拉伸聚丙烯的相转变

用广角X射线衍射考察了不同晶型的IPP单轴拉伸时的相转变情况。发现提高拉伸速率和减小拉伸比不利于α晶相向近晶相的转化,β晶型IPP拉伸后仍含有β晶相,而近晶型IPP拉伸后仅能得到近晶相。由此表明,拉伸样品对起始形态有"记忆"效应,该结果符合拉伸中结晶结构的转化是含片层的倾斜及沿分子链方向的剪切形变模型而不符合熔融重结晶形变机理。     

β晶型PP的结构与性能

采用差示扫描量热法、广角X射线衍射等表征了β晶型聚丙烯(β-PP)的结晶性能.β晶与α晶有不同的熔融温度,β晶的熔融峰在155℃附近,而α晶的熔融峰在165℃附近.从冲击试样的断面照片可明显看出:β-PP的冲击断面凹凸不平,说明其韧性较高,而α晶型PP的冲击断面相对平滑得多.     

β晶相聚丙烯纺丝工艺的研究

本文研究了三种不同β晶成核剂的聚丙烯切片的纺丝工艺条件与初生纤维中结晶结构的关系。研究表明,制得的初生纤维中的β晶含量主要取决于含β成核剂聚丙烯的结晶速率和纺丝成形中的冷却速率。含β成核剂E3B聚丙烯的结晶速率最大,纺制的初生纤维β晶含量最高;纺丝成形中的冷却速率愈高,初生纤维中的β晶含量愈低;在一定的温度范围内,纺丝温度对初生纤维中β晶相对含量影响甚微;纺丝冷却条件和纤维束的集束状况对β晶含量有明显的影响;β晶的晶粒尺寸与β晶含量相对应,而初生纤维中的结晶度多在55％左右,受纺丝工艺参数的影响甚小。     

β成核剂对等规聚丙烯结晶性能的影响

研究硬脂酸盐作为β成核荆对聚丙烯结晶性能的影响.WAXD结果表明:硬脂酸盐能诱导聚丙烯生成β晶型,在添加量为0.3%时,β晶的相对含量达到最大为76.64%.DSC曲线表明:硬脂酸盐改性的聚丙烯在152℃出现β晶型的熔融吸热峰,其结晶起始温度和结晶峰温度均向高温移动,表明添加硬脂酸盐可诱导PP中α晶向β晶转变,具有明显的β成核作用.     

成核剂对聚丙烯力学性能与结晶行为的影响

研究了两种类型的成核剂对国产共聚聚丙烯的结晶形态以及拉伸强度、冲击强度的影响。结果表明:加入TMB-5型成核剂,聚丙烯的冲击强度有一定程度改善,w(TMB-5)为0.1%时,改性聚丙烯的缺口冲击强度达到最大;TMX-2型成核剂可改善聚丙烯的拉伸性能,但抗冲击性能降低较大;TMB-5型成核剂可显著地改变聚丙烯的结晶行为,诱导聚丙烯在结晶过程中主要形成β晶;TMX-2型成核剂可诱导聚丙烯在结晶过程中主要生成α晶,与纯PP相比,α晶的形成能力增强。     

透明聚丙烯的结晶行为

采用差示扫描量热仪、偏光显微镜和X射线衍射仪等研究了透明成核剂和透明聚丙烯的结晶行为和结晶形态。结果表明:山梨醇类透明成核剂第二次升温比第一次升温熔融温度下降10~50℃,熔融焓下降50%~90%;纯聚丙烯结晶温度约为110℃,熔融温度约为152℃,球晶尺寸约50μm,晶型为α晶;加入透明成核剂后,聚丙烯的结晶温度升高约10℃,熔融温度升高约3℃,晶粒尺寸约1μm,晶型仍为α晶。     

退火热处理对iPP片材固相拉伸强化效果的影响

对等规聚丙烯（iPP）片材在退火固相拉伸过程中的晶体转变过程进行了研究。X射线衍射（XRD）表征了结晶衍射峰,定量计算出β晶的相对含量;二维小角X射线散射（2D-SAXS）揭示了α?β 晶型转变过程;差示扫描量热仪（DSC）揭示了iPP的熔融性能。结果表明,iPP片材在固相拉伸过程中发生了晶型转移,XRD衍射曲线中出现了β晶典型衍射峰β（300）,2D-SAXS图中出现了取向串晶结构;在110 ℃拉伸作用下能够产生相对高β晶含量的iPP,最高含量为6.75 %;拉伸强度的增加幅度不大但其缺口冲击韧性显著提高;对固相拉伸作用后的iPP片材进行了退火处理,表明退火温度在110 ℃前串晶结构不会受到破坏,超过110 ℃退火后串晶结构被破坏再次形成球晶结构。     

等规聚丙烯压力下晶型转变及其熔融过程

利用压力-体积-温度测量仪(PVT),使等规聚丙烯在几个不同压力下进行非等温结晶,结合示差扫描量热仪(DSC)、在线小角X射线散射(SAXS)和广角X射线衍射(WAXD)等手段,研究了不同压力下聚丙烯的晶型转变及其熔融过程的晶体变化。结果发现,随压力增加,样品中γ晶型含量逐渐增加,α晶型减少;熔融升温过程中,样品的SAXS散射图谱(I-s)始终显单一峰,推测认为在片晶结构中α晶型与γ晶型是混合形成的。     

精制沥青中间相热转化的研究

以2种精制沥青(LSP和HSP)为原料,通过常压热转化反应,研究了热转化过程中产物的QI和TI随反应时间的变化规律.分析表明,随着反应温度的升高和反应时间的延长,沥青的各向异性组分不断增加.其中LSP沥青生成的中间相小球大于HSP沥青生成的中间相小球.400℃恒温9h,LSP沥青的软化点达到242℃,HSP沥青的软化点达到220℃.     

庚二酸类成核剂对等规聚丙烯β晶结晶行为的影响

研究了结晶温度（100～140℃）对添加庚二酸钠、庚二酸锌、庚二酸钙、庚二酸钡成核剂的等规聚丙烯中β晶结晶行为的影响。发现庚二酸钠、庚二酸锌、庚二酸钙和庚二酸钡是有效的β晶型成核剂，随着结晶温度的提高，成核改性聚丙烯的β晶型含量持续增大，并在130℃时达到最大值，结晶温度在130℃～140℃之间，成核改性的聚丙烯发生明显的β→α晶型转变。β晶型成核效率由大到小的顺序为：庚二酸钙〉庚二酸钡〉庚二酸锌〉庚二酸钠，庚二酸钙是最佳β晶型成核剂。     

乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品废水的治理技术

乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)是十分重要的化工中间体,其下游产品较多。江苏某化工厂开发生产乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品三十多个,年生产规模三万多吨,是国内以乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)为中间体生产精细化学品的综合骨干企业。针对乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品废水特点,该厂结合企业实际,开展了产品优化,结构调整,清洁生产,资源循环利用,节水降耗等工作,从源头削减了污染物的生产。同时投资二千多万元新建预处理装置三套,6000m3/d废水生化处理装置一套,使全厂乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品的废水得到了有效的治理。     

几种乙炔加压设备性能的比较

阐述并比较了几种加压设备在乙炔加压清净过程中的性能和特点。     

三种煤样燃烧热的测定

本文通过三个厂家提供的三种煤样燃烧热的测定,由测定结果综合得出3号煤样燃烧最完全、燃烧热也最大,是三个煤样中最好的一种。     

Semi-empirical equation of state of metals. Equation of state of aluminum

A semi-empirical equation of state for metals is described. Its capabilities are demonstrated by the example of the equation of state for aluminum. New experimental data are presented on the location of the isentrope of aluminum for unloading from the state at p = 229.71 GPa on the shock adiabat to an aerogel (SiO₂) of density 0.08 g/cm³. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 61–75, March–April, 2008.     

水泥水化热测定方法综述

水泥水化热是中、低热水泥和核电工程用水泥的一项关键的技术指标。全球范围内测定水泥水化热的方法有溶解法、直接法/半绝热法、等温传导量热法三种。本文总结了中、美、欧相关方法标准,对其测试原理、仪器设备、试验过程等方面进行了比对,并对其在领域的应用做了简单的概括。     

小议汽车涂装工艺设计对涂装成本的影响

论述了涂装工艺设计对涂装设备投资、涂装生产成本的影响。     

Measurement of the gradient of viscosity with composition of mixtures of non-ideal gases

A perturbation viscometer is a differential capillary viscometer that measures the logarithmic viscosity gradient of the viscosity-composition curve for gas mixtures. Measurements are made at different gas mixture compositions. Integration of the logarithmic viscosity gradients measured over the full composition range gives the mixture viscosity relative to the viscosity of one of the pure components of the gas mixture. This method is attractive because, for measurements of equal precision, integration of the gradients is potentially an order of magnitude more precise than measurement of the viscosities directly. It can also work at high and low temperatures and perhaps high pressures.The perturbation viscometer has been used to make measurements on ideal gas mixtures at ambient and elevated temperatures. The situation is more complicated when the gas mixtures are non-ideal. Extra effects due to density differences, molar volume change on mixing and differential thermal expansion may be measured in addition to the desired viscosity change producing systematic errors in the results. Thus, a more sophisticated apparatus is required. The standard perturbation viscometer has been modified to separate out the extra effects to permit measurement of the true change in viscosity. In addition, the theoretical operation of the modified apparatus has been revised to account for the design changes to permit calculation of the viscosity-composition profiles from the results.The apparatus has been tested using helium-HFC-125 mixtures and two new viscosity-composition profiles are presented for these mixtures at 23 and . Internal consistency tests have been used to confirm that the data produced are of high quality with an estimated uncertainty in the viscosity ratio data at of 0.9% and at of 1.5%.     

Calorimetric and Computational Study of Enthalpy of Formation of Diperoxide of Cyclohexanone

A thermochemical rather simple experimental technique is applied to determine the enthalpy of formation of Diperoxide of ciclohexanone. The study is complemented with suitable theoretical calculations at the semiempirical and ab initio levels. A particular satisfactory agreement between both ways is found for the ab initio calculation at the 6–311G basis This set level. Some possible extensions of the present procedure are pointed out.     

塔设备改造选型的分析

就当前扩产增容中塔设备设计和改造时板式塔和填料塔的选型问题加以分析。在评述目前国内常用的几种塔板和新型填料之后，着重介绍一种新型塔板（导向梯形浮阀塔板）和一种新型填料（波环填料——乾隆帕克）。     

Effect of degree of deacetylation of chitin on the properties of chitin crystallites

In the present article, chitin from crab shell was systematically deacetylated using a NaOH treatment with control of the reaction time. The degree of deacetylation, monitored using solid-state NMR, revealed that the reaction was pseudo-first order. Based on this, swollen and NaOH-saturated particles are proposed as the reaction system. The weight loss of the partially saponified and neutralized samples after HCl hydrolysis increased linearly with the degree of deacetylation. The crystallinity of the samples was found to increase after acid hydrolysis. According to conductimetric titration, the surface charge density of the crystallites, after acid hydrolysis, was found to increase with base treatment time. The effect of surface charge on the formation of a chiral nematic phase, due to the rodlike nature of the crystallites, was explored. These results show that because the contribution of charged particles to the ionic strength was significant the double layer compression was affected, especially since the surface charge density was close to the Manning limit. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65:373–380, 1997