Water and Land Resources Development in Southeastern Turkey

The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP), which was initiated in 1976 as a large-scale and multisectoral regional development project in Turkey, is a combination of 13 projects primarily for hydropower generation and irrigation. The project involves the construction of 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric plants with a total capacity of 7500 MW. At full development 27.3 billion kWhr of hydroelectric energy will be generated annually. GAP will also provide irrigation for 1.7 million ha of land corresponding to one-fifth of irrigable land of Turkey. As an integrated development project relating sectors including hydropower,irrigation, industry, transportation and social infrastructure, the Southeastern Anatolia Project has top priority among national projects of Turkey. In this paper, various aspects of hydropower and irrigation planning and development for the Southeastern Anatolia project will be discussed. Water availability, agricultural and other objectives, physical structures, developmentstrategies and scenarios are examined. Some important aspects of international water use are discussed.     

Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP)

The recognition of the great water potential of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers in south-east Turkey led to plans for their sustainable development for irrigation and hydropower generation and to control floods and droughts. This integrated socioeconomic developmentproject, called the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP), is one of the largest of its kind in the world. The water resources development programme includes 22 dams, 19 hydropower plants and the irrigation network for 1.7 million ha of land. The US$32 billion project comprises not only water resources development projects, but also investments in all development-relatedsectors.     

Toward Sustainable Water Management in the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP)

Being the largest and the most comprehensive regional development effort ever undertaken in Turkey, the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) will constitute the primary driving force for the socioeconomic development of the region and consequently of Turkey. Owing to its multipurpose nature, GAP necessitates, on the one hand, discreet conduct in meeting the demands on time so as to spur the rapid development of the region through prudent management of water, and on the other hand, careful consideration, for the sake of sustainable development, of imminent as well as long-term environmental impacts in order for the project to be viable. An integrated basin-wide approach leading to, among other things, quantity and quality management, prioritybased allocation, conservation, conjunctive use of various resources of water, maintenance of facilities as well as inter- and intra-institutional arrangements, has been adopted from the outset, and is being revised and improved in as profound a way as possible as the project progresses.     

Turkey's Hydropolitics of the Euphrates-TigrisBasin

Turkey is going through a transition period and trying to realize its potential. The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) is an integrated development project; it is expected to affect the entire structure of the area in its economic, social and cultural life. It is envisaged as the means of bridging the gap between the southeastern region and the more advanced areas of Turkey and of increasing the welfare of the region. The GAP Project has caused great anxiety to Syria and Iraq. In order to solve the water problem between Syria and Iraq, Turkey launched a 'Three Stage Plan'. Turkey considers the issue as an economic rather than a political one.     

Second Asian Conference on Water and Wastewater Management

Abstract

This paper analyzes the impacts of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (Turkey) on the hydrological regime of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The Southeastern Anatolia Project, commonly called GAP, is a Turkish multi-dimensional development project involving primarily irrigation and hydropower generation in the Euphrates and Tigris river basins. For the last two decades, the GAP has been a source of tension between Turkey and the two riparian countries, Syria and Iraq, which are concerned by the modification of the hydrological regime of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. The quantification of the hydrological risk faced by Syria and Iraq can be comprehended by an integrated management model that simultaneously considers the dispatch of the hydropower plants and the irrigation water withdrawals. The model assumes that the GAP hydroelectric reservoirs are dispatched so as to minimize the operating costs of the Turkish hydrothermal electrical system while meeting irrigation water demands. This optimization problem is solved by a stochastic dual dynamic programming (SDDP) formulation which allows a detailed representation of the Turkish hydrothermal electrical system including the GAP. Scenarios of future irrigation water demands in the GAP are constructed based on projected irrigation areas and on the main crops. Simulation results show that if the project is completed as planned, Euphrates and Tigris outflows will be reduced by 32% and 25% respectively, while the average production of hydroelectricity would reach 27 TWh. In addition, Turkey' commitment to deliver a minimum flow of 500 m³/s in the Euphrates could only be guaranteed 75% of the time. This percentage increases substantially (up to 95%) if only half of the irrigation projects are implemented.     

Water Resources of Turkey: Potential,Planning, Development and Management

Turkey is a country with considerable water resources in a region where scarcity of water makes it a strategic item. In the second half of the 20th century important efforts have been made in the planning and development of these resources. However, less than one-half of the potential has so far been developed. The rapid growth of population and the expansion of irrigated agriculture and industry are stressing the water resources both quantitatively and qualitatively. The completion of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) and several other projects requires a considerable part of Turkey's financial and technical resources to be devoted to water resources development.     

Irrigation Management in GAP

The multisectoral Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) is the largest regional developmentplan for one of the less developed parts of Turkey. The GAP project includes the irrigation of 1.7 million ha of land and generation of 27 billion kWh of hydroelectric power with an installed capacity of 7500 MW. In order to optimize the benefits to be obtained from irrigation and to ensure sustainable irrigation in the GAP area, the Government of Turkey has commissioned the GAP Management, and Operation Maintenance study (GAP MOM). The overall MOM model provides an institutional and organizational framework that promotes the most effective development of irrigated agriculture in the GAP region. This goal can be expressed as three major objectives: maximize net benefits, ensure sustainability and be implementable and flexible.     

Water megaprojects in deserts and drylands

Water megaprojects reconfigure the conception and use of desert landscapes. Driven by limited water resources, increasing demand and growing populations, projects are framed by statements of water delivered, end-users served and local benefits. Decision-making processes, socio-economic costs and environmental implications receive less attention. Research examines the motivations involved and evaluates the challenges of water megaprojects in deserts, including the Great Manmade River (Libya), the South-to-North Water Transfer Scheme (China), the Central Arizona Project (United States) and the Greater Anatolia Project (Turkey), and assesses related projects exemplifying the diversity of water projects in drylands. Their viability and efficacy depends on human motivations and interpretations.     

South-eastern Anatolia Integrated Development Project (GAP), Turkey: An Overview of Issues of Sustainability

The Republic of Turkey has initiated a comprehensivesocioeconomic development project in its less developed south-east region. The South-eastern Anatolia Project, or GAP to use its Turkish acronym, aims at improving the living standards of some 6 million residents of this 75 000 km2 region by mobilizing the natural resources of this area for integrated development on a regional scale. GAP is planned, designed, coordinated and implemented in an integrated manner taking into account interactions among different sectors as well as activities within individual sectors. The South-eastern Anatolia Project, in its historical context, was formulated as a packageof water and land resources development projects in the 1970s, which was later transformed, in the early 1980s, to a multi-sectoral, socioeconomic regional developmentprogramme.A Regional Administration (GAP-RDA) was established in 1989 for the management of the programme.Sectors covered in the development programmesinclude irrigation, hydropower, agriculture, urban infrastructure, rural development, forestry, healthcare and education among others. The water resources programme of the US$32 billion project includes 22 dams, 19 hydropowerplants and irrigation of 1.7 million ha of land. This paper describes, in brief, the size, main features, financial aspects and the status of the integrated socioeconomic project in its general context thus forming the basis for operational as well as specific issues. It then attempts to provide an overall discussion of the sustainability framework for development in its different but highly interrelated facets. After establishing the main, global benefits the paper comments on the adverse, undesired impacts along with the measures adapted to mitigate them. The paper later describes, in more detail, environmental impact studies, their main findings and proposals related to watersheds and irrigation development with an emphasis on management and environmental health matters together with the measures taken. The paper concludes by emphasizing the commitment to sustainable development and to planning ahead rather than damage reduction, and the effort to integrate relevant and sometimes conflicting aspects rather than compromise.     

Improvement of Field Water Distribution and Irrigation Techniques: The Southeastern Anatolia Project-GAP

ABSTRACT

The Southeastern Anatolia Project-GAP is an integrated regional development project implemented in southeast Turkey. The project cows all development-related sectors such as agriculture, industry, health care, education. tourism, transportation, and telecommunications.

Water resources development is one most important component of the project. Rational use of water is the goal in every aspect of development, be it hydropower, irrigation, or flood control. To complement the efforts to optimize water use in irrigated agriculture, a project has been carried out in regard to on-farm equipment and management of water. This paper describes several equipment and management combinations, applied to a very large irrigation area. ranging from gravity to sprinkler irrigation, and from upstream to downstream control of water.

Five different applications are analyzed in this study along with their technical, economic, and operational merits and disadvantages.

The project area is selected in the Sanliurfa-Harran Plains, the largest one-piece scheme to be opened to irrigation in GAP It is owned and cultivated by private farmers, and as such, it is expected to act as a large-scale, real-world laboratory to test different irrigation practices in actual conditions.     

城市水资源开发利用措施综合效益评价模型研究

本文运用层次分析法原理建立了城市水资源开发利用措施综合效益评价模型,根据可持续发展观与循环经济理念,从能源节约、水资源良性循环、生态环境保护、社会公平等角度出发,提出了综合反应社会、经济与环境效益的评价指标体系.以建立的模型与指标体系对天津市的污水回用措施、海水淡化措施与南水北调措施做了综合效益评价,结果表明,污水回用措施的综合效益高于南水北调措施和海水淡化措施,南水北调措施的综合效益又高于海水淡化措施.     

Water Pricing: Issues and Options in Turkey

Water pricing occupies a central place in water sector reforms. The paper discusses its global importance and analyses the existing institutions and legal frameworks for irrigation water pricing in Turkey. In view of the gradually expanding large irrigation infrastructure in the South-eastern Anatolia Project region of Turkey, it makes a case for the adoption of full organization and management cost recovery for irrigation water supplies and the establishment of a volumetric system of billing in place of the present crop and area system.     

沿淮淮北水资源情势及缺水对策研究

本文分析了沿淮淮北地区水资源情势及开发利用现状与问题,对区域水资源进行了三次平衡分析,提出了充分利用当地地表水和外调水逐步置换城市超采深层地下水的思路,即：只有尽快实施引江济淮及淮水北调、淮水西调调水工程,方能从根本上解决该区水资源日益短缺问题。     

宁东能源化工基地水资源配置及用水解决途径的探讨

宁东能源化工基地是宁夏经济社会发展的"一号工程",为国家级重点开发区,依靠宁东供水工程解决工业发展用水。在分析宁东能源化工基地水资源、用水现状的基础上,分析基地水资源利用和配置存在的问题。结合基地发展规划,预测基地需水量,提出水资源合理配置方案和解决用水指标的主要途径。     

地下水的合理开发利用在南水北调中的作用

在系统阐述地下水资源概念和地下水含水层特点的基础上，分析了南水北调受水区地下水开采现状，探讨了解决城市和农村地下水超采的措施，利用地下水超采形成的地下库容调蓄当地降雨径流和引江水、合理开发利用地下水提高水资源利用率和利用改造咸水、防止土壤盐碱化等在南水北调中的作用。     

汉江蜀河水电站建设项目水资源论证的研究

建设项目水资源论证制度是深化取水许可管理的一项重要举措。以蜀河水电站工程建设项目为研究对象,为加强汉江流域水资源管理,保障蜀河水电站工程的合理用水要求,支持区域社会经济的协调与可持续发展。分析区域水资源量及可利用水量、论证项目开发利用水资源对区域水资源状况及其他用水户的影响,进行项目取水和退水影响论证,提出建设项目的水资源保护措施,从而确保建设项目取水的可靠性和可行性。     

南水北调石家庄受水区地下水压采方案探讨

南水北调中线石家庄受水区水资源匮乏严重，由于连年超采地下水已引发了严重的环境地质问题。现对南水北调中线石家庄受水区地下水压采方案进行探讨，通过工程措施、管理措施和相关法规、办法的制定，开源与节流并举，使该区域水资源能够支撑区域社会、经济、环境的可持续发展。     

论四川西部水电开发期望值及约束条件

对四川西部“三州”水力资源经济可开发量作了新的探讨．进而对其开发现状、前景及问题作了一定的剖析与论证．既明确指出“三州”脆弱的生态链条应当是“三州”水电开发的主要约束条件．同时也证明了这座水电“富矿”不仅对于振兴全省经济具有不可替代的绝对意义．而且还关系到三峡水利枢纽可否较长时期地正常运行。     

基于耗水视角的水资源承载能力及其支撑流域调水规模研究

为科学地评价流域水资源承载能力,提出耗水视角下水资源支撑的最大经济规模和最大人口规模指标,构建了考虑流域节水、调水的水资源承载能力评判模型。以汉江流域为例,分别对流域不同水平年、不同调水规模情景下的水资源承载能力进行综合评判。结果表明:2020年、2030年规划水平年,流域在实施南水北调中线工程一期调出水量95亿m³、引汉济渭工程调出水量10亿m³ 后,流域水资源不仅仍能维持本流域发展,还能向外流域调出的最大水量分别为19.7亿m³和15.6亿m³。然而,2030年加大调水规模,实施南水北调中线工程调出水量130亿m³后,流域水资源不足以维持流域内社会经济的可持续发展,需要考虑外流域补水。在此基础上,基于协同学理论,构建考虑耗水因素的水资源承载系统序参量,建立协调度评估模型,以汉江流域襄阳地区为例从宏观层面评估水资源支撑流域社会经济发展态势。结果表明,襄阳地区水资源承载能力协调态势在2011—2017年间由较不协调逐步发展为基本协调,在考虑节水情况下水资源承载能力整体趋于良性发展。研究成果可为汉江流域远景跨流域引调水规模研究和确定长江补水规模提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

三峡工程为长江经济带发展提高安全保障与环境保护

推动长江经济带发展是国家的一项重大区域发展战略。三峡工程为长江经济带的发展提供了防洪、供水、航运和电力安全保障。安全方面,三峡工程有效地调控长江洪水,使长江中下游防洪标准有了较大的提高;供水方面,三峡水库是我国最大的淡水资源战略性水库,库区干流水质总体稳定在Ⅱ～Ⅲ类,保障了长江中下游城市和乡村供水安全;航运方面,三峡工程是长江航运发展中的关键性工程,使川江和荆江河段变为真正的"黄金水道",促进了长江航运优质快速地发展;电力方面,三峡工程在我国能源中具有重要的战略地位,为华中、华东地区及广东省提供优质电力,促进了经济社会持续发展。此外,三峡工程在保护长江中下游地区生态环境,减少大气与环境污染,促进长江绿色航运发展,改善大坝下游河道水质,建设生态文明、环境优良、绿水青山的新型库区等方面发挥了巨大作用。