国际上持久性有机污染物的控制动向及其对策

概述了列入联合国环境规划署（ＵＮＥＰ）控制名单的１２种持久性有机污染物的性质及其对人体健康与环境的危害;介绍了ＵＮＥＰ和联合国欧洲经济委员会（ＵＮＥＣＥ）的相应控制工作,美国、加拿大和墨西哥３国的北美妥善管理化学品工作组关于ＰＯＰｓ物质控制对策动向以及化学品协会国际理事会（ＩＣＣＡ）专家组推荐的关于需采取国际行动的ＰＯＰ物质的判定基准和筛选程序。还对我国ＰＯＰ物质控制对策提出了建议     

机械化学方法在环境污染控制领域的应用研究进展

机械化学方法发展迅速,应用广泛,是环境污染治理领域的重要技术之一,其在持久性有机污染物（POPs）降解方面展现出良好的前景。与其他处理方法相比,机械化学方法反应彻底、溶剂需求量少、反应条件简单、处理成本低且几乎不产生二次污染等优势吸引了越来越多研究人员的关注。本文介绍了机械化学的起源以及机械化学作用于物料过程的等离子模型以及表面化学断键产生自由电子、晶体缺陷促进反应等作用机制,综述了机械化学方法在环境污染控制领域如污染物降解与处置以及废弃物回收等方面的成果,重点从主添加剂类别、氯代持久性有机污染物和其他持久性有机污染物方面阐述了机械化学方法在POPs治理方面的研究现状,总结了POPs在机械化学作用过程的反应机理,指出了目前研究工作的不足,为推广机械化学处理POPs及其污染土壤指明了研究方向。     

电化学法降解持久性有机污染物(POPs) 的研究进展

介绍了持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,简称POPs)的相关概念和性质,叙述了电化学法处理废水中有机污染物的原理及特点。重点介绍了电化学法中的电解氧化法和几种与电解氧化法联合处理POPs的电化学技术,如:电解氧化-生物耦合技术、吸附-电解氧化法、光电催化氧化法、声助电解氧化法的特点及研究进展,并指出了今后电化学方法去除废水中POPs的研究热点和发展趋势。     

Optimization of activated carbon‐based decontamination of fish oil by response surface methodology

The effect of activated carbon (AC) adsorption on the reduction of persistent organic pollutants (POP) in fish oil was studied based on response surface methodology at a 5‐g/kg AC inclusion level. Pretreatment of the oil by alkali refining and bleaching increased the POP levels. The tested process variables (contact time and temperature) affected the AC adsorption rate and significant first‐ and second‐order response models could be established. Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) showed a very rapid adsorption behavior and the concentration and toxic equivalent (TEQ) level could be reduced by 99%. Adsorption of dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL‐PCB) was less effective and depended on ortho substitution, i.e. non‐ortho PCB were adsorbed more effectively than mono‐ortho PCB with a maximum of 87 and 21% reduction, respectively, corresponding to a DL‐PCB‐TEQ reduction of 73%. A common optimum for both PCDD/F and DL‐PCB adsorption could not be identified. AC treatment had no effect on the level of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants. The differences in adsorption patterns may be explained based on molecular conformation. No change in oil quality could be observed based on oxidation parameters. Compliance with present PCDD/F and DL‐PCB legislation levels in fish oil can be achieved based on AC adsorption.     

饮用水中持久性有机污染物的去除效能

长江南京段的水质虽能常年保持在Ⅱ~Ⅲ类,但原水中甲苯、三氯苯和邻二苯甲酸二丁酯等微量持久性有机物检出表明长江南京段的水源水已呈现微污染特征。该文以长江南京段原水作为研究对象,以提高出水水质为目标,研究了水源水持久性有机物的种类和特定有机污染物(阿特拉津和氯苯类化合物),考察强化滤池、活性炭滤池工艺去除水中污染物的效能。结果表明长江南京段水源水中检出持久性有机物为65种,其中以脂肪烃类有机物、芳香类有机物、酯类有机物、醇类有机物及酮类有机物为主,5类有机物的总量约占总的持久性有机物的90%以上;长江南京段水源水中未检出阿特拉津,检出1,2,4-三氯苯,其含量为0.249μg/L。强化过滤和活性炭过滤工艺对原水中的持久性有机物都有较好的去除效果,其中活性炭工艺要优于强化过滤工艺。     

Learning surrogate models for simulation‐based optimization

A central problem in modeling, namely that of learning an algebraic model from data obtained from simulations or experiments is addressed. A methodology that uses a small number of simulations or experiments to learn models that are as accurate and as simple as possible is proposed. The approach begins by building a low‐complexity surrogate model. The model is built using a best subset technique that leverages an integer programming formulation to allow for the efficient consideration of a large number of possible functional components in the model. The model is then improved systematically through the use of derivative‐free optimization solvers to adaptively sample new simulation or experimental points. Automated learning of algebraic models for optimization (ALAMO), the computational implementation of the proposed methodology, along with examples and extensive computational comparisons between ALAMO and a variety of machine learning techniques, including Latin hypercube sampling, simple least‐squares regression, and the lasso is described. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2211–2227, 2014     

Abatement of Organic Pollutant Concentrations in Residual Treatment Sludges: A Review of Selected Treatment Technologies Including Drying

As a result of increasing population, industrialization, and effluent quality, sludge production has increased worldwide. Organic micropollutants in sludge have become a more critical environmental health concern compared to heavy metals. New sludge disposal regulations limit persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in addition to conventional organic indicators like total and dissolved organic carbon. This study aims at providing a brief review on POP concentration in the sludge in different regions of the world, sludge regulations, assessment of conventional biological sludge stabilization methods according to their ability to remove POPs, and discussions on alternative sludge treatment methods. The impact of sludge treatment unit operations including conditioning, thickening, mechanical and thermal dewatering, and biological and thermal stabilization on sludge management is also discussed in the context of organics. The occurrence and removal of micropollutants such as absorbable organic halogen compounds (AOX), nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE), di-2-(ethyl-hexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/F), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are also evaluated specifically for sludge treatment unit operations. A concise discussion is also included on different drying technologies suitable for drying of sludge.     

Model‐based design of a plant‐wide control strategy for a continuous pharmaceutical plant

The design of an effective plant‐wide control strategy is a key challenge for the development of future continuous pharmaceutical processes. This article presents a case study for the design of a plant‐wide control structure for a system inspired by an end‐to‐end continuous pharmaceutical pilot plant. A hierarchical decomposition strategy is used to classify control objectives. A plant‐wide dynamic model of the process is used to generate parametric sensitivities, which provide a basis for the synthesis of control loops. Simulations for selected disturbances illustrate that the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the final product can be kept close to specification in the presence of significant and persistent disturbances. Furthermore, it is illustrated how selected CQAs of the final product can be brought simultaneously to a new setpoint while maintaining the remaining CQAs at a constant value during this transition. The latter result shows flexibility to control CQAs independently of each other. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3671–3685, 2013     

Control‐relevant decomposition of process networks via optimization‐based hierarchical clustering

A systematic method is proposed for control‐relevant decomposition of complex process networks. Specifically, hierarchical clustering methods are adopted to identify constituent subnetworks such that the components of each subnetwork are strongly interacting while different subnetworks are loosely coupled. Optimal clustering is determined through the solution of integer optimization problems. The concept of relative degree is used to measure distance between subnetworks and compactness of subnetworks. The application of the proposed method is illustrated using an example process network. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3177–3188, 2016     

Compatibilization of side‐chain,thermotropic, liquid‐crystalline ionomers to blends of polyamide‐1010 and polypropylene

A novel side‐chain, liquid‐crystalline ionomer (SLCI) with a poly(methyl hydrosiloxane) main chain and side chains containing sulfonic acid groups was used in blends of polyamide‐1010 (PA1010) and polypropylene (PP) as a compatibilizer. The morphological structure, thermal behavior, and liquid‐crystalline properties of the blends were investigated by Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The morphological structure of the interface of the blends containing SLCI was improved with respect to the blend without SLCI. The compatibilization effect of greater than 8 wt % SLCI for the two phases, PA1010 and PP, was better than the effects of other SLCI contents in the blends. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2749–2754, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10179     

Multivariate curve resolution as a tool to minimize the effects of electrodic adsorption in normal pulse voltammetry

Multivariate curve resolution by alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) was applied to normal pulse voltammograms (NPV) of heavy metal complexes that adsorb on the electrode. Adsorption usually causes: (i) a maximum superimposed on NPV waves, (ii) a decrease of the limiting current and (iii) a shift of half-wave potentials. Together, these effects result in excessively high stability constants when electrochemical methods of equilibrium calculation are applied. As an example of this behaviour, the Cd(II)-polymethacrylate (PMA) system was chosen.Despite the non-linearity of electrodic adsorption, MCR-ALS allows the decomposition of currents into three ca. linear contributions: (i) reduction of the free metal ion diffusing from the bulk solution, (ii) reduction of the metal complex also diffusing from the bulk and (iii) reduction of the metal ion accumulated by adsorption onto the electrode surface prior to pulse application. This almost ideal situation is achieved at high pulse times (which ensures that the adsorptive contribution is not much higher than the diffusive ones) and especially when NPV signals are analyzed in derivative form. Under these conditions, reasonable lacks of fit are obtained, as well as stability constants coincident with these determined by reverse pulse voltammetry (RPV), a technique especially unaffected by adsorption.     

The effects on the properties of PET bottles of changes to bottle‐base geometry

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles are commonly used for packaging of carbonated beverages. Stress cracking in the petaloid‐shaped base of the filled bottle has been costly to the beverage industry. This study compares the performance of a standard bottle and a bottle with a base geometry optimized against environmental stress cracking (ESC). The crystallinity of the bottle base is evaluated across the base diameter for both bottles. Moreover, to explain the mechanism of the crack formation and propagation, the cracks in the bottle base are investigated through environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and optical microscopy. Top‐load strength, burst strength, and thermal stability are also reported. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009