ethylenethiourea) were also investigated in this study, but were not detected.     

The decrease in pesticides in fruit and vegetables during commercial processing

Samples of tomatoes, peppers, asparagus, spinach and peaches were exposed to three insecticides (acephate, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin), three ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides (mancozeb, maneb, propineb) and the tetramethyldithiocarbamate fungicide thiram to study the effect of commercial processing on the residues. In most cases, canning operations led to a gradual decrease in residue levels in the finished products, particularly through washing, blanching, peeling and cooking processes. The results indicated that washing plus blanching led to more than 50% loss in pesticide residues, except for in peaches. Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs) were completely removed from tomatoes and spinach by washing followed by hot water blanching. The total amount of pesticide removed by all of the combined canning operations ranged from 90 to 100% in most products. Pepper retained 61% of chlorpyrifos but these residues disappeared during 3‐month storage of finished cans. Acephate showed a surprising tenacity in peaches, as 11% of the original residues were still present in 2‐year stored cans.     

Effect of commercial processing on pesticide residues in orange products

The effect of commercial processing of orange juice on pesticide residues was investigated, and the processing factors of all orange products and by-products were also determined. The pesticide residues were strengthened using field trials and detected using Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that the pesticide residues were mainly distributed in orange peels, the reduction of residue levels ranged from 43.6 to 85.4% during washing process. One percent to 4.5% of initial residues contained in the squeezed juice, 7–94.7% of the total relative residues were distributed in pomace. Filtrating could further reduce all the residue levels, ranging from 96.0–99.4% relative to unwashed whole fruits. After sterilization, there was only 0.5–3.1% of the residues contained in Not from Concentrate juice (NFC juice). 0.2–7.1% of the total relative residues was contained in concentrated juice, comparing with the filtrated juice; however, the concentration of cypermethrin and prochloraz was decreased, but the other 3 pesticides were increased. The residue levels of imidacloprid and carbendazim in orange oil were reduced but abamectin, prochloraz, and cypermethrin were concentrated, and the concentrated factor was 28.214, 5.232, and 5.621, respectively.     

西北地区四种蜜源蜂蜜的农药残留风险暴露评估

采集近两年西北地区油菜蜜、葵花蜜、洋槐蜜和枸杞蜜样品,对其中的五种农药(啶虫脒、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、多菌灵和克螨特)进行残留检测。针对儿童,孕龄女性及老人三类敏感人群,用风险商值进行蜂蜜膳食暴露风险评估。结果表明,五种农药残留的检出率在5.22%～29.57%之间,参照欧盟限定的农药残留最大限量标准,13.91%的啶虫脒含量超标,吡虫啉超标率为7.83%。不同蜜源蜂蜜的农药残留检出率从25%～100%,枸杞蜜农药检出率最高。对不同蜜源植物蜂蜜的农药残留含量进行方差分析,发现多菌灵,啶虫脒和吡虫啉残留水平都存在显著差异,这可能跟蜜粉源植物中农药的污染程度密切相关。三类人群的风险商值均低于1%,说明残留风险较低,可以接受。在不同人群中,10岁以下儿童的膳食暴露风险最高。     

主产区杨桃中农药残留风险评估

目的 明确主产区广西、广东、福建及海南杨桃中农药残留状况,评估其农药残留风险,为杨桃安全生产及农药最大残留限量制修订提供科学依据。方法 对在主产区采集的70份杨桃中105种农药残留进行检测,并对检出的农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险(%ADI)、急性膳食摄入风险(%ARfD)进行评估及风险排序。结果 在70份杨桃中共有53份样品检出农药残留,检出率为75.7%;检出的农药共有18种,检出最多的前三位是多菌灵、甲基毒死蜱、啶虫脒,检出率分别为42.8%、17.1%、15.7%;检出农药的慢性膳食摄入风险均值为2.03%;急性膳食摄入风险均值为5.89%,所有农药残留风险值均低于100%,风险很低。杨桃中高风险农药是灭多威、3-羟基克百威、三氯杀螨醇3种。结论 主产区杨桃中农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险均很低,在杨桃安全生产和消费、质量安全监管中应对高风险农药重点关注,建议加快对杨桃中使用农药的登记和最大残留限量的制修订。     

初加工过程对党参中5种农药残留的影响

[目的] 明确党参初加工过程中多菌灵、三唑酮、戊唑醇、咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑5种农药残留变化情况。[方法] 通过实验室浸泡法模拟农药污染试验,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UHPLC-MS/MS)检测经过清洗、水煮和干燥3种初加工过程后,多菌灵、三唑酮、戊唑醇、咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑在党参中的残留量。[结果] 结果表明,清洗后党参中农药残留量降低至0.04~0.76 mg/kg,去除率达18.0%~87.9%,加工因子（PF）在0.12~0.79之间,以2%的小苏打水清洗效果最佳。水煮后残留浓度降低至0.069~0.64 mg/kg,去除率达18.6%~67.1%,PF在0.35~0.84之间,以水煮3 min处理对5种农药残留去除效果较好。党参中5种农药残留量在经干燥后残留量在0.27~1.22 mg/kg之间,PF值范围为1.86~4.10,比干燥前增加了44.3%~74.7%,不同温度下的农药残留量大小顺序为50 ℃＞40 ℃＞60 ℃。不同加工过程对5种农药的去除效果强弱顺序依次为：清洗>水煮>干燥。[结论]党参以2%小苏打水清洗,水煮时间为3 min,烘干温度为60 ℃进行加工,农药残留去除效果最佳;实验结果为有效预防农药残留对生产的影响提供技术支撑,对保障食品安全具有重要意义。     

高效液相色谱-串联飞行时间质谱法测定茶叶中6种农药的残留量

建立了茶叶中噻嗪酮、毒死蜱、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、乐果、多菌灵等6种农药残留量的高效液相色谱-串联飞行时间质谱检测方法。茶叶样品经酸化乙腈提取,基质分散固相萃取净化。经高效液相色谱分离后进入飞行时间质谱检测。6种农药浓度在1～50μg/kg下线性关系良好,相关系数R2在0.995～0.999之间,检测限在0.01～1μg/kg之间,回收率在80%～102%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在4%～6%之间。该方法快速、准确、灵敏度高,能够满足茶叶中多种农药残留的定性、定量检测需求。     

不同干燥方法对苹果中毒死蜱残留的影响

目的 了解苹果干燥加工过程中毒死蜱残留的降解规律,为苹果干燥产品中农药残留风险的评估提供科学的依据。方法 以红富士苹果为研究对象,采用热风干燥、微波干燥、阳光干燥对苹果片进行了处理,毒死蜱的残留量使用高效液相质谱检测。同时,利用加工因子(PF)建立了毒死蜱的变化模型,分析了干燥过程中水分的扩散系数和苹果片的复水率。结果 毒死蜱在苹果干燥过程中的变化是动态的,它的变化复合动力学模型,微波干燥和阳光干燥对毒死蜱的去除率高于热风干燥。毒死蜱的残留量与干燥条件以及农药的理化性质相关。结论 在苹果的工业生产中,推荐采用微波和阳光干燥来处理苹果,以降低毒死蜱残留带来的食品安全风险。     

Household vegetable processing practices influencing occurrence of pesticide residues in ready-to-eat vegetables

Influence of vegetable processing on pesticide residues in ready-to-eat vegetables studied at the experimental level does not necessarily reflect actual situation at household level. This study assessed influence of household vegetable processing practices on pesticide residues in ready-to-eat vegetables at household level in Arusha, Tanzania. Data on vegetable handling practices were collected through observations and physical interviews in 70 households. Samples of raw and ready-to-eat vegetables were collected from the households for pesticide residues analysis. Detectable pesticide levels were found in 46% of raw and 14% of ready-to-eat vegetable samples. Pesticide residues detected were in the groups of organophosphates (22.8%), pyrethroids (14.3%), organochlorines (7.14%), benzoic acids (7.14%), and carbamates (5.71%). Unauthorized pesticides (dichlorvos, tetramethrin, and bendiocarb) and environmentally persistent pesticide (dieldrin) were found at levels above their respective maximum residue levels. Washing of vegetables twice or more (p = .01) or peeling (p = .008) was significantly associated with reduction of pesticide residues. There was a significant association between occurrence of pesticide residues in ready-to-eat vegetables and washing of minor ingredients with the water used to wash major ingredients (p = .001). Household practices of washing of vegetables with portable water followed with peeling can reduce pesticide residue levels significantly.     

酸性电生功能水联合超声波去除马铃薯净菜中4种农药残留效果分析

为研究电生功能水联合超声波清洗对马铃薯净菜中农药残留的去除效果,对采用不同切割方式的马铃薯净菜进行腐霉利、甲拌磷、百菌清和毒死蜱混合模拟污染,通过QuEChERS前处理方法结合气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)进行检测,得到酸性电生功能水(AcEW)-超声波清洗处理对马铃薯净菜中4种农药残留的去除率,探讨不同清洗液、样...     

烟叶中多菌灵农药残留的降解规律和影响因素

为探索有效控制烟叶中多菌灵农药残留的措施,采用液相色谱-串联质谱检测技术,研究了多菌灵及其他常见苯并咪唑类杀菌剂在烟草上的农药残留特征及环境因子、采收后处理方式和储存条件对其降解的影响,明确了合理使用条件下多菌灵农药残留水平与形成机制。结果表明:基于QuEchERS前处理与液相色谱-串联质谱检测技术可以快速、准确检测3种常用苯并咪唑类杀菌剂,标准曲线、定量限、添加回收率符合农药残留检测方法要求;多菌灵、苯菌灵、甲基硫菌灵在鲜烟叶中的理论半衰期为6.8、6.3、6.6 d;25℃、湿度60%的环境最利于多菌灵降解;3种农药残留在冻干、杀青、烘烤过程的加工因子分别为5.11~5.66、3.95~4.55、2.96~3.39;多菌灵在常温和恒温条件下储存烟叶中的半衰期为224~365 d。在植物体内活性酶的作用下,田间降解是农药残留降解的主要方式,施药时药液浓度、末次施药到采收的间隔时间对多菌灵残留量有显著影响,加工方式、储存环境及储存时间也与其有一定关系。