实施资源水利战略促进经济社会可持续发展

1"工程水利"到"资源水利"从"工程水利"到"资源水利"的转变,决不是一个名称上的改变,而是水利内涵的一项飞跃。1.1人水关系观念的重大转变     

给江湖以空间 还水体以洁净——试论可持续发展与治水的战略思想

可持续发展是经济、社会和资源、环境相互协调的综合体。中国的水资源并不丰富 ,但洪旱灾害及水污染问题日趋严峻。洪旱灾害及水污染是可持续发展的制约因素 ,反之经济、社会发展如规划管理不善又可能进一步加剧洪旱灾害及水污染。主要阐述水与可持续发展 :1996年第一届河流新技术和新思路国际会议的总体思路 ;荷兰给河流以空间 ,防止洪水淹没 ,与洪水同生存的新战略 ;大力开发保护长江 ,促进长江流域可持续发展等。     

A Proposal of Indicators for Sustainable Development in the Management of River Basins

Water, a renewable natural resource that is indispensable both to human life and to economic processes, has had its hydrological cycle threatened by pollution and contamination of hydrological resources. In Brazil, in 1997, Law 9.433 established the river basin as the unit for territorial planning and management of water resources. The proposal presented in this paper has an integrating focus, aiming at pointing out indicators for the sustainable development of river basins. The indicators are analyzed through social, environmental, economic and political–institutional frameworks, supported by internationally accepted methodologies. The implementation of this kind of project requires a large and reliable data set. Thus, we propose gradual implementation of sustainable development diagnosis in the river basins. To begin this process, we selected three indicators—public water supply, public sewerage and municipal trash collection. The values obtained for these indicators were compared with those of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which establish 50% reduction in them by 2015. The indicators were applied to the Guanabara Bay Watershed (GBW) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil as a case study.

International River Basins of the World

It is becoming acknowledged that water is likely to be the most pressing environmental concern of the next century. Difficulties in river basin management are only exacerbated when the resource crosses international boundaries. One critical aid in the assessment of international waters has been the Register of International Rivers a compendium which listed 214 international waterways that cover 47% of the earth's continental land surface. The Register, though, was last updated in 1978 by the now defunct United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The purpose of this paper is to update the Register in order to reflect the quantum changes that have taken place over the last 22 years, both in global geopolitics and in map coverage and technology. By accessing digital elevation models at spatial resolutions of 30 arc seconds, corroborating at a unified global map coverage of at least 1:1 000 000, and superimposing the results over complete coverage of current political boundaries, we are able to provide a new register which lists 261 international rivers, covering 45.3% of the land surface of the earth (excluding Antarctica). This paper lists all international rivers with their watershed areas, the nations which share each watershed,their respective territorial percentages, and notes on changes in or disputes over international boundaries since 1978.     

水电开发与可持续发展战略

根据我国的能源构成及能源资源分布特点 ,适时加大水电特别是西部水电开发的力度 ,同时在开发过程中全面规划 ,统筹兼顾 ,采取有效措施 ,充分发挥水电开发对生态环境的正效应 ,减少负效应影响 .水电开发必将促进我国可持续发展战略的实施和可持续发展目标的实现 .     

Management of International Waters: Opportunities and Constraints

Global water demands are likely to increase steadily in the foreseeable future due to increases in population growth in the developing world and changes in per capita demand as a result of changing lifestyles in nearly all parts of the world. Since all exclusively national sources of water that could be used economically have already been developed, or are in the process of development, there would be tremendous pressure to develop international water bodies, which are often the only new sources of water that could be used cost-effectively. These international water sources have not been developed in the past, primarily because of absence of agreements on water allocations between the countries concerned. Thus, the potential for conflicts in the 21st century between the countries on various international water bodies is likely to be much higher than at present. International organizationscan play an important role as mediators in conflicts on international water bodies. However,except for Eugene Black, President of the World Bank, who played a critical role in the 1950s on the formulation of the Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan, their contributions have been somewhat marginal. These organizations have become increasingly risk-averse during the past three decades, and their leaderships have given the potentially thorny issue of development of international rivers a wide berth. In 1970, the United Nations decided to take up the case of the law of the non-navigable uses of international watercourses. Some 27 years later, the UN General Assembly approved, on 8 July 1997, a convention on this subject. The convention, though a useful step, is very broad, general and vague, and thus is likely to be of only limited help to the negotiators on the various international watercourses.Even when the convention is ratified, agreements on the development and management of international water bodies are likely to be achieved only through protracted negotiations between the countries concerned, as has been the case in the past.     

论可持续发展战略与水务一体化

改革现行的水务管理体制，实现了水务一体化管理，才能保证可持续利用。我国现行的水务是多部门分割管理，造成管水量的不管水质管水源的不管供水，管供水的不管排水，管排水的不管治污。管治污的不管污水回用。本文从水资源可持续利用角度进行分析，提出为保证我国经济社会的可持续发展，必须建立统一的水务管理体制，以对区域的防洪、除涝、蓄水、供水、节水、水资源保护、污水处理及其顺用、地下水回灌等实行统一规划、统一取水中     

实行最严格的水资源管理制度 促进海河流域水资源可持续利用

<正>20世纪80年代初,海河水利委员会(以下简称海委)的成立掀开了海河流域水利事业的新篇章,同时也标志着以流域为单元的水资源管理初现端倪。海委作为水利部在海河流域、滦河流域和鲁北地区的派出机构,代表水利部行使流域水行政主管职责,统一管理流域水资源。     

水利风景区建设与管理可持续发展的运行机制

文章分析了湖南省的水利风景资源与开发利用现状，提出落实科学发展观，推进水利风景区建设与管理工作，构建水利风景区建设与管理可持续发展的运行机制。     

城市水资源的可持续发展策略

文章在分析我国城市水资源的现状及21世纪我国城市水资源所面临的主要问题的基础上，提出了城市水资源的可持续发展策略，包括：节约用水，创建节水型工业和节水型城市；从源头控制为主，加强水污染防治；积极推广生态排污系统建设；多渠道开发水资源等。     

国际水资源保护和管理的最近动态——水与可持续发展

阐述了可持续发展及其要求 ,水在可持续发展中的作用 ,国际关于水资源保护和管理的最近动态。最后提出 ,可持续发展是经济社会以及人口、资源和环境的协调统一 ,应从根本上将“先污染后治理”及“防治污染”改为“避免污染”的战略 ;从传统的整体规划向机能整体性规划发展 ;保护和建立河流系统环境 ;着手研究和解决全球环境问题。     

实行最严格的水资源管理制度 保障经济社会可持续发展

这次全国水资源工作会议,是在国际国内经济形势发生重大变化、水利发展与改革任务十分艰巨的背景下召开的.会议的主要任务是,全面贯彻党的十七大、十七届三中全会和中央经济工作会议、中央农村工作会议精神,深入贯彻落实科学发展观,按照全国水利工作会议的要求,总结工作,交流经验,分析形势,部署当前和今后一个时期的水资源管理工作,努力开创水资源管理工作的新局面.     

尊村灌区可持续发展战略思考

文中介绍了尊村灌区目前存在的主要问题，提出解决问题及实现灌区可持续发展采取的主要措施，包括节水改造、控水增产、管理体制改革、明晰水权、合理开发水资源等。     

利民灌区可持续发展战略探讨

根据利民灌区目前存在问题,提出了保证灌区可持续发展的工作思路及具体措施。     

河道开发与利用的可持续发展策略刍议

通过对长江中下游地区河道开发与利用现状的调研，分析存在的问题，对其可持续发展策略提出了一些有益建议。     

实施小城镇战略对乡镇供水的影响

党的十五届三中全会《决定》指出,发展小城镇,是带动农村经济和社会发展的一个大战略。去年,中共中央、国务院又联合出台了《关于促进小城镇健康发展的若干意见》。最近,中共中央在关于制定“十五”计划的建议中,再次重申了积极发展小城镇的战略思想。从这一战略产生的背景以及实施的指导方针、原则和要求看,内涵十分丰富,对乡镇供水的发展至少会产生六个方面的影响。     

Optimization Model for the Sustainable Water Resource Management of River Basins

Water Resources Management - This paper presents a new methodology for the sustainable and optimal allocation of water for a river basin management area. The model distinguishes between short and...     

Successes and Failures of International Organizations in Dealing with International Waters

Conflict among riparian countries prevents them from making the best use of their shared water resources. A modality is needed in the global community to deal with international water bodies in a much better way. International organizations are expected to serve as a mechanism to mitigate conflicts among riparian countries. However, international organizations have so far achieved very limited success in acting in such a role. An international organization could act flawlessly as a mediator in a transboundary water system only when some critical conditions are met. This paper aims at delineating some prerequisites for international organizations to be successful in their involvement in an international water system. Four cases where international organizationshave either succeeded or failed in dealing with transboundary water issues, were reviewed. It was found that the following critical conditions need to be met for international organizations to succeed in their involvement in international water bodies: (a) willingness of riparian countries to cooperate, (b) involvement of decision makers at the highest level of basin countries, and (c) neutrality as a third party with financial assistance as 'stick and carrot'.